A Study on the Integration of the Enforced Emigrants in West Germany

In the process of ending the World War Ⅱ, the occupying nations such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Soviet Union executed the policies that enforced 18 million German camp residents in the eastern region of the Third Reich, eastern and southeastern Europe, to move into the Allies-occupied territory, in order to decide the German border. In case of West Germany, it implemented various social policies that constituted later a crucial part of German social policies, for the purpose of solving the problems of the integration of the large population of these enforced emigrants, along with other policies that dealt with various refugee groups, during the period of social disorder caused by defeat in war. As a part of labor security policies, residence moving programs, war expence adjustment laws, campaign for reunion of dispersed family members, late returnees policies, and other programs and policies were implemented in order to actualize the economic and social integration of the enforced emigrants, and, at the same time, re-build German economy after the war. Meanwhile, from the enforced emigrants" standpoint, they established the pressure groups for the realization of their interests in earlier period. In particular, enforced emigrants from the middle classes strongly endeavored to regain their past economic and social interests through various activities of interest groups. "Integration" , after all, has served for the government"s intension of "reconciliation" , i.e., enforced emigrants" adaptation to the social structure in West Germany, while it has also helped the enforced emigrants in the process of th "restoration" of their legal rights, personal property rights, and social status which they had enjoyed before. By constructing the market economy system, West Germany could manage to reconcile these different interests through the corporatism

영어교육에서의 문화지도에 관한 연구

학위논문(석사)--아주대학교 교육대학원 :영어교육전공,2003Maste

다중 강성 소프트 센서와 인터랙티브 제어를 통한 향상된 인간-로봇-환경 상호작용

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 기계공학부, 2024. 2. 박용래.This thesis addresses the grand challenge of making the robots friendly to humans and adaptive to the surrounding environment. The thesis makes attempts to improve the human-robot-environment interaction loop by seeking solutions from soft robotics technologies. To achieve the ultimate goal, three practical problems are defined. The first problem is to accurately perceive each of the human, robot, and the environment. In Chapter 2, the multi-stiffness sensor structure with improved sensitivity is proposed to solve the problem. Theoretical modeling and experimental validation are presented to prove the performance of the structure. The second problem is to measure the motion of human hands, which are actively and elaborately used for interacting with the robots and environments. To achieve both the accuracy of sensing and the structural simplicity, in Chapter 3, the multi-stiffness sensor-based wearable glove is developed and the post-processing method for collecting accurate ground truth data for calibration of the glove is proposed. The hand-tracking system is able to achieve unprecedented accuracy and robustness compared to the previous studies, which are shown through quantitative and qualitative evaluations. The third problem is to connect the human and soft robots, by implementing self-sensing functionality to a soft robot for accurate control of its motion and developing a haptic device to transmit back the robots states to the human. In Chapter 4, an ionic electroactive polymer-based actuator is selected as a solution because of its structural compactness, low input voltage, and inherent safety. By integrating the soft sensor into the actuator and using the customized haptic device, accurate teleoperation of the soft gripper system for a practical pick-and-place task is demonstrated. The last problem is to connect the soft robots and the surrounding environments to complete the entire interaction loop. In Chapter 5, a method of hybrid system analysis is proposed that allows the high complexity of the soft robots kinematics to be simplified. The method enables the robot to identify and adapt to the environment using the embedded sensors while interacting with it. A pneumatic gripper system trying to grasp an unknown object is selected as an example to implement the method. Based on the method, the robotic gripper successfully completes the given task by estimating the unknown size of the object and modulating its body position to grasp the object. Keyword : Robotics, Human-Robot Interaction, Robot-Environment Interaction, Soft Robotics, Grippers, Multi-material, Human Motion Tracking, Hybrid System.본 논문은 인간 친화적이고 주변 환경에 적응할 수 있는 로봇 시스템의 개발을 가장 큰 목표로 다룬다. 논문은 인간, 로봇, 환경 상호작용의 성능의 개선을 위해 소프트 로봇 기술로부터 그 해결책을 찾고자 한다. 궁극적인 목표의 달성을 위해 세가지의 실질적 문제가 정의된다. 첫번째 문제는 인간, 로봇, 환경 각각의 시스템을 정확하게 인식하는 것이다. 2장에서는 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 개선된 민감도를 갖는 다중 강성 센서 구조를 제안한다. 그리고 이 구조의 성능을 이론적 모델링과 실험적 검증을 통해 입증한다. 두번째 문제는 로봇 및 환경과의 상호작용을 위해 가장 적극적이고 정교하게 사용되는 인간 손의 움직임을 측정하는 것이다. 3장에서는 측정의 정확성과 구조의 간결함을 동시에 확보하기 위해 다중 강성 센서 기반의 착용형 장갑을 개발하고, 이 장갑의 캘리브레이션을 위한 정확한 레퍼런스 데이터 수집을 위한 후처리 방법을 제안한다. 또한 정량 및 정성 평가를 통해 제안한 손 트래킹 시스템의 우수한 정확성과 강건성을 입증한다. 세번째 문제는 소프트 로봇의 정확한 동작 제어를 위한 자가 감각 기능의 구현과 이 로봇의 상태를 다시 인간에게 전달할 수 있는 햅틱 디바이스 개발을 통해 인간과 로봇을 연결하는 것이다. 4장에서는 구조적 간결성, 낮은 입력 전압 및 고유한 안전성을 갖춘 이온 기반 전기 활성 고분자 구동기를 해결책으로 선택한다. 소프트 센서가 통합된 고분자 구동기와 햅틱 디바이스가 통합된 소프트 그리퍼 시스템의 정확한 원격 조작을 통한 실용적인 파지 및 놓기 작업을 시연한다. 마지막 문제는 소프트 로봇과 주변 환경을 연결하여 전체 상호작용을 완성하는 것이었다. 5장에서는 높은 복잡도를 갖는 소프트 로봇의 기구학을 단순화하기 위한 하이브리드 시스템 분석 방법을 제안한다. 이를 통해 환경과 상호작용하는 동안 로봇은 내장된 센서를 활용하여 환경을 식별하고 이에 적응할 수 있다. 이 방법을 실제로 구현하기 위해, 미지의 물체를 잡기 위한 공압 그리퍼 시스템을 예로 든다. 제안된 분석 방법을 통해 로봇 그리퍼는 미지의 물체의 크기를 추정하고 이에 기반해 자신의 위치를 조절함으로써 주어진 작업을 성공적으로 수행한다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation and background 1 1.2. Problems definition 2 1.3. Solutions overview 4 Chapter 2. Multi-stiffness Structure for Enhanced Sensitivity 2.1. Introduction 7 2.1.1. Motivation and background 2.1.2. Overview 2.2. Theory 9 2.2.1. Introduction of two design parameters 2.2.2. Two-parameter analysis 2.3. Experiments 15 2.3.1. Sensor fabrication and testing 2.3.2. Elaborated force-strain relation 2.4. Results 19 2.4.1. Enhanced sensitivity and optimal length portion 2.4.2. Trade-off between sensitivity and softness 2.4.3. Higher resolution 2.4.4. Linearity, dynamic durability, maximum strain, hysteresis, and bandwidth 2.5. Discussions 25 2.5.1. Design improvements for symmetry and conformity 2.5.2. Design improvements for structural integrity 2.5.3. Design improvements for softness 2.5.4. Literature study: Strain sensor-based finger tracking technologies 2.5.5. Potential application to hand-tracking devices Chapter 3. Glove-based Hand Pose Reconstruction 3.1. Introduction 32 3.1.1. Motivation 3.1.2. Background and literature study 3.1.3. Overview 3.2. Hardware design 40 3.2.1. Overview of the glove hardware design 3.2.2. Soft and sensitive liquid metal-based sensor 3.2.3. Custom textile glove interface 3.3. Comprehensive dataset 45 3.3.1. Motion-capture setup to collect comprehensive motion 3.3.2. Forward kinematic hand model for various hand anatomy 3.3.3. Post-processing method for identifying hand anatomy and extracting joint angles 3.4. Pose estimation 51 3.4.1. Initial estimation of bone lengths using initial sensor signal 3.4.2. Refinement of bone lengths using signal distributions 3.4.3. Estimation of joint angles 3.4.4. Estimation of fingertip positions 3.4.5. Hand pose reconstruction 3.5. Applications 66 3.5.1. Number pad typing 3.5.2. Shadowgraphy 3.6. Discussions and future works 69 Chapter 4. Perception for Interactive Teleoperation of Soft Grippers 4.1. Introduction 71 4.1.1. Motivation 4.1.2. Background and literature study 4.1.3. Overview 4.2. Sensor integration and haptic inferface 76 4.2.1. Sensor integration 4.2.2. Tracking control 4.2.3. Contact detection 4.2.4. Haptic interface 4.3. Integrated teleoperation system 87 4.3.1. System schematics 4.3.2. Finger-tracking control by teleoperation 4.3.3. Demonstration 4.4. Discussion 91 Chapter 5. Perception for Adapting Soft Grippers to Unknown Environment 5.1. Introduction 95 5.1.1. Motivation 5.1.2. Background and literature study 5.1.3. Dimension reduction and hybrid modeling for soft grippers 5.1.4. Overview 5.2. System definition and modeling 100 5.2.1. A robotic gripper 5.2.2. States and measurements of the system 5.3. Hybrid system analysis 104 5.3.1. Discrete states for the actuator 5.3.2. Continuous states 5.3.3. Task 5.3.4. Inputs 5.3.5. Continuous evolutions 5.3.6. Guard condition, reset map, and discrete transitions 5.4. Sensor placement, contact detection, and estimation 109 5.4.1. Experimental setup and prototype 5.4.2. Characterization of task and configuration spaces 5.4.3. Estimation of task space variables with embedded soft sensor 5.5. Control 115 5.5.1. Control strategy 5.5.2. Results 5.6. Discussion 120 Chapter 6. Conclusion 122 Bibliography 125 Abstract in Korean 138박

Electron microscopic study of the irradiation effect on the rat mandibular condyle

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :치의학과 구강악안면방사선학전공,1996.Docto

디스크 기반 환경에서 캐시에 최적화된 다차원 인덱스

Thesis(doctor`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :전기·컴퓨터공학부,2005.Docto