8 research outputs found

    Supply Water Temperature setting for Residential Energy Reduction for City with Radiant Floor Heating System by Data-driven Outdoor Reset Control

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 2. ์—ฌ๋ช…์„.Due to the effects of climate warming, countries around the world have announced carbon-neutral plans to reduce their net carbon emissions to zero by 2050 to prevent abnormalities. In addition, plans and measures for this are becoming important. In particular, 40% of the world's total energy consumption is consumed by buildings, of which 27% is consumed by heating energy in buildings. Accordingly, building energy system modeling and simulation research are continuously being conducted to reduce carbon emission and building energy consumption. Therefore, based on the data of the Building Energy Management System (BEMS), it is combined with the building energy simulation to derive an indoor environment comfort and efficient energy management plan of the building. Furthermore, it is moving toward Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) for sustainable development of cities. In addition, the use of renewable energy for carbon neutrality is increasing, and district heating is developing into a 4th-generation district heating system, increasing the proportion of renewable energy such as geothermal and solar energy through supplying low-temperature hot water (below 60โ„ƒ). In order to reduce carbon emission and energy consumption during floor heating in Korean apartments, this study presented an optimal heating hot water temperature setting method based on data collected by generation through district heating Heat Interface Units (HIU) of 4th generation district heating system. When the proposed method was applied, the appropriateness was determined by analyzing performance and energy consumption compared to the existing control method. Domestic standards for residential buildings were referenced to build the proposed method, and the building energy simulation model was formed using EnergyPlus, and the effectiveness was determined through simulation result analysis by applying the control method. The results of this research are summarized as follows: (1) By analyzing the heat flux amount of the control variable of the simulation model setting and floor radiation heating, the supply hot water temperature was set as a control variable for controlling floor radiation heating. The simulation results were analyzed after deriving heating curves of the rule-based method and the trial and error method, which are the two existing methods of the outdoor air compensation system using the supplied hot water temperature. (2) Through the simulation model, variables to be applied to System Identification were set using the data generated during floor radiation heating using degree of scattering and feature importance. The input variables were set as outdoor temperature, heating supply hot water temperature, and solar radiation, and the output variable was set as indoor temperature. System Identification of ARX and NARX models was performed using the selected variables, indoor temperature was predicted, and prediction time was analyzed. Since then, two simple regression methods through constant hot water supply and derivation methods using ARX and NARX models formed through System Identification were proposed and simulated as heating curves for outdoor reset control using the Data-driven method. (3) The simulation results of outdoor reset control through the existing heating curve derivation method and the heating curve derivation method proposed in this research were analyzed. Performance analysis and energy consumption analysis were conducted through simulation results of outdoor reset control and outdoor reset + on/off bang-bang control. The method proposed in this study was judged to be effective as it showed improved results in maintaining indoor set temperature, overshooting, and energy consumption in the performance analysis.์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ๋กœ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ค‘์š”์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ 40%๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— 27%๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(BEMS)์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ค๋‚ดํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์พŒ์ ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง(UBEM)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์˜จ ์˜จ์ˆ˜(60 โ„ƒ์ดํ•˜) ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์—ด ๋ฐ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์‹œ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ์ €๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜ ์œ ๋‹›(HIU)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ EnergyPlus๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋ฃฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐํฌ๋„์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ System Identification์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์™ธ๊ธฐ์˜จ๋„, ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„, ์ผ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜จ๋„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ARX, NARX ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ System Identification์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜จ๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ Data-driven ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณก์„  ๋„์ถœ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ • ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฒ• ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ System Identification์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ARX, NARX ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋„์ถœ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (3) ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณก์„  ๋„์ถœ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณก์„  ๋„์ถœ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ์–ด์™€ ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ+๊ฐœํ์‹ ๋ฑ…๋ฑ… ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์„ค์ • ์˜จ๋„ ์œ ์ง€, ์˜ค๋ฒ„์ŠˆํŒ…๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 2.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 6 2.2 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹ 6 2.2.1 ๊ฐœํ์‹ ๋ฑ…๋ฑ… ์ œ์–ด 8 2.2.2 ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ์–ด 9 2.3 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ System Identification 11 2.3.1 System Identification 11 2.3.2 ARX, NARX 14 2.4 ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ 15 2.4.1 ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ 15 2.4.2 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ œ์–ด ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 17 2.4.3 ์ง€์—ญ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜ ์œ ๋‹›(HIU) 18 2.5 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 20 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ์–ด 22 3.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 22 3.2 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ 22 3.2.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ์š” 22 3.2.2 ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 26 3.2.3 data set 28 3.3 ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„ & ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ 29 3.3.1 ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ 29 3.3.2 ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ 31 3.3.3 EnergyPlus ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋น„๊ต 33 3.3.4 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ œ์–ด์ธ์ž ์„ค์ • 34 3.4 ๊ธฐ์กด ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 35 3.4.1 ๋ฃฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 3.4.2 ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 3.5 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ Data-driven ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์–ด 43 4.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 43 4.2 ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํƒ(Feature selection) 43 4.2.1 ์‚ฐํฌ๋„(Scatter plot) 43 4.2.2 ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์š”๋„(Feature importance) 45 4.3 System Identification 46 4.3.1 System Identification ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ค์ • 46 4.3.2 ARX 46 4.3.3 NARX 52 4.4 Data-driven ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณก์„  ๋„์ถœ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 58 4.4.1 ์ผ์ • ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฒ• 58 4.4.2 ARX, NARX ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณก์„  ๋„์ถœ๋ฒ• 68 4.5 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 74 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 76 5.1 ๊ฐœ์š” 76 5.2 ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„ 76 5.2.1 ์‹ค๋‚ด ์„ค์ •์˜จ๋„ ์œ ์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ 76 5.2.2 ์˜ค๋ฒ„์ŠˆํŒ… & ์–ธ๋”์ŠˆํŒ… ํ‰๊ฐ€ 81 5.3 ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 85 5.3.1 ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ์–ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 85 5.3.2 ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ƒ+๊ฐœํ์‹ ๋ฑ…๋ฑ… ์ œ์–ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 88 5.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 90 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  93 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 99 ABSTRACT 103์„

    Common-pool Resource System of Shimoda-city, Japan

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    ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณต์œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์–‘ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž์น˜์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐํ˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ณ€์ฒœ ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. Japanese in the rural area have maintained a traditional CPRs (common-pool resources) known as the Iriai system. One of the most outstanding features of the Iriai system corresponds to the village's autonomous tradition which prefers the community's benefit to individuals, and its decision-making is based upon unanimity as its principle. The CPR cases of Shimoda-city originate from the collective property of villages far before the Great Merger of Meizi period at the end of the 19th century. The Merger of the region was followed by the integration of Iriai forests. This enabled local government to appropriate forests previously owned by villages, most of which were Iriai forests. But some villages rejected the merger because they did not want to part with their Iriai forests. This compelled the government to allow villages to maintain their rights to the forest by establishing a special financial ward (Zaisanku). Some Iriai rights holders who were not willing to hand over their forests to the government established new ownership, and they have made various management system of CPR. The various CPR systems or the Iriai systems of Japan are an outcome of compromise with customary law and modernization policy which would separate public ownership and individual ownership.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2009๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์›(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™”์‚ฌ์—…๋น„)์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ(NRF-2011-332-B00352)

    An Electronmicroscopic study on the healing process of the remaining pulpal tissues after pulpotomy by Nd-YAG laser

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณด์กดํ•™์ „๊ณต,1995.Docto

    Social History and Local History Movement in a Japanese Village: A Case Study of Izu-Shirahama

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    ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ฒœ์˜ ์›๋ฃŒ์ธ ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ทจ์—์„œ ์ถœํ•˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ต์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ „์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์ด์ถœ๋™ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘ ๋ชซ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™€์„œ ์žกํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•˜๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€(ๅŽŸๆ˜‡ 1996:168)ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„์ดํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ˆ™, ์‹๋‹น, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ์™ธ์ง€์ธ์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ž„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์›์„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–ฅํ† ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ดŒ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ์˜›๋‚ ์˜ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž„(ๆ˜”ใฎ็™ฝๆตœใซๅญฆใถไผš)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ† ์‚ฌ์šด๋™์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ–ฅํ† ์‚ฌ์šด๋™์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค. This paper conducts a case study of Shirahama to discuss the local history movement. It uses local historic events and culture as a push factor to revive the community and its values. Shirahama, despite being a strongly-tied community, always contains conflict and confrontation internally. Though Shirahama suffered under severe feudal lords in the Tradition Period, class distinction emerged among the inhabitants. Discrimination by class continued after the modern age w hen the class distinction w as abolished and resulted in the transfer of the socially-weak to other villages. Agar, because of its economic value, was an important community resource in Shirahama, making it a good material for a case study to understand the local history movement that schemes for the revival of the community nowadays. Community, often intermediated by an economic element, is a social unit including cultural traits. Because agar was the material base that held a community together, some inhabitants attempt to use it as a historical item to revive the community characteristics of the past. Common space and the history, although not shared altogether, play a sufficient role in maintaining the central axis of the community. Therefore, once the central axis is maintained, then the history revives and is maintained. Some inhabitants of Shirahama try to use agar culture as the historical background and a material item of the local history to be maintained. The local history movement is a continuation from the past and an extension of the present and to the future

    THE EFFECT OF IRIDOID COMPOUND ON THE REMAINING PULP TISSUE AFTER PULPOTOMY

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    Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside, which is isolated form Aucuba japonica, has some biological effects. This study was to investigate the effect of aucubin on the remainig pulp tissues after pulpotomy. Mongrel dog's coronal pulps were mechanically exposed with a sterile round bur and excised with sterile sharp excarvator. After bleeding was controlled, in control group, Ca(OH)_2 powder was applied on the remaining pulps and the cavities were sealed with Z.O.E cement. In experimental group 1, mixed powder with Ca(OH)_2 and aucubin(1:1 by weight) was applied on the pulotomized pulp surfaces. After th cavities were covered with sterile aluminum foil, they were sealed with Z.O.E. cement. In experimental group 2, only aucubin powder was applied on the remaining pulps and then they were treated the same as experimental group 1. In the all groups, the pulps were histopathologically observed by light microscope at the time intervals of 1, 2 and 4 weeks after experiment. The results were as follows: 1. In control and experimental groups, mild vascular congestion and bleeding were found in most of the specimens. Less inflammatory infiltration was observed in experimental groups than in control group. 2. Dentin bridge formation was found after 1 week at both control and experimental group 1. Dentin birdge had discontinuous osteodentin like appearance of contained some dentin chips. In experimental group 2, dentin bridge was not seen. 3. The coagulation necrosis layer on the remaining pulp tissues was seen in all groups. In experimental group 2, the thickest layer was observed. And in control group, coagulation necrosis layer was similar as in experimental group 1
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