해양에 의해 제거된 이산화탄소의 분포 및 제거율 변화 연구

Docto

Variability of the inorganic carbon system in the mid-east coast of South Korea

One of the ocean areas vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) is coastal region which is frequently exposed to wind-driven upwelling. Thus we investigated temporal changes in the seawater carbonate system and the effect of upwelling on OA in Hupo, a central part of the east coast of South Korea. The estimated mean net sea-air carbon dioxide (CO2) flux was -1.99 ± 1.18 mol C yr-1, indicating that this region was a sink for atmospheric CO2. Our monthly data revealed that temporal changes in surface CO2 concentrations and calcium carbonate saturation states (Ω) were mainly governed by physical and biological processes. In particular, the wind-driven upwelling observed in July 2013 brought waters with high nutrients/CO2 and low pH/Ω to the surface and thus enhanced biological production in surface waters. OA in this coastal ecosystem is expected to be exacerbated by anthropogenic CO2 uptake and upwelling.n Hupo, a central part of the east coast of South Korea. The estimated mean net sea-air carbon dioxide (CO2) flux was -1.99 ± 1.18 mol C yr-1, indicating that this region was a sink for atmospheric CO2. Our monthly data revealed that temporal changes in surface CO2 concentrations and calcium carbonate saturation states (Ω) were mainly governed by physical and biological processes. In particular, the wind-driven upwelling observed in July 2013 brought waters with high nutrients/CO2 and low pH/Ω to the surface and thus enhanced biological production in surface waters. OA in this coastal ecosystem is expected to be exacerbated by anthropogenic CO2 uptake and upwelling.1

Studies on CaCO3 saturation state in the North Pacific using multi-parameter linear regression

한국해양과학기술

Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to East Asian marginal seas

The atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen is an increasingly important new source of nitrogen to the ocean. This presentation shows the concentrations and depositional fluxes of nitrate and ammonium in airborne total suspended particles and precipitation, and factors affecting them based on three-year observation data collected in an eastern coastal site (Uljin) of South Korea, adjacent to the East Sea. Potential sources for these reactive nitrogen species could be identified based on air mass backward trajectories and stable isotope ratio in atmospheric nitrate. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition could contribute to approximately two percent of phytoplankton production in the southwestern East Sea. The nitrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios in atmospheric and seawater samples also could evidence a significant contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the nitrogen pool in the East Sea. It was also shown that atmospheric deposition could directly reduce ocean alkalinity. In addition, similar investigations being conducted in a western coastal site (Songdo) of South Korea and an ocean site located in the Yellow Sea will also be introduced.1

Ocean Acidification Research Activities in Korea

Although any national ocean acidification (OA) research program hasn’t yet been initiated in Korea, some OA related research projects have been carrying out. Therefore, we would like to introduce Korea’s OA research activities at this workshop as follow 1) study on biological and ecological responses under high CO2 world using the mesocosm facility, 2) real-time pCO2 monitoring program, and 3) estimate of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Korean waters through ship-of-opportunity cruises. However, we strongly feel that it is time to launch the multidisciplinary national OA research program(s) in Korea. We hope that the outcome of this workshop could help us to convince Korean government and funding agency to initiate the national OA research program to better understand and monitor OA and furthermore to predict and minimize the damages from OA. And then, we can also play an important role in Global OA research community and programs.1

Strengthening of atmospheric deposition of micro- and macro-nutrients by a typhoon in the western subtropical North Pacific

2

Uptake rate of anthropogenic CO2 in the Ulleung Basin, East/Japan Sea

The East/Japan Sea is a marginal sea that plays an important role in atmospheric CO2 uptake by deep water formation. Global warming has weakened deep water formation so that the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 into the interior of the East/Japan Sea has changed. Studies in relation to the changes in anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the East/Japan Sea were only conducted on the Japan Basin where deep water formation occurs. However, the importance of the other basins in the East/Japan sea on CO2 uptake has grown along with a recent transition from deep water formation to intermediate water formation. We first report an uptake rate of anthropogenic CO2 in the Ulleung Basin using two time-series carbon data sets collected in year 1999 and 2012. Extended multi-linear regression method was used to estimate the uptake rate. Over the past 13 years, anthropogenic CO2 had penetrated to depths shallower than 1,700m and the uptake rate was 0.53 ± 0.38 mol C m-2 yr-1 which is comparable to that of the Atlantic Ocean (0.63 ± 0.16 mol C m-2 yr-1) for the period of 1983-2003.Japan Sea has changed. Studies in relation to the changes in anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the East/Japan Sea were only conducted on the Japan Basin where deep water formation occurs. However, the importance of the other basins in the East/Japan sea on CO2 uptake has grown along with a recent transition from deep water formation to intermediate water formation. We first report an uptake rate of anthropogenic CO2 in the Ulleung Basin using two time-series carbon data sets collected in year 1999 and 2012. Extended multi-linear regression method was used to estimate the uptake rate. Over the past 13 years, anthropogenic CO2 had penetrated to depths shallower than 1,700m and the uptake rate was 0.53 ± 0.38 mol C m-2 yr-1 which is comparable to that of the Atlantic Ocean (0.63 ± 0.16 mol C m-2 yr-1) for the period of 1983-2003.1

Assessment of particulate organic carbon fluxes by satellite observation and sediment trap measurements in the northern Ulleung basin of the East/Japan Sea

Surface concentrations and vertical fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) were measured in the northern Ulleung basin of the East/Japan Sea during November 2010 and August 2014 by using satellite observation and sediment trap experiments. Primary production rates varied from 0.58 to 2.55 g C m-2 day-1 and the vertical total mass fluxes ranged from 0.12 to 1.47 g C m-2 day-1 at 500 m depth, 0.05 to 1.00 g C m-2 day-1 at 1000 m depth and 0.12 to 1.43 g C m-2 day-1 at 2000 m depth, respectively. Based on these results, the ratio of the settling flux of POC to primary production from the euphotic zone to the deep sea is roughly estimated by 13~35%, and about 2.4~9.6% of the primary production was arrived at bottom sediments.ts. Primary production rates varied from 0.58 to 2.55 g C m-2 day-1 and the vertical total mass fluxes ranged from 0.12 to 1.47 g C m-2 day-1 at 500 m depth, 0.05 to 1.00 g C m-2 day-1 at 1000 m depth and 0.12 to 1.43 g C m-2 day-1 at 2000 m depth, respectively. Based on these results, the ratio of the settling flux of POC to primary production from the euphotic zone to the deep sea is roughly estimated by 13~35%, and about 2.4~9.6% of the primary production was arrived at bottom sediments.1

동해안 대기 에어로졸의 농도 특성 및 환경영향 인자

에어로졸(aerosol)은 대기 중에 존재하는 자연 및 인위적 발생 먼지나 여러 종류의 화학물질들로 구성된 작은 입자를 총칭한다(Willeke and Baron, 1993). 대기 중 에어로졸은 미량물질들을 수송하는 매체로서의 역할을 하기 때문에 에어로졸의 물리, 화학적 특성을 파악하는 것은 대기와 육지간 또는 해양간 상호작용을 이해하는데 많은 정보를 제공한다. 대기 중의 에어로졸 농도는 풍향이나 풍속 등의 기상학적 요인에 의해 크게 변화한다.(Wark and Warner, 1976). 국내에서는 1996년부터 충청남도 태안군 안면도에 지구대기감시관측소가 설립되어 강수 및 대기질 감시 그리고 온실기체 등을 측정하여 대기성분 농도와 주변 기상요소와의 관계 및 장기변화를 관측하고 있다. 본 연구는 대기경로를 통하여 동해로 유입되는 물질의 화학적 특성과 화학성분의 농도변화에 미치는 환경요소 및 유입량을 파악하기 위하여 동해연안에서 에어로졸 중 주요이온 농도의 변화를 살펴보았다.학적 특성을 파악하는 것은 대기와 육지간 또는 해양간 상호작용을 이해하는데 많은 정보를 제공한다. 대기 중의 에어로졸 농도는 풍향이나 풍속 등의 기상학적 요인에 의해 크게 변화한다.(Wark and Warner, 1976). 국내에서는 1996년부터 충청남도 태안군 안면도에 지구대기감시관측소가 설립되어 강수 및 대기질 감시 그리고 온실기체 등을 측정하여 대기성분 농도와 주변 기상요소와의 관계 및 장기변화를 관측하고 있다. 본 연구는 대기경로를 통하여 동해로 유입되는 물질의 화학적 특성과 화학성분의 농도변화에 미치는 환경요소 및 유입량을 파악하기 위하여 동해연안에서 에어로졸 중 주요이온 농도의 변화를 살펴보았다.2

Stable N isotope ratio in airborne total suspended particles and precipitation in Uljin from the East Sea

The N isotopic values in the anthropogenic sources are relatively conserved in the NO3- formed in the airborne total suspended particles (TSP) and precipitation because photochemical processes in the atmosphere are not involved to N atoms.Thus, the direct analyses of δ15N-NO3- values in the TSP and precipitation formed in the atmosphere are potentially useful measures of identifying the sources and seasonal variations for atmospheric anthropogenic N (NANTH). In our research, the δ15N-NO3- values in TSP and precipitation samples collected from the Uljin station adjacent to the East Sea for three years were analyzed. The results indicated that the highest values for δ15N-NO3- (average of 8.59 ± 0.54‰ for TSP and 3.38 ± 1.5‰ for precipitation) were observed in winter (November to February) with the highest dry deposition rates for NOx (including NO3- and NO2- the average of 3.08 ± 0.12 mmol m-2 month-1) were observed for winter. The 66% of the wind routes passed through the polluted air masses from the northeastern China that was the populated cities under the influences of coal combustion and biomass burning for domestic winter heating. Contrary to winter trend, the lowestvalue δ15N-NO3- (average of 1.47 ± 0.9‰ for TSP) was observed for summer in TSP samples with the lowest dry deposition rate for NOx (average of 0.97 ± 0.33 mmol m-2 month-1). Most of the wind direction blowing to the Uljin station for s2