8 research outputs found
LoRa ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ์๋์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ํ ๋ ธ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2020. 8. ๊น์ข
๊ถ.Recently, as Internet of Things (IoT) systems have increased and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been expanding, studies related to them are increasing. Among them, the interest in long range communication technologies has increased. In this regard, Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) network technologies such as Long Range (LoRa), Weightless, and Sigfox have emerged. Also, various studies related to LoRa and LoRaWAN, which are available in Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands, are being conducted. In LoRa networks, the nodes are connected to the gateway by one hop to form a start topology. LoRa nodes use the transmission parameters such as Spreading Factor (SF), Transmission Power (TP), Bandwidth (BW), Coding Rate (CR), and Carrier Frequency (CF) to transmit frames. In this process, the frame losses and the collisions between frames may occur because of the channel condition and transmission timing. To alleviate this problem, LoRaWAN utilizes the ADR mechanism to select appropriate transmission parameters considering the channel condition on the node side. In addition, there is the ADR mechanism for allocating the transmission parameters on the server side. The ADR mechanisms maintain the connection between the server and the nodes, and set appropriate transmission parameters. However, these existing ADR mechanisms have some limitations. First, the server side ADR mechanism increases the overhead of the server in proportion to the transmitted frames. Second, it is difficult to quickly and efficiently respond to dynamic channel. Third, the transmission parameters selected by these ADR mechanisms may not be the optimal transmission parameters for energy efficiency. These problems cause large energy consumption of the battery-powered nodes and decrease performance when the channel condition changes dynamically. In this paper, we propose a Node-based ADR Mechanism (NbADR), which is the ADR mechanism for Class A nodes in confirmed mode to minimize the server load and maximize energy efficiency. The proposed mechanism responds quickly to the channel condition based on the downlink pattern and selects the transmission parameters for efficient energy consumption by utilizing Efficiency of Energy (EoE) metric. We analyze the efficiency of the transmission parameters selected through EoE, and conduct extensive experiments. In conclusion, NbADR is more effective in terms of energy efficiency than the existing ADR mechanisms. Additionally, NbADR guarantees throughput of LoRa networks even in dynamically changing channel environments and improves fairness between the nodes.์ต๊ทผ IoT ์์คํ
์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ผ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํต์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ LoRa, Weightless, Sigfox์ ๊ฐ์ LPWA๋คํธ์ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ISM ๋ฐด๋์์ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ LoRa์ LoRaWAN ๊ด๋ จ ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. LoRa ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ๋
ธ๋๋ค์ ์คํ ํ ํด๋ก์ง๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์จ์ด์ 1ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ค. LoRa ๋
ธ๋๋ค์ ํ๋ ์์ ์ ์กํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ SF, TP, BW, CR, CF์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฑ๋ ์ํ์ ์ ์ก ํ์ด๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ํ๋ ์ ์์ค๊ณผ ํ๋ ์ ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ LoRaWAN์์๋ ๋
ธ๋ ์ธก์์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ํฉ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ ์ ํ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฒ ์ธก์์ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ํ ๋นํ๋ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ค์ ์๋ฒ์ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ธฐ์กด์ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ถ ํ๊ณ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ, ์๋ฒ ์ธก ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ ์กํ๋ ํ๋ ์์ ๋น๋กํ์ฌ ์๋ฒ์ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ, ๋์ ์ธ ์ฑ๋์์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฒํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ, ์ด๋ฌํ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ค์์ ์ ํ๋ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ค์ด ์๋์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ต์ ์ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ค์ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋์ํ๋ ๋
ธ๋๋ค์ ํฐ ์๋์ง ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ณ LoRa ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์ฑ๋์ด ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ฒ์ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ํํ๋ฉฐ ์๋์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ต๋ํํ๋ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ธ NbADR์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ธก์์ ์ ์ก ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ด๋งํฌ ํจํด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์ํ๊ณ , Efficiency of Energy (EoE) ๋ฉํธ๋ฆญ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ์๋์ง ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ EoE ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ ์ ์ก ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ์คํ์ ์งํํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก, NbADR์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ADR ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์๋์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, NbADR์ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ๋ณํํ๋ ์ฑ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์LoRa ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ณตํ์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ํจ๋ค.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Related Work 4
Chapter 3 Preliminaries 7
3.1 LoRa/LoRaWAN 7
3.2 Transmission Parameters 8
3.3 ADR Mechanism 9
Chapter 4 Channel Modeling 10
4.1 Loss 10
4.2 Collision 12
Chapter 5 Node-based ADR Mechanism 14
5.1 Approach for Energy Efficiency 15
5.2 Node-based ADR Mechanism (NbADR) 17
Chapter 6 Evaluation 21
6.1 Simulation Settings 22
6.2 Simulation Results 23
Chapter 7 Conclusion 33
Bibliography 35Maste
์ฉ์ก๊ณต์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฆฌํฌ ๋ฐ ์๋ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ ํด์ง์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ ์ง
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 2. ์ค์น๋ชจ.Bulk-type all-solid-state lithium batteries using sulfide solid electrolytes are considered a very promising solution for tackling the safety challenges associated with conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, further development of solid electrolytes is imperative in order to improve their ionic contacts with active materials, conductivity, scalability of synthesis protocols, and air-stability. A solution-based synthesis process can provide a breakthrough in the architecture and fabrication of composite structures. This study show that a new, highly conductive (4.1ร10-4 S cm-1 at 30oC), highly ductile, and dry-air-stable glass 0.4LiI-0.6Li4SnS4 is prepared at 200oC using a scalable method that employs a homogeneous methanol solution. Comprehensive diagnostic analyses reveal that lowering the crystallinity and incorporating large and highly polarizable iodide ions into Li4SnS4 improve the ductility and conductivity. Importantly, the solution process enables the wetting of any exposed surface of the active materials with highly conductive solidified electrolytes (0.4LiI-0.6Li4SnS4), resulting in considerable improvements in electrochemical performances of these electrodes over conventional mixture electrodes.
Even though sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), which is another important class of battery type, have been developed extensively due to the advantage of low cost, development of all-solid-state Na batteries (ASNBs) has remained challenging because of relatively low ionic conductivity of Na-ion conductor. Na3SbS4 show high conductivity of 1.1ร10-3 S cm-1 which is one of the most promising result so far. Furthermore it remain its structure after dissolving to water or methanol with moderate ionic conductivities. Consequently, sodium-ion conductive coating layers were casted to active material successfully. The results hold great promise for practical all-solid-state technology as well as provide insights into discovering broad classes of solution-processable superionic conductors.1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. BACKGROUND 8
2.1. Basic Principles of Electrochemical Cells 8
2.2. Overview of Bulk-type Inorganic All-solid-state Batteries 11
2.2.1. Conductivity of IonicConductor 11
2.2.2. Electrochemical stability of Solid Electrolytes 13
2.2.3. Electrode Materials for ASSLBs 16
3. EXPERIMENTAL 22
3.1. Material Preparation 22
3.2. Material Characterization 23
3.3. Electrochemical Characterization 26
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1. LiI-Li4SnS4: Lithium Ionic Conductor 29
4.1.1. Properties of LiI-Li4SnS4 29
4.1.2. All-solid-state Lithium Batteries using LiI-Li4SnS4 Superionic Conductor 51
4.2. Na3SbS4: Sodium Ionic Conductor 73
4.2.1. Properties of Na3SbS4 73
4.2.2. All-Solid-state Sodium Batteries using Na3SbS4 Superionic Conductor 87
5. CONCLUSION 102
REFERENCES 104
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก 110Docto
A Study on the improvement scheme of the operating of O-2 anchorage at the Busan north port
According to the reclaiming work due to construction of No.2 Lotte world, the alternative pier is under construction in Dongsam-dong Yeongdo-gu to accomodate small boats.
As a result of that, 0-2 Anchorage used to bunkering or waiting for berth should be reduced, it is expected that the risk of passage and congestion around the anchorage could be increased because of the traffic of small boat using the alternative pier.
This study analyze traffic circumstance and weather condition of anchorage near the Busan inner fairway, and suggest improvement scheme of 0-2 anchorage and procurement of alternative anchorage in order to resolve the problem caused by reduction of 0-2 anchorage.
There are couple of ways to resolve congestion & to reduce the risk of traffic at designated area and to adjust the area of new anchorage based on the survey and analysis of weather, traffic situation, and etc.
This study suggest to enlarge the 0-2 anchorage 250m toward to inner breakwater, where is used for 0-1 anchorage for quarantine. And the anchorage can be divided into 0-1 & 0-2 to accomodate different size of ships.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก = 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ = 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ = 3
์ 2 ์ฅ ๋ถ์ฐ๋ถํญ ์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ์ = 6
2.1 ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ์ = 6
2.2 ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ํด์ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ = 8
2.2.1 ๋ฐ๋ = 8
2.2.2 ์กฐ์ = 12
2.2.3 ์กฐ๋ฅ = 15
2.2.4 ํ๋ = 18
์ 3 ์ฅ ๋ถ์ฐ ๋ถํญ ์์คํํฉ ๋ฐ ์คํ๋ถ์ = 23
3.1 ์์คํํฉ = 23
3.1.1 ์์ญ์์ค = 23
3.1.2 ์ธ๊ณฝ์์ค = 25
3.1.3 ์ ์์์ค = 26
3.2 ์ด์ฉ ์คํ ๋ถ์ = 31
3.2.1 ์ ๋ฐ ์
์ถํญ ์ค์ = 31
3.2.2 ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์ข
๋ณ ์ค์ = 32
3.2.3 ์ฐ๋๋ณ ํ๋ฌผ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ์ค์ = 33
3.2.4 ํ๋ชฉ๋ณ ํ๋ฌผ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์จ = 35
3.3 ๋ถ์ฐ ๋ถํญ ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ฌ์ฉํํฉ ๋ฐ ํญ์ ๋ถ์ = 36
3.3.1 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ฌ์ฉ ํํญ = 36
3.3.2 ํตํญ ์ ๋ฐ์ ํญ์ ๋ถ์ = 39
3.3.3 ํด์ญ๋ณ ์ด์ฉ ํํฉ ์กฐ์ฌ = 46
3.4 ๋์ฒด๋ถ๋ ์ ์ค ๊ณํ ๋ฐ ์ ์ด์ ์ํฅ ๋ถ์ = 47
3.4.1 ๋์ฒด๋ถ๋ ์ ์ค ๊ณํ = 47
3.4.2 ์ ์ด์ ์ํฅ ๋ถ์ = 49
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ = 57
4.1 ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ = 57
4.1.1 ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ = 57
4.1.2 ์ค๋ฌธ์ง ๋ด์ฉ = 58
4.2 ์ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ = 58
4.2.1 ์๋ถ์ ๋์ ์ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ = 58
4.2.2 ๋ถ์ฐํญ ๋์ ์ฌ ๋์ ์ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ = 80
4.2.3 ๋ถ์ฐํญ VTS์ผํฐ ๊ด์ ์ฌ ๋์ ์ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ = 83
์ 5 ์ฅ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ์ํ O-2 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ํตํญ ์์ ์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ = 89
5.1 ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ค์ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค = 89
5.1.1 ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ์กฐ๋ฅ = 89
5.1.2 ๋์ ํด์ญ ๋ฐ ํตํญ ํญ๋ก = 90
5.2 ์ ๋ฐ์กฐ์ข
์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ํ = 91
5.3 ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ = 106
์ 6 ์ฅ O-2 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ถ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ = 108
6.1 O-2 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ถ์ ๋ฒ์ = 108
6.1.1 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์ = 108
6.1.2 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด ์๊ฒฌ ์๋ ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 114
6.1.3 O-2 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ถ์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ์ = 114
6.2 O-2 ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ = 116
6.2.1 ์์ญ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ = 116
6.2.2 ํด์๊ตํต ๊ด์ ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ = 120
์ 7 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก = 124
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ = 128
๋ถ๋ก = 12
Programmed Serial Stereochemical Relay and Application in the Synthesis of Morphinans Desymmetrization-Based Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Oxycodone
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ํ ํํ๋ถ, 2018. 2. David Yu-Kai Chen.๋ชจ๋ฅดํ์ ์๋ฌผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ ์์นผ๋ก์ด๋ ์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ๋ก์ ๋ณต์กํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ๊ธฐํฉ์ฑ ํํ์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ง์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์์๋ค. ์ฒซ ์ฅ์์๋ ์ค๊ฐ์ฒด 50 ์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ํด ๋ถ์์ ๋น๋์นญํ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ๋ด์ ์คํ
๋ ์ค ์ผํฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด oxidatative dearomatization, ๋์์ฆ-์๋ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ์ key quaternary center ์ phenanthrene์ ํต์ฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์์๋ (์ค๊ฐ์ฒด 50)๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ์ ์ ๋์ฒด์ธ ๋ํ์ด๋๋ก์ฝ๋๋
ผ๊ณผ ๋ํ์ด๋๋ก์ฝ๋์ ํฉ์ฑ ํ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ Beckmann ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ด ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ํธํ๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์นผ๋ก์ด๋ ๋ถ์์ ํน์ง ์ค์ ํ๋์ธ ์ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ์
ํ ์ ์์๊ณ , ์ํ ํคํ ์ฅ์๋ฐ์ด์
SN2 ๋ฐ์์ ํตํ ํ
ํธ๋ผํ๋๋กํธ๋๋ง ํฉ์ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ reductive birch-type detosylation์ ์ด์ฉํ ํผํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ง ํฉ์ฑ์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์, ์์ ์์ ๋์๋ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ๋ ๋์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋์
๋์๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ ์ ๋์ฒด ์ฅ์์ฝ๋์ ํฉ์ฑ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ด๋ฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ 5๊ฐํ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณผ Rovis๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ๋ asymmetric ๋น๋์นญ์ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ดํํ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ฅ์ธ์ธ ์ ํฉ์ฑ ํ ์ ์์๋ค.Chp 1 Molecular Desymmetrization and Rationally Designed Serial Stereochemical Induction 1
ABSTRACT 2
INTRODUCTION 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7
1.1 Synthetic investigations in a desymmetrization based approach to biaryl system 27 7
1.2 Point-to-axial stereoinduction 8
1.3 Axial-to-point stereoinduction 9
1.3.1 Temperature-dependent configurational stability study 9
1.3.2 Oxidative dearomatization of biaryl phenols 36a/36a, 36b/36b, 36d/36d and 35c/35c 10
1.4 Point-to-point stereochemical induction 16
CONCLUSION 17
EXPERIMENTAL 19
REFERENCES 66
SPECTRA 68
Chp 2 Synthetic Application of a Quaternary Center Containing Tetracyclic Intermediate in the Total Synthesis of Dihydrocodeinone and Dihydrocodeine 146
ABSTRACT 147
INTRODUCTION 148
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 153
CONCLUSION 162
EXPERIMENTAL 164
REFERENCES 186
SPECTRA 189
Chp 3 Second Generation Synthesis Key Intermediates En-Route to the Total Synthesis of Dihydrocodeine and Dihydrocodeinone And Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Oxycodone 221
ABSTRACT 222
INTRODUCTION 223
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 226
3.1 Sencond-Generation Synthesis of Tricyclic Intermediate 111a 226
3.2 Sencond-Generation Synthesis of Tricyclic Intermediate 124 230
3.3 Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Oxycodone 232
CONCLUSION 239
EXPERIMENTAL 242
REFERENCES 275
SPECTRA 278
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 327
ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 329
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 330Maste
๊ธ์ต์ ์ฑ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ํ์ : ํ๋ํ์ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ณํ์ต์ ๋น๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฌํ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ฌํ์ ๊ณต,1997.Maste
Optimization of Consumer's ESS and Improvement of TOU Pricing for Demand Management
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณตํ์ ๋ฌธ๋ํ์ ์์ฉ๊ณตํ๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ค์ฉํ.๊ตญ๋ด์ธ ์ ๋ ฅํ๋งค ์ฌ์
์๋ค์ด ์ ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ณ์๋ณ์๊ธ์
(Time of Use, TOU)๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ์ ๋ณยท์๊ฐ๋๋ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ
๋ยท์ธ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋จ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ์๊ธ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด ๋ง
์ ์๊ฐ๋์๋ ๋น์ผ ์๊ธ์, ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด ์ ์ ์๊ฐ๋์๋ ์ ๋ ด
ํ ์ ๋ ฅ์๊ธ์ ์๋น์์๊ฒ ๋ถ๊ณผํจ์ผ๋ก์, ์ต์ข
์๋น์์ ๋ถํ
ํจํด์ด ํ๋งค์ฌ์
์๊ฐ ์๋ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํํ๋๋ก ์ ๋ํ๊ธฐ
์ํจ์ด๋ค. ํ๋งค์ฌ์
์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ถํํจํด ์ ๋ํ๋์ ์์๊ด๋ฆฌ
(Demand Management, DM)๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์๋น์์ ์ต์ข
๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ์ํ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด์ ์
๋ ฅ์๊ธ์ ์ต์ํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ๋งค์ฌ์
์๊ฐ TOU ์๊ธ์ ๋ฅผ
์ํํ๋ฉด ์๋น์๋ ๋ถํ์๊ฐ๋์ด๋(Load Shift), ์ต๋์์๊ฐ์
(Peak Shaving) ๋ฑ์ ์์๋ฐ์(Demand Response, DR)์ ๋ณด
์ธ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ์ ๋ ฅ์๊ธ์ด ์ ๋ ดํ ์๊ฐ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ์๋์ง๋ฅผ
์ ์ฅํ๋ค๊ฐ ํ์ํ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ๊ธฐ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธํด์ฃผ
๋ ์๋์ง์ ์ฅ์ฅ์น(Energy Storage System, ESS)์ ํ์ฉ์
์๋น์์๊ฒ ์ข์ ๋์์ ๋ต์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์๋น์๊ฐ ESS๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์๋น์๋ ์ ๋ ฅ์๊ธ์ ์ ๊ฐํ ์
์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋งค์ฌ์
์๋ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์์๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์
์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ESS์ ๋์ ํฌ์๋น๋ ์๋น์๊ฐ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ผ๋ก
ESS๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋์ด ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์
TOU ์๊ธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉ๋ฐ๋ ์๋น์์ ESS ํ์ฉ์ด, ํ๋งค์ฌ์
์๊ฐ
์๋ํ ์์๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋น์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ค๋ฉด
ESS ์ฉ๋์ฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ด์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ ์์ธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์๋น์์ ESS ํฌ์๋น์ ์ ๋ ฅ์๊ธ์ ์ํฅ์
๋ฏธ์น๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ, MINLP(Mixed Integer Nonlinear
Programming) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ๋ชฉ์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ต์ ํํ์๋ค.
์ด ํจ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์๋น์์ ๋ถํํจํด์ ๋ง๋ ESS์ ์ต์ ์ฉ๋์
์ฐ์ถํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ๋ณ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ ์ค์ผ์ค์ ์ฐ์ถํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ์๋ค์ GAMS ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํํ ๋ค ์๋น์์ ์ค์ฌ
์์๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ์ํํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ๊ตญ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฉ์ค์ธ TOU
์๊ธ๋จ๊ฐ๋ ์๋น์๊ฐ ESS๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํธ์ต์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด ํ๊ณ์ ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด TOU ์๊ธ๋จ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ
์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ ํ TOU ๋จ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค
์ํ ๋ถํํจํด ์๋น์์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ฐ์ ๋ TOU ์๊ธ์ ๋๋ ์๋น์์๊ฒ ESS๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ถฉ๋ถํ
์ ์ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋งค์ฌ์
์์๊ฒ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์์๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ณผ
๋ฅผ ์ค ์ ์์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ์๋ค.Time of use(TOU) pricing, which is applied by domestic and
overseas electric power sales companies(utilities), is a tariff that
applies two or three step rates for each season and hour according to
usage. This is to induce the end-use consumers to change the load
pattern in the direction intended by imposing an expensive charge at
a high usage time and an inexpensive electric charge at a low usage
time. These load pattern inducing activities of utilities are called
Demand Management(DM).
The ultimate goal of the consumer is to minimize the electricity bill
while fully utilizing the required power. When the TOU pricing is
implemented by power companies, the consumer reacts by Demand
Response(DR) like load shift and peak shaving. The use of an
Energy Storage System(ESS), which stores electric energy at a time
when the electricity rate is low and discharges it at a necessary time,
can be a good strategy.
When the consumer uses the ESS, a consumer can reduce
electricity bills and electric utilities can gain a sustainable demand
management effect. However, the high investment cost of ESS is a
stumbling block for consumers to universally utilize ESS. Therefore,
the detailed study is required for the ESS utilization of demand-side
under TOU pricing to secure the economical benefit of consumer and
demand management effect of utility.
In this paper, the factors influencing the ESS investment cost and
the electricity price of the consumer are analyzed, and the objective
function and constraints with MINLP (Mixed Integer Nonlinear
Programming) model are optimized. These functions calculate not only
the optimum capacity of the ESS to fit on the load patterns of
individual consumers, but also each hourly charging or discharging
schedule for each day, each season. After these equations are
implemented in GAMS program, simulations were performed by
applying actual demand data of consumers.
However, as a result of simulations, the current unit price of TOU
pricing applied in Korea cannot provide enough benefits for
consumers to utilize an ESS. Therefore, to overcome this limitation,
this paper proposes a method to improve the unit price of TOU, and
simulates for various load pattern consumers by applying the
improved TOU unit price. As a result, the improved TOU pricing
has proven that the ESS utilization of demand-side is beneficial to
the consumer and provides sustainable demand management effect to
power companies.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก
์ 2 ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์์ํ
์ 1 ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ํจ์
์ 2 ์ ์ ์ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฌ๋ก ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ 1 ์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ
์ 2 ์ ํ์ฌ TOU ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ 4 ์ฅ TOU ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ 1 ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์์๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ TOU ๊ฐ์
์ 2 ์ ๊ฐ์ TOU๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ๋ถํํจํด๋ณ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
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