50 research outputs found

    Effects of Training Conditions of Think-Aloud and Prior Knowledge on Think-Aloud Responses in Reading comprehension and Expository Text Processing

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    본 연구는 중학교 3학년 학생들을 실험 참가자로 하여 Think-Aloud 훈련조건과 선행지식이 설명적 교재의 독해 시에 처리과정을 관찰 할 수 있는 과정측도로서 Think-Aloud 반응과 교채처리에 미치는 효과를 실험・검 증한 것이다. 훈련은 글을 읽는 중에 생각나는 것을 입으로 중얼거리면서 읽도록 하는 Think-Aloud만의 조건 과 일반적인 독해방략들을 추가 처치하여 Think-Aloud하도록 하는 두 조건으로 이루어졌다. 훈련 프로그램은 직접수업법에 근거하여 지식습득단계, 연습단계, 및 검사단계로 구성되었다. 독립변인은 Think-Aloud 훈련조 건(Think-Aloud +독해방략 ・Think-Aloud만), 선행지식 수준(상위・하위) 및 Think-Aloud 반응유형(시연・정 교화・조직화・이해점검・예측・교재반응)이며, 실험요인의 배치는 2 × 2 × (6)의 요인설계로 하였다. Think- Aloud 훈련조건과 선행지식 수준은 피험자간 변인이고, Think-Aloud 반응유형은 피험자내 변인이었다. 종속변 인은 Think-Aloud 반응유형별 사용빈도, 주요점 회상점수, 글 전체 및 단락 중심내용 파악점수, 그리고 교재이 해 점수이었다. 이상의 독립변인들의 주효과와 상호작용효과가 검증되었다. 그 결과 중학생들은 설명적 교재를 읽을 때 Think-Aloud 반응으로 이해점검과 정교화를 많이 사용한 반면에 시연, 조직화, 교재반응 및 예측 반응 의 사용은 아주 적었다. 특히 선행지식이 많은 학생은 적은 학생보다 정교화 반응을 훨씬 많이 사용하였다. Think-Aloud 훈련조건 간에 Think-Aloud 반응의 사용빈도, 주요점 회상량 및 교재이해 점수는 통계적으로 유 의한 차이가 없었다. 이는 Think-Aloud에 대한 이해 부족과 연습회수의 부족에 기인한 듯하였다. 그러나 독해 방략을 추가하여 Think-Aloud를 훈련한 조건이 단지 Think-Aloud만 훈련한 조건보다 글의 주제에 대한 선행 지식이 적은 학생들의 글 전체 중심내용 파악을 촉진시켰다. 이는 독해방략을 추가한 것은 선행지식의 낮음을 보상한 것으로 해석된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training conditions of think-aloud and prior knowledge on think-aloud responses in reading comprehension and expository text processing. For the purpose two training conditions of think-aloud were treated: (1) Think-aloud only during reading and (2) Think-aloud with application of reading comprehension strategies during reading. The think-aloud training procedure was based on the traditional direct instruction including explanation, guided practice and independent practice. A mixed, between-subjects, within-subjects, design was used in the experiment. Two between-subjects factors were think-aloud training conditions (think-aloud only․think-aloud with application of reading comprehension strategies) and levels of prior knowledge (high․ low). One within-subjects factor was types of think-aloud responses (rehearsal・elaboration・ organization・prediction・text response・comprehension monitoring). The criterion variables were the frequencies of think-aloud responses used in the subject's think-aloud protocol and the scores of main point recall, main idea comprehension, and text comprehension. All subjects of this study were 40 junior high school students selected randomly on the basis of levels of prior knowledge. One expository text used as stimulus material was less familiar and composed of 6 paragraphs, 22 sentences, and 253 words. Main findings of this study were as follows: First, while thinking aloud during reading the expository text, junior high school students produced comprehension monitoring comments dominantly in their protocols. In particular, students with high prior knowledge produced more elaboration responses than students with low prior knowledge. These results appeared regardless of training conditions of think-aloud. Second, thinking aloud with application of reading comprehension strategies improved the comprehension of main ideas in the text for students with low prior knowledge. This facilitative effect may be due to that the application of reading comprehension strategies compensated with less prior knowledge of students. Third, two conditions of think-aloud training didn't show significant differences in the scores of main idea recall, main idea comprehension for paragraph, and text comprehension

    Effects of Induction Conditions of Mental Imagery and Presentation Conditions of Illustration on Comprehension of Main Ideas in Expository Text

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    본 연구는 초등학교 6학년 학생들을 실험 참가자로 하여 심상유발조건과 삽화제시조건이 설명적 교재의 중심 내용 이해에 미치는 효과를 실험ㆍ검증한 것이다. 독립변인은 심상유발조건(단순지시ㆍ도움단서제공), 삽화제시 조건(실험자 제공ㆍ참가자 생성), 및 선행지식수준(하위ㆍ상위)이며, 실험요인의 배치는 2 × 2 × 2의 요인설 계로 하였다. 종속변인은 주요점 회상점수와 글 전체 및 단락 중심내용 파악점수이었다. 이상의 독립변인들의 주효과와 상호작용효과가 검증되었다. 그 결과 초등학생들은 설명적 교재를 읽을 때 실험 교재자료인 펭귄에 대한 중요한 내용을 나타내는 수컷 펭귄이 자기 새끼를 어떻게 돌보는지에 대해 구체적으로 쓰세요.라는 문장 을 도움단서로 제공하여 교재 내용을 심상하게 하는 심상유발법이 교재 내용을 심상하라는 단순지시보다 주요 점 회상과 중심내용 파악을 더 촉진시켰다. 그러나 글의 주요 내용을 나타내는 삽화가 교재 내에 제시되는 교재 를 읽는 것(실험자 삽화제공)과 참가자가 글의 주요 내용을 삽화로 그려보는 것(참가자 삽화생성) 간에 설명적 교재의 주요점 회상과 중심내용 파악은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그리고 심상유발조건과 삽화제시조건 간에 주요점 회상과 중심내용 이해에 미치는 상효작용효과는 유의하지 않았으나, 심상유발조건과 선행지식수준 간의 상호작용은 유의하여 보상가설을 지지하였다. 중다회귀분석 결과, 주요점의 회상은 선행지식수준이 가장 강한 예측자인 반면에, 중심내용 파악의 경우는 도움단서제공 심상유발조건이 가장 강한 예측자임이 밝혀졌다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of induction conditions of mental imagery and presentation conditions of illustration on comprehension of main ideas in expository text. A between-subjects design was used. Three between-subjects factors were two induction conditions of mental imagery (simple instructionㆍimagery prompt), two presentation conditions of illustration (experimenter-suppliedㆍsubjects-generated) and two levels of prior knowledge (highㆍlow). One condition to induce mental imagery was simple instruction: A good way to understand what you read is to make as many pictures as you can in your head about the things that you read." The other was imagery prompt: Take time to think and write about what you've read. Describe how the male emperor penguin takes care of his young." The instruction in the text-relevant illustration supplied by experimenter was that a good way to understand what you read is to look very carefully at the picture on the page. The instruction in the subjects-generated illustration was that a good way to understand what you read is to draw a picture on the page." Criterion variables were scores of main points recalls and main ideas comprehension. Subjects of this study were 120 six-grade elementary school students selected randomly on the basis of levels of prior knowledge on stimulus text. Stimulus text was a 182-words expository text with description text structure on penguin." Main findings of this study were as follows: First, open-ended imagery prompt to take time to think and write about what you've read" promoted main points recall and main ideas comprehension of the expository text. Second, both experimenter-supplied illustration and subjects-generated illustration facilitated comprehension of main ideas in expository text. But there was no significant difference between two presentation conditions of illustration. Third, induction conditions of imagery and levels of prior knowledge showed a significant interaction effect on main points recall

    Effects of Summarization Training on Processing Expository Text with Comparison/Contrast Structure

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    논문 요약본 연구는 초등학교 6학년 학생들을 피험자로 하여 요약하기 훈련이 비교/대조 구조로 된 설명적 교재의 처리에 미치는 효과를 실험ㆍ검증한 것이다. 요약하기 훈련을 교재구조를 활용하여 요약하기, 지도작성을 활용하여 요약하기 및 단순히 반복하여 읽고서 요약하기의 세 조건으로 처치하였다. 요약하기 훈련 프로그램은 직접교수방략에 근거하여 지식습득단계(1일), 연습단계(3일), 및 검사단계(직후 2일, 1주후 2일)로 구성되었다. 본 실험은 피험자간, 피험자내 혼합설계로서 피험자간 요인은 요약하기 훈련조건과 독해능력 수준(상ㆍ하)이고, 피험자내 요인은 교재길이(짧은ㆍ긴)와 검사시기(직후ㆍ1주 지연)이었다. 준거변인은 자유회상, 중심내용파악, 교재이해 및 요약문작성의 점수들이었다. 이상의 독립변인들의 주효과와 상호작용효과가 검증되었다. 그 결과 교재구조를 활용하여 요약하거나 지도작성을 활용하여 요약하는 것은 단순히 반복하여 읽고 요약하는 것보다 비교/대조구조로 된 설명적 교재의 길이가 짧든 길든 글 전체의 중심내용파악, 상위ㆍ하위ㆍ전체정보의 이해, 요약문작성 그리고 짧은 글의 자유회상에 더 효과적이었다. 특히 교재구조 활용 요약하기는 독해능력 상위수준의 학생에게 그리고 지도 작성 활용 요약하기는 독해능력 하위수준의 학생에게 요약문작성을 더 촉진시켰다. 요약하기 훈련은 검사시기에 관계없이 교재처리를 촉진시켰다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of summarization training on processing expository text with comparison/contrast structure. For the purpose three summarization training conditions were treated: (1) summarization training with application of text structure, (2) summarization training with application of mapping, and (3) comparison group. Two experimental groups received text structure instruction or mapping instruction. Comparison group reread the text. In the experiments a mixed, between-subjects, within-subjects, design was used. Two between-subjects factors were summarization training conditions (summarization training with application of text structure․summarization training with application of mapping․comparison group) and levels of reading comprehension ability (high․low). Two within-subjects factors were text length (short․long) and testing time (immediate․one-week delayed). The criterion variables were scores of free recall, main idea comprehension, text comprehension, and summarization. All subjects of this study were 96 six-grade elementary students selected randomly on the basis of levels of reading comprehension ability. Stimulus materials were two expository texts with comparison/contrast structure. One short text was composed of 20 sentences and 3 paragraphs. One long text was composed of 40 sentences and 6 paragraphs. Main findings of this study were as follows: First, summarizing with application of text structure or summarizing with application of mapping improved main idea comprehension and summarization of expository texts which were organized on the basis of comparison/contrast structure. Second, significant interaction effect between summarization training conditions and levels of reading comprehension ability appeared only in the summarization of the long expository text with comparison/contrast structure. That is, summarizing with application of text structure was more effective strategy for good readers while summarizing with application of mapping was more effective strategy for poor readers. Third, facilitative effects of summarization training was maintained during one-week delay. These findings were discussed within the theoretical frameworks of text memory, depth of processing, and generative learning. It was suggested that further research should consider other types of text structures and other subjects such as middle school and college students

    Effects of Conditions of Story Retelling on the Improvement of Story Retelling Production in Preschool Children

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    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of conditions of story retelling on the improvement of story retelling production in preschool children. For the purpose three conditions of story retelling were treated: (1) story retelling condition which children were trained to retell with gently probing, (2) story structurebased story retelling condition which children were trained to retell both with guiding questions on story structures and with teaching story mapping emphasizing elements of story structure, and (3) control condition which children were not received such training. In the experiments a mixed, betweensubjects, withinsubjects, design was used. One betweensubjects variable was conditions of story retelling (story retelling ․story structurebased story retelling․control). One withinsubjects variable was testing time (pre․post). The criterion variables were scores of difference score between pretest and posttest in total production and individual elements production of story retelling. Participants were 27 children, age 5 years, selected from one preschool and were assigned randomly to three conditions. These children were received six sessions which consisted of one pretest, four training and one posttest. And six storybooks were used for story retelling. Both story retelling condition improved total production and individual elements production of story retelling. The improvement in the production of individual elements of story structure were different significantly between resolution, setting, order, plot, and problem elements. These differences in the improvement showed similar trends regardless of story retelling conditions.이 연구는 만 5세 취학전 아동을 실험참가자로 하여 이야기 다시 말하기 조건이 이야기 다시 말하기 산출의 개선에 미치는 효과를 검증하였다. 실험에는 혼합, 피험자간, 피험자내 설계가 사용되었다. 피험자간 변인은 이야기 다시 말하기 조건(이야기 다시 말하기 · 이야기 구조기반 이야기 다시 말하기· 통제)이었으며, 피험자내변인은 검사시기(사전·사후)였다. 준거변인은 이야기 다시 말하기 전체 산출 및 개개 구조요소 산출에서 사후검사와 사전검사의 차이점수였다. 그 결과, 이야기 다시 말하기를 이야기 지도 수업을 적용하고 함께 이야기 구조요소에 대한 구체적 단서를 발판으로 제공하여 이야기 구조기반으로 가르치거나 또는 일반적 단서 중심으로 가 르치는 것이 이야기 다시 말하기 방법을 가르치지 않는 것보다 이야기 다시 말하기 전체산출과 해결 구조 요소산출의 개선에 효과적이었다. 또한 이야기 구조 요소별 산출의 개선은 해결, 배경, 순서, 구성 요소 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 이들 4개 요소는 문제 요소보다 유의하게 높았다. 이런 결과는 이야기 다시 말하기 조건에 관계없이 동일하게 나타났다

    Ion Exchange Capacity of Poly(Phenylene sulfide) Sulfonated with Sulfur Trioxide

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    Sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide (S-PPS)는 poly(phenylene) sulfide (PPS)를 액체 SO3로 술폰화하여 합성하였으며 1140∼1280cm-1의 영역에서 방향족 술폰산의 술폰산기에 의한 강한 흡수대에 의하여 확인되었다. 수용성 S-PPS와 불용성 S-PPS의 이온교환용량은 각각 3.231 meq/g과 2.866 meq/g이었다. 불용성 S-PPS는 경화온도가 증가할수록 이온교환용량과 술폰산기의 IR흡광도는 감소하였다. 그리고 금속이온 흡착능과 인접 페닐기간의 가교결합 형성에 관하여 논의하였다
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