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    Precise flux redistribution to glyoxylate shunt for efficient production of value-added chemicals

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    DoctorMetabolic engineering is redesigning the cellular metabolism for various purposes and has made a significant contribution to the development of biotechnology. For chemical production, several strategies involving overexpression of the product synthetic pathway, removal of the competing pathway, and expression optimization of a metabolic key node have been a powerful solutions. Apart from the technical issues, the most important prerequisite for efficient engineering is an in-depth understanding of cellular metabolism. In this study, the characteristics of glyoxylate shunt were analyzed and exploited for chemical production in accordance with the principle of metabolic engineering. The glyoxylate shunt is a branch of the TCA cycle, and functionally it can convert the TCA intermediates with relatively simple enzymatic steps rather than the TCA cycle. In addition, an anaplerotic reaction is involved that allows a cell to grow with small carbon compounds. Despite such characteristics, it cannot be actively utilized in metabolic engineering and its utilization strategy was also limited. In this regard, the novel strategy to precisely regulate the glyoxylate shunt was designed and applied to the production of various chemicals. The followings are summarized contents in this study. First, the efficient conversion of acetate into valuable chemicals, itaconate and L-tyrosine, were described. Acetate is the promising carbon source in that it can be obtained much abundantly and cheaply from various sources, however, its growth inhibition issues have limited its applications for chemical production. In this study, such issues have been solved through the metabolic engineering-based strategies including screening of acetate-tolerant Escherichia coli and optimization of glyoxylate shunt pathway. The efficient production of itaconate, which can be produced from TCA intermediate was demonstrated. Furthermore, the strategies were effectively applied to the production of L-tyrosine from a glycolytic node, showing that the novel strategy designed in this study can be widely applied to the production of various chemicals from acetate. Second, the novel strategy was applied to the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glucose. The glyoxylate shunt was employed for TCA conversion instead of the native TCA cycle for precise flux redistribution, and it allowed significantly enhanced ALA production with robust cell growth. This achievement demonstrates that the strategy is not limited to the use of small carbon compounds such as acetate but can be used more broadly, showing enough potential of the strategy.λ°”μ΄μ˜€ λ¦¬νŒŒμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°”μ΄μ˜€λ§€μŠ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μœ μš©ν•œ ν™”ν•©λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 곡정이닀. μ„μœ  μžμ›μ˜ κ³ κ°ˆμ΄λ‚˜ 가격 변동과 같은 문제둜 λ°”μ΄μ˜€ λ¦¬νŒŒμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 관심 λ°›μ•„ μ™”μœΌλ©°, μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 보닀 비쀑 μžˆλŠ” 역할을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것이닀. λ°”μ΄μ˜€ λ¦¬νŒŒμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€κ²Œ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ 발효λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°, μžμ—°μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ 물질 λŒ€μ‚¬λŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 생μž₯κ³Ό μž¬μƒμ‚°μ— 초점이 맞좰져 μžˆμ–΄ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 경우 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ 물질 λŒ€μ‚¬λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ μ— λ§žκ²Œλ” μž¬μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ” 일이 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λ‹€. ν•΄λ‹Ή 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” ν•™λ¬Έ λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ λŒ€μ‚¬ 곡학이며, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이유둜 λ°”μ΄μ˜€ λ¦¬νŒŒμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬ 산업은 λŒ€μ‚¬ κ³΅ν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 근간을 λ‹€μ Έμ™”λ‹€. λŒ€μ‚¬ κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œ νŠΉμ • ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산 회둜λ₯Ό κ³Όλ°œν˜„μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜ λΆ€μ‚°λ¬Ό 생산 회둜λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λΆˆν•„μš”ν•œ λŒ€μ‚¬ 회둜λ₯Ό μ œκ±°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방법을 톡해 μ›ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‚¬ 흐름을 μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ „λž΅μ΄ μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆλ‹€. λΆˆν•„μš”ν•œ λŒ€μ‚¬ νšŒλ‘œκ°€ μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ„±μž₯κ³Ό 같은 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ λŒ€μ‚¬ νšŒλ‘œμ™€ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μœ μ „μžμ˜ λ‹¨μˆœ λ°œν˜„μ΄λ‚˜ μ œκ±°κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ ν•΄λ‹Ή μœ μ „μžλ“€μ˜ λ°œν˜„ μ΅œμ ν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 μ›ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‚¬ 흐름을 보닀 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ λŒ€μ‚¬ 흐름이 ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό μƒμ‚°μœΌλ‘œ 진행될 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 세포당 생산성은 μ–΄λŠ 정도 ν–₯상될 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 세포 μ„±μž₯이 μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ μ €ν•΄λœλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 전체 생산성이 λ†’κ²Œ μœ μ§€λ  수 없기에 ν•΄λ‹Ή λ…Έλ“œ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κ³  μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 일이 νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ 여겨진닀. λŒ€μ‚¬ κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ „λž΅λ“€μ΄ 효과적으둜 적용되기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 무엇보닀도 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 λ¨Όμ € λŒ€μ‚¬ 회둜λ₯Ό 깊게 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŒ€μ‚¬ κ³΅ν•™μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 원리에 μž…κ°ν•˜μ—¬, λ¨Όμ € 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜의 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산에 μ μš©ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° νšŒλ‘œλŠ” TCA 회둜의 곁가지 회둜둜 λŒ€μž₯κ· , 식물, κ³°νŒ‘μ΄μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μ΄μ†Œμ‹œνŠΈλ ˆμ΄νŠΈ λ¦¬μ•„μ œ(isocitrate lyase)와 말산 μ‹ νƒ€μ•„μ œ(malate synthase) 두 νš¨μ†Œλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄μ†Œμ‹œνŠΈλ ˆμ΄νŠΈ λ¦¬μ•„μ œλŠ” μ΄μ†Œμ‹œνŠΈλ ˆμ΄νŠΈλ₯Ό μˆ™μ‹ μ‚°(succinate)κ³Ό 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚°(glyoxylate)둜 μ „ν™˜μ‹œν‚€λ©°, 말산 μ‹ νƒ€μ•„μ œλŠ” 글리μ˜₯싀산을 μ•„μ„Έν‹Έ-μ‘°νš¨μ†Œ(acetyl-CoA)와 μ€‘ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ 말산을 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ†Œμ‹œνŠΈλ ˆμ΄νŠΈκ°€ μˆ™μ‹ μ‚°κ³Ό λ§μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 것이며, 이 경우 TCA νšŒλ‘œμ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ νƒ„μ†Œ μœ μ‹€μ΄ λ°œμƒλ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€. λ”λΆˆμ–΄, μ•„μ„Έν‹Έ-μ‘°νš¨μ†Œμ˜ 쀑합 λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λŒ€μ²΄ 보좩 λ°˜μ‘(anaplerotic reaction)을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ 가진닀. 특히, ν•΄λ‹Ή λ°˜μ‘μ€ μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°κ³Ό 같은 μž‘μ€ 유기 화합물을 λŒ€μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 보좩 λ°˜μ‘μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ ꡉμž₯히 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜의 ν™œμš©μ€ 글리μ˜₯싀산이 μ•Œλ €μ§„ μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ ꡉμž₯히 μ œν•œμ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져 μ™”λ‹€. 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ˜ 전사 μ–΅μ œ 인자인 iclR μœ μ „μžμ˜ 제거λ₯Ό 톡해 μ†μ‰½κ²Œ 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜λ₯Ό μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ‘Œκ³ , 이λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ λ‹¨μˆœ 회둜 증폭만이 ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산에 적용되곀 ν–ˆλŠ”λ°, κ·Έ μ—­μ‹œ μˆ™μ‹ μ‚°μ΄λ‚˜ ν“¨λ§ˆλ₯΄μ‚°(fumaric acid)κ³Ό 같은 TCA νšŒλ‘œμ™€ 직접적인 연관을 κ°–λŠ” 화합물듀에 κ΅­ν•œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 사싀 ν•΄λ‹Ή μ „λž΅μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜λ₯Ό μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ©° λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ „λž΅μ„ 톡해 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산에 효율적으둜 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 폭넓은 ν™œμš©μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜λ₯Ό μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λΌ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜의 첫 λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ§€κ°œν•˜λŠ” μ΄μ†Œμ‹œνŠΈλ ˆμ΄νŠΈ λ¦¬μ•„μ œμ˜ λ°œν˜„μ„ μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ ν•΄λ‹Ή νš¨μ†Œκ°€ 첫 λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ§€κ°œν•˜λŠ” 것 이외에도 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λ°˜μ‘μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μ—΄μ—­ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉ„ν˜Έμ˜μ μ΄λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. ν•΄λ‹Ή μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ •λ°€ λ°œν˜„ μ‘°μ ˆμ€ 합성생물학적 도ꡬλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 전사 λ ˆλ²¨μ—μ„œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³  μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜의 μ „λ°˜μ μΈ 흐름이 ν•΄λ‹Ή νš¨μ†Œ λ°œν˜„μ— 따라 효율적으둜 μ‘°μ ˆλ˜λŠ” 것을 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산에 직접 μ μš©ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ νƒ„μ†Œμ›μΈ μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°μ„ ν™œμš©ν•œ ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산에 μ μš©ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°μ€ ꡉμž₯히 ν’λΆ€ν•˜κ³  κ°’μ‹Έκ²Œ μ–»μ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” νƒ„μ†Œμ›μœΌλ‘œ κ²½μ œμ„± λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 특히 κ°κ΄‘λ°›λŠ” μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ νƒ„μ†Œμ›μ΄λ‚˜ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ„±μž₯을 μ €ν•΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점에 κ·Έ ν™œμš©μ΄ μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜의 μ •κ΅ν•œ 쑰절 및 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λŒ€μ‚¬ 흐름 μ΅œμ ν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°μ˜ λŒ€μ‚¬λŠ₯을 큰 폭으둜 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³ λΆ€κ°€κ°€μΉ˜λ¬Όμ§ˆμΈ μ΄νƒ€μ½˜μ‚°κ³Ό νƒ€μ΄λ‘œμ‹  생산성을 각각 크게 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°μ˜ 잠재적 ν™œμš© κ°€λŠ₯성을 돋보일 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 특히 νƒ€μ΄λ‘œμ‹ μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” TCA νšŒλ‘œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ ν•΄λ‹Ή 회둜(glycolytic pathway)의 μ€‘κ°„μ²΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° νŒŒμƒλ˜μ–΄ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” ν™”ν•©λ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” μ μ—μ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ „λž΅μ΄ 폭 λ„“κ²Œ ν™œμš©λ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ”λΆˆμ–΄, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ „λž΅μ„ κΈ€λ£¨μ½”μ˜€μŠ€(glucose)λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 5-μ•„λ―Έλ…Έλ ˆλΆˆλ¦°μ‚°(5-aminoluvulinic acid) 생산에도 μ μš©μ‹œμΌœ 보고자 ν–ˆλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜, 5-μ•„λ―Έλ…Έλ ˆλΆˆλ¦°μ‚° 생산 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μƒκΈ°λŠ” TCA λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ„ 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚°μ˜ λ„μž… 및 μ΅œμ ν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 이λ₯Ό 톡해 세포 μ„±μž₯κ³Ό 5-μ•„λ―Έλ…Έλ ˆλΆˆλ¦°μ‚° 생산이 큰 폭으둜 ν–₯μƒλ˜λŠ” 것을 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 톡해 글리μ˜₯μ‹€μ‚° 회둜의 ν™œμš©μ΄ μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°κ³Ό 같은 μž‘μ€ μœ κΈ°μ‚°μ˜ λŒ€μ‚¬λΏ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ νƒ„μ†Œμ›μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 생산을 μœ„ν•œ μ •κ΅ν•œ νƒ„μ†Œ 흐름 μž¬λΆ„λ°°μ—λ„ 적용될 수 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€
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