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    전기화학적 μš©ν•΄ 방법을 ν†΅ν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± 백금 박막 μ œμž‘

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    Thesis(masters) --μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μž¬λ£Œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2009.2.Maste

    κ΄‘μ „κ·Ήμ˜ λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜•νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€ 효율 ν–₯상

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μž¬λ£Œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2013. 8. λ°•λ³‘μš°.Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is an effective photoelectrochemical system that exhibits power-conversion efficiency over 10%. However, materials and systems of DSSC are almost optimized, so efficiency of device has been in stagnancy without a breakthrough for about 10 years. In addition, development of advanced technology is definitely needed for the mass production of device and thereby for the commercialization of DSSC. With these necessities, novel approaches have been attempted both in the research area and in the industrial area. The main objective of my thesis is to develop novel photoelectrode materials for DSSC. To achieve the goal, I introduced the metal-induced nanostructures into the semiconducting TiO2 film, so optical and nanostructural properties of photoelectrodes were manipulated. Unique optical properties of metal nanoparticles are utilized to enhance light absorption in photoelectrode and to improve the conversion efficiency of solar-cell device. Deposition of metal/semiconductor nanocomposites and subsequent selective etching of metal were conducted to obtain nanoporous thin-film photoelectrode. Optical and nanostructural properties of photoelectrodes were thoroughly investigated, and correlations to the photochemical properties of DSSCs were also made. In Chapter 1, dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is briefly reviewed. Operating principle, components, and materials for DSSC are explained. Particularly, various nanostructures for the photoelectrode of DSSC are introduced. Surface-plasmon resonance in metal nanostructures is also concerned in this chapter, as a new strategy to improve light absorption and solar-cell properties. In Chapter 2, gold nanoparticles of ~100 nm in diameter were incorporated into TiO2 nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). At the optimum Au/TiO2 mass ratio of 0.05, the power-conversion efficiency of the DSSC improved to 3.3% from a value of 2.7% without Au, and this improvement was mainly attributed to the photocurrent density. The Au nanoparticles embedded in the nanoparticulate-TiO2 film strongly absorbed light due to the localized surface-plasmon resonance, and thereby promoted light absorption of the dye. In the DSSCs, the 100 nm-diameter Au nanoparticles generate field enhancement by surface-plasmon resonance rather than prolonged optical paths by light scattering. In Chapter 3, a facile method to synthesize nanoporous-TiO2 thin film for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was introduced. Silver/TiO2 co-sputtering led to the formation of nanocomposite film which consists of silver nanoclusters and surrounding TiO2 matrix, and subsequently, Ag nanoclusters in nanocomposite were selectively etched by just immersing in nitric acid. Nanoporous-TiO2 DSSC fabricated by this simple and straightforward process showed the power-conversion efficiency of 3.4% under 1 sun condition, at the thickness of only 1.8 ΞΌm.μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€λŠ” 10% μ΄μƒμ˜ κ΄‘μ „λ³€ν™˜νš¨μœ¨μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 효율적인 κ΄‘μ „κΈ°ν™”ν•™μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ§€λ‚œ 20μ—¬λ…„κ°„μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 재료 및 μ†Œμžμ œμž‘κΈ°μˆ μ΄ μ΅œμ ν™”λ˜μ–΄ μ†Œμžμ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ€ ν•œκ³„μ μ— λ‹€λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒνƒœμ΄λ‹€. μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€μ˜ μ‚°μ—…ν™” 및 μƒμš©ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ†Œμžμ˜ κ΄‘μ „λ³€ν™˜νš¨μœ¨ ν–₯상 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λŒ€λŸ‰μƒμ‚°μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ 곡정 개발이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©°, 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μž¬λ£Œβ€’ν™”ν•™β€’λ¬Όλ¦¬ λ“± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μ‹¬λ„κΉŠμ€ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έμ€, μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€ κ΄‘μ „κ·Ήμ˜ λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜μ—¬ μ†Œμžμ˜ κ΄‘μ „λ³€ν™˜νš¨μœ¨μ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¨ 연ꡬ λ‚΄μš©μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κΈˆμ†λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν‘œλ©΄ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλͺ¬ν˜„상을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄‘μ „κ·Ήμ˜ 광학적 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μ†Œμžμ˜ κ΄‘ν‘μˆ˜β€’κ΄‘μ „λ₯˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μŠ€νΌν„°λ§μ¦μ°© 및 μ„ νƒμ μš©ν•΄ 방법을 톡해 μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€ κ΄‘μ „κ·Ήμš© λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± μ΄μ‚°ν™”ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ 박막을 μ œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 곡정을 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κ΄‘μ „κ·Ήμ˜ 광학적/λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°μ  νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€μ˜ κ΄‘λ³€ν™˜νŠΉμ„± μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ λ©΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ 1μž₯은 μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œκ°œλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€μ˜ μž‘λ™ 원리, ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œ, 그리고 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μž¬λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…이 μˆ˜λ‘λ˜μ–΄ 있으며, 특히 κ΄‘μ „κ·Ή 재료둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μ‚°ν™”λ¬Όλ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 선행연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄ μžμ„Ένžˆ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κΈˆμ†λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν‘œλ©΄ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλͺ¬ ν˜„μƒ 및 이λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€μ˜ κ΄‘ν‘μˆ˜ 및 κ΄‘μ „λ₯˜ ν–₯상 κ°€λŠ₯성에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 2μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ΄μ‚°ν™”ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžκ΄‘μ „κ·Ήμ— 100 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° 크기의 금 λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžλ₯Ό μ²¨κ°€ν•œ 연ꡬ 결과에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 졜적 μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œ κ΄‘μ „λ³€ν™˜νš¨μœ¨μ€ 2.7%μ—μ„œ 3.3%둜 ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, κ΄‘μ „λ₯˜ ν–₯상이 μ†Œμžμ˜ 효율 ν–₯μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€. κ΄‘ν‘μˆ˜ 츑정을 톡해, κ΄‘μ „κ·Ή λ‚΄λΆ€μ˜ 금 λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžλŠ” ν‘œλ©΄ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλͺ¬μ„ 톡해 빛을 κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  μ†Œμžμ˜ κ΄‘ν‘μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, ν‘œλ©΄ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλͺ¬μ— μ˜ν•΄ 금 λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μž μ£Όλ³€μ—μ„œ μ „κΈ°μž₯의 μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ κ°•ν•΄μ Έ 빛이 μ§‘μ€‘λ˜κ³  이둜 인해 κ΄‘μ „λ₯˜ 생성이 ν–₯μƒλœλ‹€λŠ” λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 3μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” μŠ€νΌν„°λ§μ¦μ°© 및 선택적 μš©ν•΄λ₯Ό 톡해 λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± 박막을 μ œμž‘ν•œ 연ꡬ 결과에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μŠ€νΌν„°λ§ 방법을 톡해 은과 μ΄μ‚°ν™”ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„μ„ λ™μ‹œμ¦μ°©ν•˜λ©΄, 은 λ‚˜λ…Έν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°μ™€ 이λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό μ΄μ‚°ν™”ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ 맀트릭슀둜 κ΅¬μ„±λœ λ‚˜λ…Έλ³΅ν•©μ²΄ 박막이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κ³ , 이 박막을 μ§ˆμ‚°μ— λ‹΄κ°€ 은을 μ„ νƒμ μœΌλ‘œ λ…Ήμ—¬λ‚΄λ©΄ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± μ΄μ‚°ν™”ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ 박막이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„λ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ λ‚˜λ…Έλ‹€κ³΅μ„± μ΄μ‚°ν™”ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ 박막을 μ—Όλ£Œκ°μ‘ν˜• νƒœμ–‘μ „μ§€ κ΄‘μ „κ·ΉμœΌλ‘œ μ μš©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 1.8 ΞΌm의 얇은 λ‘κ»˜μ—μ„œ μš°μˆ˜ν•œ κ΄‘μ „λ³€ν™˜νš¨μœ¨ 3.4%κ°€ λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.Abstract i List of Figures vi List of Table xiii Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1. Introduction to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 1 1.2. Materials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 5 1.3. Nanostructured Photoelectrodes 10 1.4. Surface-Plasmon Resonance in Metal Nanostructures 15 1.5. Objective of Research 22 1.6. References 25 Chapter 2. The Effects of 100 nm-Diameter Au nanoparticles on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 28 2.1. Introduction 28 2.2. Experimental Section 30 2.3. Results and Discussion 33 2.4. Conclusions 47 2.5. References 48 Chapter 3. A Simple Template-Free 'Sputtering Deposition and Selective Etching' Process for Nanoporous Thin Films and Its Application to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 54 3.1. Introduction 54 3.2. Experimental Section 59 3.3. Results and Discussion 62 3.4. Conclusions 80 3.5. References 81 Appendix 88 A.1. Publications 88 A.2. Presentations 91 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝 94Docto

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