A Study on the Development of the Safety Evaluation Index for Improving the Safety of a Passenger Ship

The main factors of causing marine accidents are the seafarer, vessel, and traffic environments. Except for the accidents caused by natural disasters, most of the marine accidents occur when there is a deficiency in one or more of the above factors. The major passenger ship accidents in domestic such as MV Nam-Young accidents, the MV Seohae accident were caused by the defects of these factors. Although the safety management system in Korea has been improved since then, there has been a consistent need for the betterment of the system for the prevention of continuing accidents such as MV Sewol ferry disaster in 2014. Especially, due to its nature, the influence of the passenger ship accident is critical, despite the fact that the number of passenger ship accident is only 2.0% of the whole marine accidents. To prevent these accidents, passenger ships must secure seaworthiness before its operation. However, safety management system for evaluating seaworthiness for passenger ships had not yet been developed. In this study, safety management system for passenger ships was proposed. To develop the system, subtleties of different criteria such as ship stability, seafarer's training, regulations for safety management, and management of passengers were taken into account. Also, Safety Evaluation Index was estimated by carefully analyzing the passenger ship accidents since 1962' and was used to evaluate the system. Hull, seafarer's training, regulations for safety management, passenger/cargo management, and other factors were considered and specific criteria for each factor were defined for the evaluation. Furthermore, Safety Evaluation Index was applied to the major catastrophes of passenger ships, such as Sinking of the MV Nam-Young 1970, MV Seohae in 1993, MV Sewol in 2014 and the reliability of the proposed methods was reviewed. Through the estimation of Safety Evaluation Index, it would be possible to assess the safety management level of the passenger ships, which will eventually be used for establishing the regulations in regards to preventing accidents of passenger ships.List of Tables ⅳ List of Figures ⅵ Abstract ⅶ 제 1 장 서 론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 1.2 연구 방법 및 내용 6 제 2 장 국내 여객선의 현황 및 해양 사고 분석 10 2.1 국내 여객선의 운항 현황 10 2.2 여객선 사고 분석(1962年-2015年) 17 2.2.1 여객선 사고 분석 17 2.2.2 사고 유형별 여객선 사고 분석 20 2.2.3 사고 원인별 여객선 사고 분석 31 제 3 장 대형 여객선 사고에 따른 안전관리체계의 변화 32 3.1 남영호의 사고 분석 32 3.1.1 남영호의 사고 개요 32 3.1.2 남영호의 사고 원인 34 3.1.3 사고 후 안전관리제도의 변화 36 3.2 서해훼리호의 사고 분석 37 3.2.1 서해훼리호의 사고 개요 37 3.2.2 서해훼리호의 사고 원인 38 3.2.3 사고 후 안전관리제도의 변화 40 3.3 세월호의 사고 분석 43 3.3.1 세월호의 사고 개요 43 3.3.2 세월호의 사고 원인 44 3.3.3 사고 후 안전관리제도의 변화 47 3.4 대형 여객선 사고에 따른 안전관리체계의 변화 51 제 4 장 여객선의 안전관리평가지표의 개발 53 4.1 안전관리평가지표의 구성 53 4.2 여객선 사고원인 분류체계 비교 분석 55 4.2.1 해양안전심판원 55 4.2.2 해양경비안전본부 57 4.2.3 일본 해상보안청 58 4.2.4 영국 해양사고조사국 59 4.2.5 해양사고 원인 분류 비교 분석 60 4.3 안전관리체계 평가 요소 도출 62 4.3.1 선박안전 62 4.3.2 선원 교육 64 4.3.3 안전관리제도 65 4.3.4 승객/화물 관리 66 4.3.5 기 타 67 4.4 평가지표 수립을 위한 가중치 산정 68 4.4.1. 해양사고 유발 변수의 산정 68 4.4.2. 안전관리제도 확립 변수의 산정 74 4.5 안전관리평가지표의 평가표 작성 76 제 5 장 여객선 사고에 대한 안전관리평가지표 적용 80 5.1 여객선 사고에 대한 평가지표 검증 80 5.1.1 사고 사례별 구조 분석 80 5.1.2 사고 사례별 가중치 산정 81 5.2 남영호에 적용한 안전관리평가지표 84 5.3 서해훼리호에 적용한 안전관리평가지표 88 5.4 세월호에 적용한 안전관리평가지표 93 5.5 여객선 사고에 대한 안전관리평가지표의 종합분석 97 제 6 장 결 론 100 참고문헌 102 부 록 105 감사의 글 117Maste

Prediction of the Catalyst Life Span in Bisphenol A Reactor through Cumulative Exposure of Catalyst Poison

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공학전문대학원 응용공학과, 2022.2. 이종민.화학공장에서 촉매 반응 공정은 공장의 생산성, 수율, 및 품질을 결정 짓는 핵심 공정이다. 안정적인 생산과 품질을 위해서는 촉매의 수명을 오래 유지하여 반응 공정의 변동을 최소화할 필요가 있다. 최근 Bisphenol A 공정에서는 아세톤 원료 중에 촉매독 역할을 메탄올 성분을 줄이는 활동을 하고 있다. 이에 메탄올 함량에 따른 반응 공정 성능을 모사하여 메탄올 저감 목표 및 촉매 교체 계획 관리에 필요한 기초 자료를 확보하고자 한다. 그러나 현재 시점의 메탄올 함량만으로 장기간에 걸쳐 진행되는 촉매 비활성화를 설명하기는 어렵다. 따라서 현재까지 반응기에 유입된 메탄올의 총량을 촉매독의 누적 노출 이력으로써 설명변수로 활용하여 촉매 비활성화를 설명해 보고자 하였다. 촉매의 활성은 직접 측정할 수 없어서 반응기 전환율을 종속변수로 선정하고 반응기 전환율의 설명변수와 촉매 비활성화 변수를 조합하여 기계학습(PLS, SVM, ANN)을 수행하였다. 촉매 비활성화 예상 변수는 메탄올이 촉매와 반응하는 데 영향을 미치는 온도와 유량, 아세톤 인자들을 조합하여 후보군을 만들었다. 실험 결과 메탄올 누적 유량 변수를 사용한 모형의 오차가 가장 작았으며 비선형 회귀 모형의 정확도가 선형 회귀 모형보다 높았다. 예상했던 온도의 영향은 분산이 적기 때문에 촉매 비활성화를 유의미하게 설명할 수 없었다. 메탄올 함량으로 누적값을 모의실험한 결과 250ppm에서 70ppm으로 저감 시 기존 20개월에서 70개월로 반응기 전환율이 유지될 것으로 예측하였다.In chemical plants, the catalytic reaction process is a key factor that determines the productivity, yield, and quality of the plant. For stable production and quality, it is necessary to minimize fluctuations in the reaction process by maintaining the life of the catalyst for a long time. Recently, in the Bisphenol A process, activities are underway to reduce methanol components that act as a catalyst poison in acetone. Therefore, by simulating the reaction process performance according to the methanol content, basic data necessary for the management of the methanol reduction goal and catalyst replacement plan are secured. However, it is difficult to explain the degree of catalyst deactivation over a long period of time only with the methanol content at this point. Therefore, the total amount of methanol flowed into the reactors so far, which is a cumulative exposure history of the catalyst poison, was used as an explanatory variable to explain catalyst deactivation. Since the activity of the catalyst cannot be measured directly, the reactor conversion rate was selected as a dependent variable, and machine learning (PLS, SVM, ANN) was performed by combining the explanatory variable of the reactor conversion rate and the catalyst deactivation variable. As for the expected catalyst deactivation variable, a candidate group was created by combining the temperature, flow rate, and acetone that influence methanol’s reaction with the catalyst. As a result of the experiment, the error of the model using the methanol cumulative flow rate variable was the smallest, and the accuracy of the nonlinear regression model was higher than that of the linear regression model. The effect of the temperature could not significantly explain catalyst deactivation because the variance was small. As a result of simulating the cumulative value with methanol content, it was predicted that the reactor conversion rate would be maintained from 20 to 70 months if it was reduced from 250 ppm to 70 ppm.I. 서론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 1.2 연구 범위와 방법 3 1.2.1 Bisphenol A 생산 공정 3 1.3 제약 사항 6 1.4 연구 내용 8 1.5 논문의 구성 9 II. 이론적 배경 및 관련 연구 10 2.1 이론적 배경 10 2.1.1 촉매 비활성화 10 2.1.2 기계학습 13 2.2 관련 연구 16 2.2.1 촉매 비활성화 16 2.2.2 성능 모형화 19 III. 연구 결과 22 3.1 데이터 전처리 22 3.1.1 자료 수집 22 3.1.2 반응기 공급 유량 추정 22 3.1.3 반응기 입구 조성 24 3.1.4 시료 분석 결과 검정 25 3.2 예측 모형 26 3.2.1 예상 변수 선정 26 3.2.2 변수 선택 27 3.2.3 모형 수립 31 3.2.4 변수/모형 평가 결과 32 3.3 모의 실험 36 3.3.1 운전 조건에 따른 수명 36 3.3.2 운전 반응기 잔여 수명 예측 41 3.3.3 수명 연장에 따른 예상 효과 43 IV. 결론 및 고찰 46 참고 문헌 49 Abstract 51석

TNF-α and IL-10 gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 내과학전공,2002.Docto

Globalization of National Economic Regulation -WTO-Norm as criterion in the Control of Bureaucracy?-

In our age of globalization, the World Trade Organization (WTO) exercises extensive powers over national economic regulation policy, both implicitly and explicitly. However, there have been few legal analyses of the constitutional legitimacy of its harmonization process in Korea. This article analyses the legitimacy issues from the viewpoint of the rule of law(Rechtsstaat) and the principle of democracy in the Korean constitutional and administrative law and reviews the compatibility of WTO-order with the national public interest related to economic regulation. Recently, the Supreme Court handed down a ruling repealing the Junlabuk-do provincial assembly's ordinance, which sanctioned the preferential use of domestic products in school cafeterias. This ruling is used in this article as a case study to show how far WTO-norm can influence national regulation decision and how the compliance with the WTO-norm could be misconstrued in several respects. The court stated that the ordinance violated the governing principle of the GATT 1994 Article III (national treatment), but the court did not explain whether and how it permitted the judicial enforceability of WTO agreements in the national order. This article criticizes the courts decision, because it did not consider the nature of the WTO-norm in relation to the principles of reciprocity and the attitude of the Korean Congress, which did not declare that the WTO-norm was directly applicable to the country. It cannot be denied, on the other hand, that the government needs to keep..

포도당의 과당 흡수 촉진 효과에 아카보즈가 미치는 영향

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 내과학전공,2000.Maste

생쥐의 βPix isoform의 클로닝 및 기능연구

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :생명과학부,2001.Maste

줄기세포 추적 및 뇌경색 치료에 활용되는 기능성 무기 나노입자의 개발

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 화학생물공학부 에너지환경 화학융합기술전공, 2013. 2. 현택환.During the last decade, various functional nanostructured materials with interesting optical, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties have been extensively applied to biomedical areas including imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. In particular, interdisciplinary collaborative research between material science and biomedicine enabled nanomaterials to translate the medical issues and application to clinical trials. Cellular therapies by the administration of therapeutic cells such as stem cells or immune cells benefit greatly from the inclusion of nanomaterials to achieve high-resolution tracking of the cells. Another application of nanomaterials is as intrinsic chemotherapeutic agents. Long-term cell tracking can be realized by producing highly sensitive nanoparticles or by the control of particle-cell interactions. Engineering physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles - such as size, surface, and composition, enables to obtain optimized therapeutic potentials at target tissues with minimal toxicity. Firstly, hollow manganese oxide core and mesoporous silica coated (HMnO@mSiO2) nanoparticles were fabricated for highly efficient T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent for labeling and MRI tracking of stem cells. These nanoparticles have been designed to enable optimal access of water molecules to core Mn ions combined with the large surface area-to-volume ratio, exhibiting much higher r1 relaxivity over other existing MnO nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were efficiently labeled using electroporation, and detected on T1-weighted MR images in vitro. Intracranial grafting of HMnO@mSiO2-labeled MSCs enabled serial MR monitoring of cell transplants over a prolonged period of time. Secondly, computed tomograpy (CT) cell tracking methods with gold nanoparticles were developed. CT cell tracking has been known to be very difficult due to its low sensitivity. Herein, 40 nm citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles were readily complexed with poly-L-lysine (PLL), which were then successfully used to label human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). More importantly, gold nanoparticles labeling did not impair cellular viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Labeled hMSCs were visualized in vitro and tracked in vivo using micro-CT and their detection limit revealed to be ~ 10,000 cells/μl in vivo. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, one of the first attempts to develop CT cell tracking, and can be applied in CT image-guided interventions and fluoroscopic procedures commonly used for injection of molecular and cellular therapeutics. Finally, the protective effects of ceria nanoparticles against ischemic stroke were studied. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major cause of ischemic brain injury, and ceria nanoparticles are known to exhibit potent free radical scavenging activity. Discrete and uniform 3 nm-sized ceria nanoparticles which were colloidally very stable and tissue permeable were synthesized. These nanoparticles were successfully demonstrated to protect against ischemic stroke in living animals which has been done for the first time. Targeting infarct site after intravenous injection, optimal dose of ceria nanoparticles (0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct volume and ischemic cell death in vivo. These protective effects of ceria nanoparticles in in vivo model were mediated by scavenging of ROS and a decrease in apoptosis.Chapter 1 Nanomaterials in Translational Medicine: Therapeutic Applications and Developments--------------1 1.1 Introduction----------------------------------1 1.2 Nanomaterials to track stem cell therapies-----5 1.2.1 The importance of stem cell tracking----------5 1.2.2 Stem cell imaging modalities-----------------9 1.2.3 Various nanoparticles for stem cell tracking---13 1.2.4 Cell labeling techniques---------------------22 1.2.5 Applications of stem cell tracking------------------27 1.3 Nanomaterials as chemotherapeutic agents--33 1.3.1 Nanoparticles as anticancer agents--------- 34 1.3.2 Radical scavenging nanomaterials---------- 38 1.3.2.1 Oxidative stress in biological systems ------38 1.3.2.2 Fullerenes and fullerene derivative---------- 42 1.3.2.3 Ceria nanoparticles as potential antioxidants-45 1.3.2.4 Biological effects of ceria nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo------------------------------------------- 48 1.4 References--------------------------------54 Chapter 2 Mesoporous Silica-Coated Hollow Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles as Positive T1 Contrast Agents for Labeling and MRI Tracking of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells------------------------------68 2.1 Introduction---------------------------------68 2.2 Experimental Section------------------------72 2.3 Results and Discussion---------------------85 2.4 Conclusion--------------------------------110 2.5 References--------------------------------111 Chapter 3 Micro-CT Imaging of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Labeled with Gold Nanoparticles------------119 3.1 Introduction--------------------------------119 3.2 Experimental Section-----------------------122 3.3 Results and Discussion--------------------134 3.4 Conclusion--------------------------------155 3.5 References--------------------------------156 Chapter 4 Ceria Nanoparticles that can Protect against Ischemic Stroke-------------------------------------- 161 4.1 Introduction--------------------------------161 4.2 Experimental Section-----------------------163 4.3 Results and Discussion--------------------180 4.4 Conclusion--------------------------------211 4.5 References--------------------------------212 Bibliography------------------------------------------217 국문 초록 (Abstract in Korean)-------------------------225Docto

성인기에 발생한 모야모야병의 임상특성과 EDAS (encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis) 수술성적에 대한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 신경외과학전공,1999.Maste