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    Human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2021.8. ์„ฑ์ฃผํ—Œ.DNA ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์ค‘์ถ”์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ(NGS)์—์„œ ์งง์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์„ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋“ค์—์„œ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์—์„œ GRCh(Genome Reference Consortium์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ)๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ ธ ์™”๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ณ€์ข…์ธ H37Rv์ด ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๋งŒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ํŠน์ • ์ข…์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข… ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆํ†ต ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์—๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆํ†ต๋“ค์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์„œ์—ด๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ "๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ"๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ณ€์ด ํ˜ธ์ถœ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 50๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ(GRCh38)์—์„œ ๋น ์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ์†๋œ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ฒด์ธ AK1์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. GRCh38์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ(GRCh38)์„ AK1๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ 14๋ช…์˜ ์ „์žฅ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ 5๋ช…, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 4๋ช…, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด 5๋ช…)์—์„œ "๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œโ€๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ AK1์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, GRCh38๊ณผ AK1 ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ๋‘ ์‹œํ€€์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ธ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ AK1์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ GRCh38์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ 3,333๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์˜์—ญ(์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ> 200bp)๊ณผ 38๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ์ธก ์˜์—ญ(7๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ™์€ ์˜์—ญ)์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  0.90%๊ฐ€ AK1์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์œจ์€ 0.95%๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7๋ช…์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „์žฅ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ AK1๋งŒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์„œ์—ด์ด์ž GRCh38์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ธก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” BLASTx์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , Repeat Masker๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„œ์—ด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์›€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท  ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ(H37Rv)์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ”์œ ์ „์ž ์„œ์—ด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, H37Rv์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์„œ์—ด์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 176๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋“ค(๊ฐญ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ> 50bp)๊ณผ 724๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์žฅ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ "๋งคํ•‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€โ€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋…ธ๋ณด ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 454๊ฐœ์˜ contigs๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ”์œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋“ค๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฒ” ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด H37Rv๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ด ํ˜ธ์ถœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๊ณผ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.DNA sequencing is the pivotal point of mordern biology. To accomplish cost-efficiency, the re-sequencing approaches based on reference genomes are use by the vast majority of sequencing platforms. Because reference genomes play an important role in mapping short reads and detecting several variants on next generation sequencing (NGS), there are reference genomes in several species. For example, in humans, GRCh (human reference genome of the Genome Reference Consortium) has been the reference genome since the Human Genome Project. H37Rv, the most studied strain, has been used as the reference genome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was previously thought that determining individualsโ€™ genetic variants would require only a single global reference genome. However, there are some skepticism whether reference genomes are truly representative of all individuals in a given species. Many researchers have pointed out the diversity of structural variation among different ethnic or lineage groups and reported novel sequences that are not present in the reference genome but are present in at least a few individuals or strains. In the sequencing process, this could bring about missing or limited information through โ€œunmapped readsโ€ or incorrect variant calling so on. This study attempts to bridge the gap and identify missed genomic regions of the reference genome in human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In human genome, this study used a highly contiguous ethnic genome assembly (AK1) to complement missing parts in the human reference genome (GRCh38), which consists of genomes from >50 individuals including those with African ancestry. To find the missing regions on GRCh38, this study directly compared the reference genome (GRCh38) with the AK1 and using โ€œunmappedโ€ reads of fourteen individualsโ€™ whole genome sequencing data (5 East Asian, 4 European, and 5 African ancestry). The direct comparison between GRCh38 and AK1 was performed with chain file, which describes a pairwise alignment that allow gaps in both sequences. Another way of using unmapped reads were newly re-aligned to AK1. Each way discovered 3,333 unique genomic regions (size > 200 bp) of AK1 as compared to GRCh38 and 38 estimated missing regions (by โ‰ฅ 7 individualsโ€™ unmapped reads) that did not exist in GRCh38. In using unmapped reads, the average 0.90% of the unmapped reads was newly re-aligned to AK1. Furthermore, the alignment rate for East Asian was 0.95%, which was higher than other ethnic groups. For further research on the estimated missing regions, which were defined as unique AK1 genomic sequences aligned by seven or more individualsโ€™ unmapped reads, this study analyzed the sequences with BLASTx to identify the suggested functional roles of the sequences and Repeat Masker to take a look into the repetitive characteristics of the AK1 regions. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this study was performed using another method to complement the missing parts in the reference genome. New pan-genome sequences of Mycobacterium tuberculosisโ€™ reference genome (H37Rv) were constructed. To build alternative sequences on H37Rv, this study assembled sequences (gap size > 50 bp) of 176 complete genome assemblies and โ€œunmappedโ€ reads of 724 whole genome sequencing data (de novo assembly). 454 contigs were finalized as pan-genome sequences after quality control. To identify the effects of constructed pan-genome sequences, this study analyzed alignment and variant calling results as compared to using only H37Rv. Finally, this study provides more understanding for reference genome and sequencing. Also, this study raises the need for further investigations on the missing regions of reference genomes in human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and illuminates the possibility of bridging the gap in the reference with using genome data of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a practical example.Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 1.1. Overview of sequencing technology 2 1.2. De novo assembly vs. Resequencing 3 1.2.1. De novo assembly 3 1.2.2. Resequencing . 4 1.2.3. Sequencing alignment . 5 1.3. The usage of the reference genome in sequencing data analysis. 7 1.3.1. Reference genome 7 - Human 7 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis . 8 1.3.2. The shortcomings of reference genome 9 1.3.3. The efforts to bridge the gap on reference genomes 10 1.4. Objectives 11 1.5. Outline of the thesis 12 Chapter 2. Finding Missing Regions with Human Reference Genome 13 2.1. Introduction 14 2.2. Materials and Methods 15 2.2.1. Genome assembly data and making chain file between genome assemblies 15 2.2.2. Comparison between the reference genome (GRCh38) and the AK1 genome with chain files. 16 2.2.3. Sample data. 17 2.2.4. The processing of unmapped reads extracted from sample files 17 2.2.5. Visualization 18 2.3. Results. 19 2.3.1. Discovery of missing information with systematic comparison between GRCh38 p.12 and AK1. 19 2.3.2. Profile of the "Unmapped Reads" 19 2.3.3. Discovery of missing information with "unmapped reads" by realignment to AK1 20 2.3.4. Verification of presence on missing regions by comparing with GRCh38 and experimenting PCR 21 2.4. Discussion. 23 Chapter 3. Characterization of the Common Missing Genomic Regions. 40 3.1. Materials and Methods. 41 3.1.1. Sample data. 41 3.1.2. In silico functional search on candidate missing regions - BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) search 41 3.1.3. Identifications of transposable elements for studying the characteristics on missing regions by Repeat Masker. 42 3.2. Results 42 3.2.1. Finding estimated functions of missing genomic regions. 42 3.2.2. Characteristics of candidate missing genomic regions on the repetitive sequences. 43 3.2.3. Identifying the occurrence mechanism of insertions related with missing genomic regions. 43 3.3. Discussion. 44 Chapter 4. Construction of a Pan-tuberculosis Reference . 54 4.1. Introduction. 55 4.2. Materials and Methods. 56 4.2.1. Sample data 56 4.2.2. The identification of differences between complete genome data by using chain files. 57 4.2.3. The de novo assembly of unmapped reads from whole genome data. 57 4.2.4. Building pangenome reference by hybrid de novo assembly 57 4.2.5. Identification of effects on alignments and variant call results with alternative sequences. 58 4.3. Results. 59 4.3.1. In silico analysis on candidate genomic gaps of 176 scaffolds based on H37Rv 59 4.3.2. De novo assembly of unmapped reads from whole genome sequencing data of TB . 59 4.3.3. Merging gaps from complete genomes and contigs of unmapped reads using hybrid de novo assembly. 60 4.3.4. The effects on alignment and variant call results with final alternative sequences 61 4.4. Discussion. 62 Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusion 81 5.1. General Discussion 82 5.2. Summary and Conclusions 84 References 87 Supplementary Materials . 96 Abstract in Korean 124๋ฐ•

    ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2019. 2. ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ง„.Environmental and cultural factors due to the Korean War and division of territory differentiate the Demilitarized Zone(DMZ) borders from other regions. As various local resources have started to be utilized, tourism in the DMZ borders has not been limited to security tourism but instead has diversified into various sectors, such as ecotourism, rural tourism, and historical tourism. These tourist sites utilizing local resources have caused economic, social, and cultural changes in local communities. However, the discourse of peace characterizing tourism development plans in the DMZ borders is too vague and abstract to give a specific direction for the plans. Certainly, peace can be an ideological framework to change the identity of the DMZ borders from a military area on the frontlines of the Korean War to a symbol of peace on the Korean peninsula. Nevertheless, a specific vision with which residents and visitors can empathize in a more local context is needed. Developing this vision, the significance and limitations of places utilizing local resources should be analyzed first. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to analyze the process of reproducing the authenticity of the DMZ borders, especially in places utilizing local resources, and to clarify the structure in which the essence and the cultural values inherent in local resources are shared. The concept of authenticity was adopted to refer to the spatial meaning of the DMZ borders reproduced in places utilizing local resources instead of the peace discourse. This qualitative research focused on the characteristics of places utilizing local resources and the experiences of visitors. I analyzed data in the literature and newspapers, conducted in-depth interviews in selected focus groups, and analyzed the results according to grounded theory. The spatial scope of the study consisted of places and programs utilizing the local nature, history, culture, and human resources in Paju, Gyeonggi Province, and Cheorwon, Gangwon Province, which provided the most diverse experiences of the DMZ borders in South Korea. Within these sites, specific sites suitable for achieving the purpose of this study were selected. These places were expected to broaden the scope of local tourism by utilizing various local resources. The concept of authenticity, which is the main theme of this study, usually is discussed in the social sciences. Authenticity refers to a cultural value system that emerged after the modern era. The authentic subject has characteristics perceived as true according to political, economic, social, and cultural purposes. The attributes of authenticity are constituted by the specific purpose of a human group, and objects with recognized authenticity are given high status and authority. The authenticity of tourist experiences has both features of representation that interpret spatial characteristics as true experiences within specific tourist environments and features of non-representation that generate meaning through practice and performance. Based on this theoretical background, the representational authenticity constructed in places utilizing local resources and the actual experience of tourists were analyzed to determine the process of reproducing authenticity in the DMZ borders. Intended representational authenticity in places utilizing local resources shows to which local resources the community assigns importance, what values the community attaches to those local resources, and what message the community wants to convey to the outside world. Based on representational authenticity, tourists experience local identity and understand the regional values the community wishes to convey free from prejudice. However, intended representational authenticity in places utilizing local resources can be transformed into other meanings as tourists interpret local resources from different perspectives or deny the structure of the experience intended in those places. Tourists' fixed image of the region can be a new structure of their experience. Moreover, representational authenticity can be negatively evaluated and rejected if the structure of experience intended in places utilizing local resources disturbs feeling placeness, history, and local characteristic, if the discourse of peace is used ambiguously, if tourists feel discomforted by commercialization, or if tourists are dissatisfied with the tour products. At the same time, the sensory and diverse experiences grained through practice and performance in places utilizing local resources enrich the experience of discovering the authenticity of the region. In other words, representational authenticity intended in places utilizing local resources is reproduced through the process of being accepted, transformed, and rejected by tourists and the tourists' experiencing non-representational authenticity through immediate practice and performance of tourists. Consequently, these processes reproduce the authenticity of the whole regions. The process of reproducing authenticity in places utilizing local resources can be classified into three types according to how representational authenticity and non-representational authenticity influence the experience of the authenticity of the region. In the first type, both representational authenticity and non-representational authenticity influence the reproduction of the authenticity of the region. The second type has few possibilities to influence the reproduction of authenticity because non-representational authenticity is hard to experience. In addition, it is difficult to experience intended representational authenticity because a different interpretation of authenticity has been carried out by tourists. The third type has possibilities to influence the reproduction of authenticity according to the experience of non-representational authenticity, even though experiencing intended representational authenticity is difficult. In short, not only is the process of reproducing authenticity performed dynamically with the experiences of both representational and non-representational authenticity, but the second and third types were also found in this study. The identity of the DMZ borders becomes the dominant view interpreting the authenticity of the region, prejudicing understandings of the meaning of local resources differently from intentional authenticity. Nevertheless, experiencing non-representational authenticity can overcome the limitations of this prejudice. It can allow people to perceive the value of local resources differently and expect a positive transformation of thinking about the region, despite the experience of rejecting intended representational authenticity. To convey the environmental, historical, and cultural values of the DMZ borders obscured by the dominant security tourism agenda, it, therefore, is necessary to promote factors that activate non-representational experience. For this purpose, it is necessary to recognize the diverse historical layers and differences of the landscape of the DMZ borders, free from the conventional structure of security tourism reinforcing prejudices about it. In addition, when utilizing local resources, possibilities for non-representational experience should be enhanced through promoting factors that can activate imagination and emotional feeling. By reproducing authenticity to overcome preconceived frames for interpreting the authenticity of the region and by realizing the identity and various values of the DMZ borders through non-representational experiences, interest and understanding of the local resources can be enhanced, and the preservation and utilization of local resources with low awareness or poor management can be affected. Moreover, enhancing the possibilities for experiencing non-representational authenticity could highlight diverse events and programs that reflect regional characteristics outside the scope of institutionalized group tourism. The diverse events and programs could enrich the cultural base of the region and create intimate relationships between the local community and tourists. This corresponds to the new tourism paradigm characterized by non-institutionalization, personalization, differentiation, and respect for and understanding of the environment and culture of the destination. The peace pursued in the DMZ borders, therefore, should highlight the value of underestimated and overlooked local resources and activate interactions between the local community and tourists in order to transform the image of a forbidden land into the everyday life area of people. This study is meaningful because it not only explores the tourism development strategies of a specific local region but also suggests a vision of how to preserve and utilize the wider area of the DMZ borders. Furthermore, understanding the process of reproducing authenticity in places utilizing local resources can contribute to finding how to increase the possibilities for communication between locals and tourist in the development process of tourist areas.DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ์•ˆ๋ณด๊ด€๊ด‘์— ์ œํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ๊ด€๊ด‘, ๋†์ดŒ๊ด€๊ด‘, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ด‘์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” 'ํ‰ํ™”'์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋‹จ์„ ์ตœ์ „๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ฒช์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํฐ ํ‹€์€ ์œ ํšจํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€์—ญ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ „์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ 'ํ‰ํ™”'๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐœ๋… ๋Œ€์‹  ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ์  ํƒ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ์ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” DMZ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํŒŒ์ฃผ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ์ฒ ์›๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ๋ฌธํ™”, ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๊ด‘์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ์ธ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด '์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์œ„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์€ 'ํŠน์ • ๊ด€๊ด‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜๋„, ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ '์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ'๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ, ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์ƒ‰์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ์• ๋งค๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ƒ์—…ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ด€๊ด‘ ์ƒํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ•œํŽธ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ทธ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„, ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๋„๋œ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์˜๋„๋œ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์žฌํ˜„์ , ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 'DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ด ์•ˆ๋ณด๊ด€๊ด‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ณด๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€์˜ ๊ด€์Šต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ธต์œ„์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์ ์ธ ํ‹€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‹คํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์ž์› ๋ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์กด, ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ด€๊ด‘์˜ ํ˜•์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋น„์ œ๋„ํ™”, ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”, ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ด‘๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด์ค‘๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” 'ํ‰ํ™”'๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋‹จ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ˆํ•˜ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ง€์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์ „์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 11 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  15 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 18 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 27 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 39 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •์˜์™€ ๋‹ค์˜์„ฑ 39 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ํŠน์ง• 43 1. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 43 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์†์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 46 3. ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 49 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ด€๊ด‘์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ 61 1. ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ 61 3. ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ 70 โ…ข. ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 79 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์•ˆ๋ณด๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€ 79 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜์‹์˜ ๊ณ ์ทจ 79 2. ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ ํฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 80 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํŒŒ์ฃผ์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 84 1. ๋‚จ๋ถ ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ์—ผ์› 84 2. ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์ž„์ง„๊ฐ• ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž์—ฐ ๊ฐ์ƒํ‰ํ™”์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ƒ์ƒ 90 3. ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์น˜์œ ์™€ ์œจ๊ณกํ•™์˜ ์ •์‹  ํ•™์Šต 95 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ฒ ์›๊ตฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 99 1. ํ‰ํ™” ์˜์‹ ๊ณ ์ทจ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 99 2. ํ‰ํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ•™์Šต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ ์ฒดํ—˜์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ์ดํ•ด 106 3. ์ƒํƒœ-์—ญ์‚ฌ-์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 109 4. ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„œ์  ๊ฐ์ƒ 112 5. ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ํœด์–‘ 113 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 116 1. ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 116 2. ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต 117 3. ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์›์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 120 โ…ฃ. ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 125 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 125 1. ์˜๋„๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ 125 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ๋น„ ์ด‰์ง„ 127 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„ 130 1. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋„์ž… 130 2. ์˜๋„๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ 132 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 138 1. ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 138 2. ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 141 3. ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 145 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 148 1. ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 148 2. DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ 151 โ…ค. ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 155 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ž‘์šฉ 155 1. ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 155 2. ์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 156 3. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 157 4. ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 158 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 161 1. ์žฌํ˜„์ ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 161 2. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 168 3. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 171 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 175 1. ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 175 2. DMZ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ด€์  176 3. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 177 4. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์  ์ง„์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์•ฝํ™” ์š”์ธ 179 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  183 ์ธ์šฉ๋ฌธํ—Œ 191 Abstract 201Docto

    Genetic and Environmental Effects on Fat Distribution: The Healthy Twin Study

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์„ฑ์ฃผํ—Œ.People commonly think that individuals have different fat distribution and this characteristic was inherited. Also, there are a variety of methods on managing regional fat. However, most fat distribution studies are actually not about regional fat but about abdominal fat. In the case of abdominal obesity, this is the leading cause of obesity-related diseases. As a result, abdominal fat researches have mainly studied and studies of fat distribution on other areas are very poor. The twin cohort study in Korea consists of 3461 individuals including 689 families, 550 pairs of identical twins, and 124 pairs of dizygotic twins. Among 3461 people, 3435 people measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were included in this study. And, fat regions of participants used in this study are arms, legs, head, and trunk. To investigate the correlation with fat mass and obesity indices, we used spearman correlation analysis. The association with regional fat distribution and several environmental factor was analyzed using multiple regression with mixed model. And, genetic factor which has effects on regional fat distribution was analyzed by two methodintraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) and heritability analysis using variance component model. According to results of this study, correlation between fat distribution and waist hip ratio, which is an important indicator of abdominal obesity, was little and portion that environment has effects on regional fat distribution was small. However, although several environmental factors were not associated with regional fat, genetic factor has strong association with regional fat. This could be confirmed by ICC analysis and heritability analysis. Especially, because total fat was correlated with 4 regional fat, this explained a large portion of regional fat in heritability analysis. But, after the effects of total fat were excluded, additive genetic effects still accounted for the remaining effects on fat distribution. This means that genetic factor among several factors have significant effects on regional fat distribution and common idea that there is genetic predisposition on gaining fat by region could be proved to be the truth to some extent. Until now, although the research on central obesity have been done mainly, results on regional fat distribution in this study could help us to understand more overall fat distribution among Koreans. According to these results, there is strong genetic effects on regional fat distribution. This could make us more investigate further study such as association between fat distribution and hormones or genome-wide association study on regional fat distribution. Therefore, these follow-up studies will be able to provide some directions on managing regional fat.Contents List of Tables ------------------ v List of Figures ----------------- vi 1. Introduction ------------------ 1 2. Aim ------------------ 3 3. Method ------------------ 4 4. Results ------------------ 10 5. Discusion ------------------ 28 6. Conclusion ------------------ 31 7. Reference ------------------ 32 8. Suplementary table ----------- 35 9. Abstract in Korean ------------ 36Maste

    ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘๊ดด์‚ฌ์ธ์ž์— ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ์ผ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์„œ์ง„ํ˜ธ.Human TNF-alpha is a non-glycosylated protein of 17 kDa molecular weight and trimeric in vivo. Low levels of human TNFฮฑ aid in maintaining homeostasis and promoting the replacement of injured tissue, however, high levels of human TNFฮฑ cause autoimmune diseases such as reumatoid arthritis. To regulate the level of h-TNFฮฑ, many therapeutic antibodies for target h-TNFฮฑ have been produced. Production of small sized recombinant antibodies such as single-chain variable fragment (scFv) would be more effective than production of monoclonal antibodies. ScFv is a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. In previous research, genes for the scFv of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against TNF-ฮฑ were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. However, the scFv was expressed in insoluble form, so the purified scFv was refolded in vitro to acquire soluble and active scFv. To produce soluble scFv against human TNF-ฮฑ in recombinant E. coli C41(DE3), the expression vector for the scFv against TNFฮฑ fused with the maltose binding protein (MBP) was applied. The vector was constructed and transformed into E. coli C41(DE3). The resulting strain was able to express the scFv successfully in soluble form. Second, the scFv and MBP fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography using MBP as a ligand and the binding activity of the purified scFv against TNFฮฑ was verified by using Biacore T100. The association constant (ka) of 2040 (1/Mโ€ขs) and dissociation constant (kd) of 0.001769 (1/s) were estimated. Finally, the KD value defined as the equilibrium dissociation constant between the antibody and its antigen was determined to 8.671E-7 (M). The lower KD value represents that the antibody has the higher affinity to an antigen. As typical antibodies have the KD value of 10-7~10-8 (M). The biological function of the scFv tw TNFฮฑ produced in E. coli could be confirmed. Third, production of anti-TNFฮฑ scFv by fed-batch fermentation of engineered E. coli was attempted to produce 72.7 mg/L. In conclusion, this thesis has demonstrated production of the functional scFv against human TNFฮฑ in recombinant E. coli for diagnosis and therapeutic applications.I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFฮฑ) 1 2. Anti-TNFฮฑ 2 3. Single-chain variable region fragment antibody (scFv) 2 4. Affinity tags 4 5. E. coli strains for protein expression 5 6. Surface plasmon resonance 6 7. Objectives of the thesis 15 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 16 1. Plasmids and strains 16 1.1. Enzymes and reagents 16 1.2. Oligonucleotides 17 1.3. Strains and plasmids 18 1.4. Recombinant DNA techniques 18 1.4.1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 19 1.4.2. Construction of expression plasmids 20 1.5. DNA sequencing 20 2. Expression of proteins 21 2.1. Transformation and expression of fusion proteins 21 2.2. SDS-PAGE 22 2.3. Fed-batch fermentation 24 3. Purification and quantitative analysis of scFv 25 3.1. Purification 25 3.1.1. Affinity chromatography 25 3.1.2. Dialysis 26 3.2. Quantitative analysis 26 3.2.1. Bradford assay 26 4. Immunological analysis 27 4.1. Indirect ELISA 27 4.2. Surface Plasmon resonance 28 III. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS 34 1. Plasmids and strains 34 1.1. Construction of expression plasmids and strains 34 2. Expression of proteins 34 2.1. ScFv and MBP fusion protein expression 34 2.2. Fed-batch fermentation 35 3. Purification and quantitative analysis of scFv 36 4. Immunological analysis of scFv 37 4.1. Indirect ELISA 37 4.2. Surface Plasmon resonance 38 4.2.1. Anti-TNFฮฑ scFv fused with MBP tag 38 4.2.2. Anti-TNFฮฑ monoclonal antibody produced in mouse 39 IV. CONCLUSIONS 48 V. REFERENCES 49 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 58Maste

    ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œยท์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. ๊น€์—ฐ๋ฐฐ.์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ๋ฆ„์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์Šˆํผ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์„ ์ง„ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๋žต์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜, ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ธ์ ‘๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋žต์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์ต ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ดˆ๋ก........................................................................................i ์ œ1์žฅ์„œ๋ก ............................................................................-1 - 1.1์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ..................................................................-1 - 1.2์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜๋ชฉ์ ..................................................................-4 - 1.3์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ........................................................-5 - ์ œ2์žฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ....................................................-7 - 2.1๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง..........................................................-7 - 2.1.1 ์„ ์ง„์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐœ๋…................................-7 - 2.1.2 ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง๋ฐํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ...........................-8 - 2.1.3 ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์˜์˜์˜๋ฐํ˜„ํ™ฉ..............................-10 - 2.2ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ............................................................-11 - 2.2.1 ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ..............................-11 - 2.2.2 ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฐ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ด€๊ณ„ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ..............................-12 - 2.2.2.1 ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฐ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ด€๋ฆฌํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ์˜๊ตฌ์„ฑ..............-13 - 2.2.2.2 Kraljic ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ....................................-14 - 2.2.2.3 ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฐ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ด€๊ณ„์˜๊นŠ์ด์™€ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ „๋žต...........-16 - 2.2.3 ์ œํœดํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ..............................................-19 - ์ œ3์žฅํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋งํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ..................................-21 - 3.1ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ..............................-21 - 3.1.1 ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์ „๋žต์˜ํ•„์š”์„ฑ......................-21 - 3.1.2 ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง๋‚ด๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ํŠน์„ฑ.............................-23 - 3.2ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋งํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ..................................-25 -iii 3.2.1 ๋ถ„์„๋‹จ์œ„์˜์„ค์ •....................................................-25 - 3.2.2 ์ฐจ์›์˜์„ค์ •..........................................................-26 - 3.2.3 ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ์˜๊ตฌ์„ฑ.................................-27 - 3.3ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค............................................-28 - 3.3.1 ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€์น˜์ง„๋‹จ......................................................-28 - 3.3.2 ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์˜ํšจ์ต์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ถ”์ •..................................-33 - 3.3.3 ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์˜์˜์กด๋„๋ถ„์„........................................-34 - 3.4ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ...........................................-36 - 3.4.1 ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ „๋ ฅ๋งํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋ถ„์„..........................-36 - 3.4.2 ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ...................................-37 - 3.4.2.1 ์ „๋žต๊ด€๊ณ„......................................................-37 - 3.4.2.2 ํšจ์ต๊ด€๊ณ„......................................................-38 - 3.4.2.3 ์˜์กด๊ด€๊ณ„......................................................-40 - 3.4.2.4 ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ด€๊ณ„......................................................-42 - ์ œ4์žฅํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ธ์˜์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ....................................-43 - 4.1์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฐ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ.................................................-43 - 4.1.1 ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜์„ ์ •....................................................-43 - 4.1.2 ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ......................................................-44 - 4.2์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐœ์š”................................................-45 - 4.2.1 ๋…์ผ์˜์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „(Generation)....................................-45 - 4.2.2 ๋…์ผ์˜์ „๋ ฅ์†Œ๋น„(Consumption)................................-49 - 4.2.3 ๋…์ผ์˜๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์ „๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜(Internationalexchange)............-53 - 4.3์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์ ์šฉ......................-55 - 4.3.1 ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€์น˜์ง„๋‹จ......................................................-55 - 4.3.1.1 ๋…์ผ์˜์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ถ„์„๊ฐœ์š”.....................-56 -iv 4.3.1.2 ๋…์ผ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ..................................-57 - 4.3.1.3 ๋…์ผ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ...............................-59 - 4.3.1.4 ๋…์ผ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ..................................-60 - 4.3.1.5 ๋…์ผ๋‚จ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ..................................-61 - 4.3.1.6 ๋…์ผ์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ.................................-63 - 4.3.2 ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ถ„์„............................-65 - 4.3.2.1 ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์™€๋…์ผ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ......................-65 - 4.3.2.2 ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ๋…์ผ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ......................-68 - 4.3.2.3 ํด๋ž€๋“œ์™€๋…์ผ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ....................-69 - 4.3.2.4 ์ฒด์ฝ”์™€๋…์ผ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ.........................-70 - 4.3.2.5 ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€๋…์ผ๋‚จ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ.................-72 - 4.3.2.6 ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€๋…์ผ๋‚จ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ.............-74 - 4.3.2.7 ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์™€๋…์ผ์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ.................-76 - 4.3.2.8 ๋„ค๋ธ๋ž€๋“œ์™€๋…์ผ์˜์„œ๋ถ€๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ.......-77 - 4.3.3 ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์ ์šฉ...............-79 - 4.4์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ...........................-82 - 4.4.1 ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์œ ํ˜•์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ....................-82 - 4.4.1.1 ์„ฑ์žฅํ˜•์ „๋ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ.....................-82 - 4.4.1.2 ์ž ์žฌํ˜•์ „๋žต๊ด€๊ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ.....................-83 - 4.4.1.3 ํšจ์ต๊ด€๊ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ..............................-86 - 4.4.1.4 ์˜์กด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ..............................-92 - 4.4.1.5 ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ด€๊ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ..............................-93 - 4.4.2 ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ „๋žต์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ...................................-94 - ์ œ5์žฅ๊ฒฐ๋ก ...........................................................................-95 - 5.1์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์š”์•ฝ..............................................................-95 -v 5.2์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ...............................................................-96 - 5.3ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ........................................................................-98 - 5.4์ œ์–ธ..........................................................................-99 - ์ œ6์žฅ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ....................................................................-102 - ์ œ7์žฅ๋ถ€๋ก.........................................................................-116 -Maste

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