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    Identification and Characterization of Diadegma fenestrale Ichnovirus (DfIV) and Plasticity of Its Genome Expression Patterns in Parasitized Hosts

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ์ด์‹œํ˜.ํฌ์‹๊ธฐ์ƒ์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ชฉ(order)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ ํŠนํžˆ ๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ์ƒ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” 4๊ฐœ๊ณผ, 6๋งŒ์ข… ์ด์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข…์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์ƒ ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” Polydnaviridae์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ์ƒ๊ณผ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ด‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (๊ณ ์น˜๋ฒŒ๊ณผ) ์™€ ์ดํฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ)๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์‚ด์ด์ž๋ฃจ๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ ์ดํฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (Diadegma fenestrale ichnovirusDfIV) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์‚ด์ด์ž๋ฃจ๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ ์•”์ปท ๋‚œ์†Œ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚œ์†Œ๋ฐ›์นจ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DfIV๋Š” ์ด์ค‘๋ง‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ดํฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๊ฐํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด 65๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 247,191bp ์ „์ฒด ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 65๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์–‘์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ค‘ 62๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ HfIV์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ํ‰๊ท  GCํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์€ 43.3% ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด 99๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ด๋…ํ‹€์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 40๊ฐœ์˜ rep, 12๊ฐœ์˜ cys-motif, 8๊ฐœ์˜ vankyrin, 6๊ฐœ์˜ vinnexin, 2๊ฐœ์˜ polar-residue rich, 1๊ฐœ์˜ N์œ ์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” 30๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž. ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์‚ด์ด์ž๋ฃจ๋งต์‹œ๋ฒŒ์€ ์•ผ์™ธ ํฌ์žฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ถ”์ข€๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์ฃผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ถ”์ข€๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ DfIV๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ›„ ๋ฐฐ์ถ”์ข€๋‚˜๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋†’์€๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ DfIV ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฟ”๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ๊ธฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด DfIV ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ DfIV ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ด‰์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ PDV์™€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ด‰๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ DfIV ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Parasitoids are found in several insect orders. Among them, Hymenopteran parasitoids are most common paticually Ichneumonoidea. Ichneumonoidea is one of the largest superfamily in Hymenoptera and has four families containing over 60,077 species. The rich species abundance may be achieved with accompanying symbiotic parasitic factors including symbiotic virus, polydnavirus (PDV). PDV belonging to Polydnaviridae and is classified into two groups based on their parasitoid host, Bracovirus (BV)Braconidae and Ichnovirus (IV)Ichneumonidae. This study reports a novel PDV from an endoparasitoid wasp, Diadegma fenestrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae). The viral particles were detected in female reproductive organ and showed the typical IV morphology of double membrane structure and segmented genome. This virus was named as D. fenestrale ichnovirus (DfIV). A total of 65 discrete genome segments were separated from the viral DNA extract, and the entire DfIV genome (247,191 bp) was subsequently sequenced and annotated. Among the 65 segments, 62 segments showed a high similarity to Hyposoter fugitivus ichnovirus (HfIV) as determined by BLAST analysis. The average GC contents of DfIV genome was 43.3%. A total of 99 open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted as follows: 40 ORFs of repeat element protein (rep), 12 ORFs of cysteine motif protein (cys motif), 8 ORFs of viral ankyrin (vankyrin), 6 ORFs of viral innexin (vinnexin), 2 ORFs of polar residue-rich, 1 ORF of N gene and 30 ORFs of other unassigned genes. The potato tuber moth (PTM, Phthorimaea operculella, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and the diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella, Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) were parasitized by D. fenestrale. Nevertheless, based on the oviposition and survival rate, it appeared that D. fenestrale prefers PTM to DBM as hosts. Moreover, DfIV genes were more widely expressed in PTM than DBM after parasitized by D. fenestrale, particularly within a day after parasitized. These initial responses were very important to determine the success or fail of parasitism. In addition, a large number of DfIV genes were expressed only in PTM and these genes exhibited differential expression patterns in two lepidopteran hosts. This finding suggests that the DfIV genome expression plasticity depends on the lepidopteran host species and post parasitization time lapse, perhaps contributing to the enhancement of the parasitoid survival rate. Such host-specific DfIV gene expression may play a crucial role in shaping the symbiotic and coevolutionary relationship between the PDV and the parasitoid. These newly identified DfIV genes could be apply for various research fieds.Abstract โ…ฐ Contents โ…ณ List of Tables โ…ถ List of Figures โ…ท Introduction 1 Literature Review 3 Chapterโ… . Characterization of Diadegma fenestrale Ichnovirus (DfIV) 8 Abstract 9 1. Introduction 10 2. Materials and Methods 11 2.1 Insects 11 2.1.1 Parasitoid 11 2.1.2 Lepidopteran hosts 11 2.2 Characterization of Diadegma fenestrale Ichnovirus (DfIV) 11 2.2.1 Morphological characterization of DfIV 11 2.2.2 DfIV genomic DNA extraction 12 2.2.3 DfIV genome sequencing 13 3. Results 17 3.1 Morphological characterization of DfIV 17 3.2 DfIV genome annotation 22 3.3 Phylogenetic analysis of DfIV genes 30 4. Discussions 40 Chapterโ…ก. Comparison of DfIV Gene Expression Patterns in Two Lepidopteran Hosts 42 Abstract 43 1. Introduction 44 2. Materials and Methods 46 2.1 Insects 46 2.1.1 Parasitoid 46 2.1.2 Lepidopteran hosts 46 2.2 Developmental characteristics of D. fenestrale in two lepidopteran hosts 48 2.2.1 Comparison of D. fenestrale developmental period in two lepidopteran hosts 48 2.2.2 Morphological characteristics of D. fenestrale 48 2.2.3 Host preference of D. fenestrale 49 2.3 Transcriptional profile comparison of DfIV genes from lepidopteran hosts 50 2.3.1 Deep sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of DfIV genes from lepidopteran hosts and hosts genes 50 2.3.2 qrtPCR-based gene expression analysis of DfIV genes 51 3. Results 55 3.1 Developmental characteristics of D. fenestrale in two lepidopteran hosts 55 3.1.1 Comparison of D. fenestrale developmental period in two lepidopteran hosts 55 3.1.2 Morphological characteristics of D. fenestrale 57 3.2 Transcriptional profile comparison of DfIV genes from lepidopteran hosts 59 3.2.1 Deep sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of DfIV genes from lepidopteran hosts 59 3.2.2 qrtPCR-based gene expression analysis of DfIV genes 67 4. Discussions 74 Conclusion 77 Literature cited 78 Supplymentary data 88 Abstract in Korean 101 Acknowledgement 103Docto

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