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    ์ œ๊ฐ€ 1976๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1977๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 1๋…„๊ฐ„๏ผŒ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์— ํ•œ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐจ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์ „ํ˜€์—†๊ณ ๏ผŒ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์„ผํ„ฐ์ธ Bochum๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ต์ˆ˜๏ผŒ์กฐ๊ต๏ผŒํ•™์ƒ์„๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ Konstanz๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›” ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๏ผŒ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์— Tรผbingen๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์ตœ๊ทผ ์— ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์•„์ด์บ ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๋ถ„์ด ์ •๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์„ ์œก์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋…์— ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ต์œก์€๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์ƒ ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์›๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ๋“ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ๋น„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Bochum๊ณผ Tรผbingen๋Œ€ ํ•™ ์™ธ ์— Mรผnchen, Gรถttingen, ์ž์œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ, Kรถln, Frankfurt, Bonn ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์— Bonn๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ 40~50๋ช…๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹น์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 4์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ์— ์˜๊ตญ์ค‘๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋”๋Ÿผ(Durham)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์œ ๋ ตํ•œ๊ตญํ•™ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ผํŒŒ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ผ ๋™๊ตฌ๋ผํŒŒ์— 117๋ก ์„œ๋„ ์†Œ๋ จํ•™์ž ๋‘˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋™๊ตฌ๋ผํŒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ผํŒŒ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ด€์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ๏ผŒ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถํ•œ์— ์œ ํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋…€ ์˜จ ๋™๊ตฌ๋ผํŒŒ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ง๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋•Œ๋„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ผํŒŒ ์ถœ์‹ ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ง์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ฐ์งˆ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜์–ด๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ต์œก-๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐœํ˜ : ์ถ•์‚ฌ

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    Sontag and Kosinski : A Study of Minimalism

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    This paper proposes to investigate the nature of literary minimalism, a special fictional aesthetics of postmodernistic bent, as practiced by such writers as Susan Sontag, Jersey Kosinski, Donald Barthelme, and Richard Brautigan, although the more extensive discussions of actual works are limited in this case to Sontags and Kosinskis. A brief study of the nomenclatures proposed by the critics in order to nail down" this postmodernistic, anti-mimetic approaches in recent fiction writing is made in section 1 of this paper. Needless to say, literary minimalism" is only one among many terms that contend for the position of the official" term. However, minimalism" is more suited to describe the works of certain writers than others , since the postmoderns make use of varied fictional methods. Since minimalism is not an isolated thing limited to literature alone, its relationship with other forms of art is discussed in section 2. In section 3 the works by Sontag and Kosinski are discussed at length to illustrate minimalism in practice. There seem to be two important aspects in minimalism: one is its non-referentiality, and the other is its proposition that less is more." The concluding section briefly recapitulates what has been discussed in the preceding sections and offers some concluding remarks

    ๋ฒค์ฒ˜์ฐฝ์—… ์ด‰์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•(Korean support system for venture business creation)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 11-7003625-000033-01๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ้Ÿ“ๅœ‹ๆ–‡ๅญธ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ

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    ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์กฐ์–‘์„ฑ : ์ถ•์‚ฌ

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    Thomas Pynchon์˜ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์„ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    60๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 70๋…„๋Œ€์— ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•œ ไธ€็พค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ใ€Œไธๆข็†ๆดพใ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์„œ ๋น„ํ‰์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€, 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์—ฝ์— ๆ–‡ๅญธไธŠ์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ์œ„ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ็ฅž๊ณผ ็ฅž่ฉฑ๊ฐ€ ไธๅœจํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ไธๆข็†ๆดพ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ›„์˜ˆ๋“ค์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€ ์†์— ์˜› ็ฅž์˜ ๋„์›€๋„ ์—†์ด ๋‚ดํŒฝ๊ฐœ์ณ์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์šด๋ช…์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํž˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์  ์—†๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๋งŒ ใ€Œ็–Žๅค–ใ€, ใ€Œไธๅฎ‰ใ€, ใ€Œ็ตถๆœ›ใ€์˜ ๋Šช์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๏ฅงๆข็†ๅฐ่ชช์˜ framework๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ธ์‹ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํ•˜๋“ฑ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๅฐ่ชชๅฎถ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์—ฝ์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋” ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•ด์งˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒœ์™ธํ•œ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค

    ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ Barthelme

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    ํŠนํžˆ 60๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์†Œ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ’๋ฏธํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ „์œ„์  ์‹คํ—˜ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๊ทธ ์„ฑํ–‰๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ณ  ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ „์œ„์ ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ๋งˆ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฌถ์–ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์„ค๋ฏธํ•™์€ ์ฒœํƒœ๋งŒ์ƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. (๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฌด์Œ์„ฑ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.) ๊ฐ€๋ น ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ž€ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ Barthelme, Kosinski, Sontag, Didion, Wurlitzer ๋“ฑ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ Camus๋‚˜ Beckett ๋“ฑ ์„ ๊ตฌ์  ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ณผ๋ชฉํ˜•์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฐฑํ˜•์ด๊ณ  ์ ˆ์ œํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๊ณ , ํญ์ฃผํ˜•์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” John Barth๋‚˜ Thomas Pynchon ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฌถ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐํ™”๊พผ (fabulators)์ด ๊ฒ‰๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค
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