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    ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์‹ญ์ž์ธ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต ์Šฌ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ „์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž: ๋Œ€์‘ ์ฆ๋ก€-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์ด๋ช…์ฒ .Introduction: Hyperextension is one of the complications that can occur after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and it can be difficult to manage. Although many studies have focused on hyperextension developing in the immediate post-operative period, there is only limited research on its occurrence during follow-up after TKA. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors contributing to the de novo development of hyperextension after posterior cruciate ligament substituting (PS) TKA. Materials and Methods: Through a retrospective case-control study, de novo hyperextension patients were compared with patients without hyperextension after primary PS TKA. Eighty-five de novo hyperextension patients were compared with 85 patients in a control group matched by age, sex, surgeon and implant. The clinical and radiographic parameters, including the mechanical axis (MA), joint line convergence angle (JLCA), posterior tibial slope angle (PTSA), posterior condylar offset (PCO), and the gamma angle were evaluated preoperatively and immediate postoperatively. Comparisons between the two groups and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate factors contributing to the development of de novo hyperextension after PS TKA. Results: Among the clinical factors, preoperative flexion contractures were less (5.2ยฐ ยฑ 5.7ยฐ vs. 10.5ยฐ ยฑ 6.1ยฐ, p < 0.001) and the range of motion was greater (124.7ยฐ ยฑ 11.5ยฐ vs. 117.6ยฐ ยฑ 5.4ยฐ, p = 0.041) in the de novo hyperextension group than in the control group. Among the radiographic parameters, preoperative and postoperative JLCA were greater (8.1ยฐ ยฑ 4.4ยฐ vs. 6.1ยฐ ยฑ 3.5ยฐ, p = 0.002, 1.0ยฐ ยฑ 1.3ยฐ vs. 0.2ยฐ ยฑ 0.8ยฐ, p < 0.001, respectively), postoperative PTSA was greater (3.7ยฐ ยฑ 2.0ยฐ vs. 3.3ยฐ ยฑ 1.6ยฐ, p < 0.001) and preoperative and postoperative PCO were less in the hyperextension group than in the control group (26.3 mm ยฑ 3.3mm vs. 29.1 mm ยฑ 3.2mm, p < 0.001, 26.4 mm ยฑ 3.2mm vs. 29.1 mm ยฑ 3.0mm, p < 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the degree of medial soft tissue release [odds ratio (OR) 2.25, p= 0.001], mechanical axis change after surgery [OR 2.28, p < 0.001], preoperative JLCA [OR 1.14, p = 0.002], and preoperative and postoperative PCO [OR 0.79, p < 0.001, OR 0.79, p < 0.001, respectively] were the factors associated with the development of de novo hyperextension after PS TKA. Conclusion: An increased degree of medial soft tissue release, pre- and postoperative JLCA, a change in the mechanical axis and a decreased pre- and postoperative PCO were risk factors of de novo hypertension. To avoid de novo hyperextension after posterior stabilized type TKA, careful soft tissue balancing should be undertaken in patients with these risk factors who have a large range of motion despite advanced osteoarthritis. In addition, residual medial-lateral laxity measured by postoperative JLCA in supine X-ray can predict the development of hyperextension after TKA in these patients.๋ชฉ์ : ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์€ ์ธ๊ณต ์Šฌ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ „์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์งํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ถ”์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์‹ญ์ž์ธ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต ์Šฌ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ „์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ 85๋ก€์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜์ด, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ง‘๋„์˜, ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ 85๋ก€ ๋งค์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ž„์ƒ์ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ(๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ถ•, ๊ด€์ ˆ์„  ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ฐ, ํ›„๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ, ๋Œ€ํ‡ดํ›„๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹, ๊ฐ๋งˆ ๊ฐ)์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ถ„ํ˜• ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ๊ตด๊ณก๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ๋” ์ž‘์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ (p < 0.001), ๋” ํฐ ์šด๋™๋ฒ”์œ„ (p < 0.001)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „/ํ›„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์„  ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ฐ์ด ์ปธ๊ณ  (๊ฐ๊ฐ p = 0.002, p < 0.001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ(๋ธํƒ€ ๊ฐ)๊ฐ€ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ (p < 0.001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „/ํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ‡ดํ›„๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹์ด ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. (๊ฐ๊ฐ p < 0.001, p < 0.001) ์ด๋ถ„ํ˜• ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „/ํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ‡ดํ›„๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚ด์ธก ์—ฐ๋ถ€์กฐ์ง ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (p = 0.016, 0.014), ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ถ•์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ๊ด€์ ˆ์„  ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ฐ์ด ์ปธ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(p = 0.023, p = 0.023)์— ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์ธก ์—ฐ๋ถ€์กฐ์ง ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ถ•์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „/ํ›„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์„  ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ฐ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋Œ€ํ‡ดํ›„๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„์…‹์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ž๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์šด๋™๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ์Šฌ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ „์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ˆ์„  ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ฐ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์™„์ด ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ ์ „์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Abstract.................................................................................................................i Contents .............................................................................................................. iii List of Tables........................................................................................................ iv List of Figures...................................................................................................... v Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Materials and Methods.......................................................................................... 3 Results.................................................................................................................. 9 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 19 References.......................................................................................................... 23 Abstract in Korean.............................................................................................. 26Maste

    Technological Innovation and Economic Growth: The Case of Latin America

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    ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ์ •์ฑ…, ๋‚™ํ›„๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ, ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์™€ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ ์ž์™€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. '์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ปจ์„ผ์„œ์Šค(Washington Consensus)'์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ์ •์ฑ…๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ปจ์„ผ์„œ์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์ƒ์Šน์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ง์ ‘ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ฐ€๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์„ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ปจ์„ผ์„œ์Šค์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ปจ์„ผ์„œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์•ˆ์ „๋ง์„ ํ™•์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ปจ์„ผ์„œ์Šค์™€ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ… ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ™œ๋™์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ

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    ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ์‚ฐ์œ ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์žฌ์ •์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์„์œ ์— ์˜์กดํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ถœ์—์„œ ์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์€ 17%์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์ •์—์„œ ์„์œ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์€ 37%๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์„์œ ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์„์œ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์†์‰ฌ์šด ์žฌ์ •์ˆ˜์ž…์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์„์œ  ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์„ธ์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„์œ  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•  ์ง€์›๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€์ง€์ถœ๋กœ ์†Œ์ง†์•„ใ…•ใ…†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„์œ  ํƒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ์„์œ  ๋งค์žฅ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋จธ์ง€์•Š์€ ์žฅ๋ž˜์— ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์„์œ  ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์„์œ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—๋„ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์••๋ฐ•์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์„์œ  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค

    ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์ง„์ถœ๊ธฐ์—… ์‹คํƒœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„

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    ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์ถœ ์ด์œ , ์• ๋กœ ์‚ฌํ•ญ, ์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์ง„์ถœ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ

    Non-Common External Tariffs and Trade Diversion: The Case of Mercosur

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๊ณต๋™์‹œ์žฅ(Mercosur)์˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์™ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋‚ด์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ณผ ์—ญ์™ธ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์—์„œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ญ์™ธ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋Œ€์‹  ์—ญ์™ธ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง€์—ญํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€์™ธ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๊ณต๋™์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ์น ๋ ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€์™ธ๊ณต๋™๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.By analyzing the trade diversion effect in each of the Mercosurs member countries, this paper shows that trade diversion effect depends on the import tariffs on non-member countries. In 1990s, trade diversion effect was strong in Brazil, whose import tariffs on non-member countries were high, whereas it was weak in Chile, whose import tariff on non-member countries were relatively low. Argentina was an intermediate case. Even if Mercosur aimed at a common market, it was far from being one. There were many exceptions to common external tariff, and this was the cause of the different trade diversion effect across member countries. Before the formation of Mercosur, Argentinas trade regime was relatively open whereas Brazil maintained some protection. This tendency remained even after Mercosur was established. Chile participated in Mercosur as an associate member and was able to maintain low tariff rates. Such different tariff levels among member countries resulted in different trade diversion effect, the strongest effect appearing in Brazil, whose tariffs on non-member countries were the highest. The implication of the analysis is that even in regional trade agreements with common external tariff, as common markets, the trade diversion effect may differ greatly across countries if there are many exceptions to the common external tariff. A policy implication is that, when establishing a regional trade agreement, each member country has to reduce the tariff rates to the non-member countries in order to minimize the trade diversion effect

    El Desarrollro Econรณmico y la Polรญtica de Comercio Libre en Chile

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    ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”์ •์ฑ…์ด ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์ด 1964๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”์ •์ฑ…์€ 1974๋…„ ์„์œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ž ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์‹œ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”๋Š” 1982๋…„ ์™ธ์ฑ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ข…๋ง์„ ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์‹œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  1960๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋‘”ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ์ž์œ ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” 1982๋…„์˜ ์™ธ์ฑ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ˜์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐš๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐš์•„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    Anรกlisis de la Influencia del TLC en la Industria Mexicana

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญํ˜‘์ •์— ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญํ˜‘์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋‹จ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์„ธ ์ฒ ํ, ์›์‚ฐ์ง€๊ทœ์ • ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œํ˜‘์ • ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ • ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค

    Study on Fertility of Seoul Inhabitants

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    The investigation concerning Productivity. Natural and artificial abortion. Contraception and Still-birth was carried out by special survey through home visiting of 1. 160 households out of 32 Dong from March to August 1962 and also special survey through reporting to Donghoe from 1960 to 1961. It was summerized as follows: 1. The most frequent age of marriage was 25 in male and 20 in female but mean age of marriage 27.7 in former and 21.7 in latter 2. In average difference of marital age between men and women the pairs of 3 years elder male than female were at most. 3. Number of production was at most in age group of 25-29. 4. Month specific number of production showed less in April and May and more in September and November. 5. Natural abortion occured frequently in 3 months pregnancy and the frequency was 1 time at most. 6. Artificial abortion showed same as above. 7. Artificial abortion was performed at most in age group of 25-29. 8. The age of practising contraception was at most in age group of 25-29 and the reason of contraception was Unneccessary of kids" at around half. and the methods of contraception was instruments (Condom & Pessary) at most. 9. Production as well as Still-birth showed decreasing in 1961 compared with 1960. The productivity was 32.6 in 1960 and 27.7 in 1961

    ่˜‡่ฝๆ•ฃๆ–‡็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ไธญ่ชžไธญๆ–‡ๅญธ็ง‘ ไธญๆ–‡ๅญธๅฐˆๆ”ป,1995.Docto
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