Age-related changes to macrophage phenotype expression during bone wound healing in a mouse model of critical sized calvarial defect

Bone diseases or defects present major clinical problems especially in the elderly despite its capacity of regeneration. Given that macrophages play critical roles in wound healing, we investigated the age-related changes to macrophage phenotypes during an early period of bone healing in a mouse model of critical sized cranial bone defect. In this model, micro CT imaging at 2-week intervals showed less amounts of bone formation in the aged (15~18-month old) than in the young (10-week old). Confirmed by RT-qPCR and RNA sequencing, the aged highly expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF) at all the time points checked in this study, compared to the young mice. Also, the levels of arginase1 in the aged were sustained much higher for up to 7 days. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the dynamic regulation along wound healing processes tended blunt in the aged than in the young, especially for the expression of M2 signature genes. Furthermore, the aged increased to express the gene sets of secretory factors but decreased the Reactomes of innate immune system and interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 signaling, suggesting that the aged highly expressed secretory factors yet executed with lesser efficiency than the young did. Taken together, findings in this study indicates that the healing process in the aged is of stagnated features while the young progressed in a dynamic manner and suggest that macrophage phenotype switching during bone wound healing would be dysregulated. Based on these features, new strategies of therapeutics could be developed for the aged.증령에 따라 뼈 조직 손상 치유가 지연되는 원인을 알아보고자 마우스 두개관 손상 모델을 이용하여 뼈조직 치유과정에서 증령에 따른 대식세포 표현형 전사체 발현 변화를 분석하였다. 10주령 및 15~18 월령 C57BL/6 수컷 마우스의 두개골에 외과적으로 임계크기 손상을 만들어서, 뼈조직 손상 후 1~7일 후 창상부위 시료에서 total RNAs를 추출하였다. 마이크로 씨티 분석으로 나이든 (15~18 개월) 마우스가 젊은 (10 주령) 마우스보다 골 형성이 덜 된 것을 확인하였다. RT-qPCR 결과, 젊은 마우스와 비교했을 때 나이든 마우스에서 전염증성 사이토카인 IL-1β, IL-6, TNF가 더 높게 발현되었으며, arginase 1을 비롯한 M2 마커 유전자가 관찰 초기부터 지속적으로 높게 발현이 유지된 것을 확인하였다. 전사체 분석을 통해 젊은 마우스에서 치유과정 중 전사체 발현이 역동적으로 변화한데 반해 노령 마우스는 전사체 발현 변화가 둔화되어 있음을 관찰하였다. 또한, 노령 마우스는 ‘gene sets of secretory factor’를 증가시켰지만 선천 면역의 반응과 interleukin신호전달 감소를 제시하는 결과를 얻었다. 이와 같은 결과는 나이든 마우스는 뼈조직 손상 치유 중 대식세포 M2 표현형 전환 조절 이상과 분비인자들에 대한 신호 전달 이상을 시사하며, 이는 고령 환자에서 뼈조직 재생 치료전략의 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.1. Introduction 1 2. Materials & Methods 3 3. Results 5 4. Discussion 16 5. Summary 18 6. References 19 7. Table 23 8. Abstract in Korean 24석

A Study on the Effects of the Customer Response on Choosing Ship Management Company

Abstract A Study on the Effects of the Customer Response on Choosing Ship Management Company Jai-Hyong Kim Department of Port Logistics Graduate School of Marine Finance & Logistics Korea Maritime And Ocean University Korea ship management industry originated from overseas seamen employment business since the 1960's and registered as an independent Ship Management Company since the 1980's till early 2000's only concentrated on managing and providing well-trained crews authorized by overseas shipping management instead of building a form of business that manages all operations including shipping service, repair, insurance, etc. This is partly because of the policies of large marine companies which prefer to manage their ship directly by their inhouse company and partly because of the lack of entrepreneurship of the ship management company which was born as the manning company. The purpose of this study is to investigate the most important fact choosing ship management company under circumstances of ship owner's determination factor on choosing ship management in changes of environments that gives great influences on customer response and the study has ship owner's determinant on choosing ship management company based on the formal study of determination factors, customer satisfaction and customer confidence reviewed in conservative market. This study provides logical reasons to solve the problems of this research by combining and analyzing previous studies and forged framework through empirical study into ship owner's determination factors on choosing ship management company and its customer response. As a result, the research shows the most important facts of owner's determination as a "service quality" that is likely to impact on customer response (customer satisfaction and customer confidence) the most. To compete with Ship Management Company in the world, organized strategy for marketing should be developed and government's support will be needed to cultivate rich human resources. A study for improvement directions of providing same quality service not to remain the facts the domestic ship managing goes to foreign company will be the next research that shall be how customer satisfaction and customer confidence effect on business and its difference between Domestic Ship Management Company and Top-10 Foreign Ship Management Company. And its service opportunity will be a range of options to future seamen and employee who are arranged to be trained. Abstract i 제1장 서 론 1 제1절 연구배경 및 목적 1 제2절 연구방법 및 구성 5 제2장 이론적 고찰 7 제1절 선박관리업 7 1. 선박관리업의 정의 8 2. 선박관리업의 현황 11 제2절 선박관리기업 선택요인 18 1. 선택요인 18 제3절 고객반응 21 1. 고객신뢰 24 2. 고객만족 39 제3장 연구모형과 가설설정 48 제1절 연구모형 48 제2절 연구가설의 설정 52 제4장 실증분석 55 제1절 자료의 분석 55 제2절 연구가설의 검정 64 제5장 결론 69 제1절 연구의 요약 및 시사점 69 제2절 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구과제 70 1. 연구의 한계점 70 2. 향후 연구과제 71 참고문헌 73 73 75 77 부록 : 설문지 7

IMF 구제금융 이후 한국사회의 법적 변화

이 논문은 서울대학교 법학연구소가 2013년 9월 27일 IMF 구제금융 이후 한국사회의 법적 변화라는 대주제로 개최한 학술대회에서 발표한 글을 수정․보완한 것임On December 3, 1997, the Republic of Korea (hereinafter Korea) decided to receive an IMF bailout to avoid a national default crisis caused by foreign currency downturn. In return for the bailout, Korea was forced to enact new laws and amend existing ones including laws affecting civil affairs. Soon after receiving the bailout, the Interest Limitation Act was abolished; the Corporate Reorganization Act, Settlement Act and Bankruptcy Act (the 3 Insolvency Laws) were amended; and the Act on Asset Securitization was enacted. The financial crisis brought about a new era of financially driven legislation. In this paper, I review the enactment of major civil legislations after December 1997, in particular the abolishment of the Interest Limitation Act, amendment to the 3 Insolvency Laws and the introduction of the Act on Asset Securitization. Then I briefly explain how these laws changed over time and then analyze the impact of these laws. In particular, I focus on the following three perspectives and review their importance: the legislation after the IMF bailout is of significance in terms of the relationship between law and economy, fairness and efficiency and a new trend of adopting other legal systems. From the perspective of law and economics, post IMF legislation clearly shows economic considerations dominating legal concerns. Between fairness and efficiency, efficiency prevails. Furthermore, the adoption of the U.S. law during the period has important meaning from a legal history perspective. Legislation following the IMF bailout could be characterized as a type of emergency legislation or crisis management legislation to address an imminent financial crisis. Yet, the laws established then still convey a significant meaning today. To further benefit from this important experience of surviving an economic crisis, we need to augment the positive aspects of the experience while minimizing the any negative aspects.1997년 12월 3일, 우리나라는 외환위기로 인한 국가부도사태를 막기 위하여 IMF로부터 구제금융을 받기로 하였다. 그 대가로 민사법 분야에서도 새로운 법률을 제정하거나 기존의 법률을 개정해야 했다. IMF의 구제금융을 받은 직후 이자제한법을 폐지하였고, 회사정리법․화의법․파산법(이하 도산 3법이라 한다)을 개정하였으며, 자산유동화에 관한 법률을 제정하였다. 금융위기와 함께 새로운 입법의 시대가 도래한 것이다. 이 글에서는 우리나라가 IMF 구제금융의 충격에 휩싸여 있었던 1997년 12월부터 1년 동안에 있었던 주요한 민사 입법, 특히 이자제한법의 폐지, 도산 3법의 개정, 자산유동화에 관한 법률 등의 제정에 관하여 소개하고 이 법률들이 그 후 어떠한 변화를 거쳤는지에 관해서 간략하게 살펴본 다음, 위 세 가지 입법이 우리에게 주는 의미가 무엇인지 밝혀보고자 하였다. 특히 IMF에 의한 구제금융 직후의 입법은 법과 경제의 관계, 공정과 효율, 법의 계수라는 세 가지 관점에서 뚜렷한 특징을 보여 주고 있기 때문에, 이 세 관점에 중점을 두고 그 의미를 되새겨 보고자 하였다. 법과 경제의 관계라는 관점에서 보면, 이른바 IMF 민사 입법에서는 법에 대한 경제의 우위가 뚜렷하게 드러나고 있다. 공정 대 효율의 관점에서 보면 효율을 중시하게 되었다. 절차의 신속한 진행을 강조한 것도 효율을 증진하기 위한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 미국법의 계수라고 할 수 있는 현상이 나타나기 시작하였다는 점에서도 우리나라 법의 역사에서 중요한 의미가 있다. IMF에 의한 구제금융을 벗어나기 위한 입법은 금융위기를 타개하기 위한 비상입법 또는 위기대응입법이라고 할 수 있다. 당시 위기 속에서 만들어졌던 법률들은 위기에서 벗어난 현재에도 중요한 의미를 갖고 있다. 금융위기를 극복하기 위한 입법이 우리나라의 법에 발전적으로 안착하기 위해 서는 긍정적인 요소를 살리고 부정적인 요소를 없애려는 노력이 필요할 것이다.서울대학교 법학연구소 기금의 2012년도 학술연구비 지원을 받았

Retinoic Acid-induced Differentiation of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells into β-Cell Lineage

Backgrounds: Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, is associated with insulin deficiency due to the death of β-cells. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are capable of tissue repair and thus are a promising source of β-cell surrogates. Methods: In this study, the therapeutic potential of BM-MSCs as β-cell replacements was analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. First, we used retinoic acid (RA) to induce rat BM-MSCs to differentiate into cells of endodermal/pancreatic lineage. Then, differentiated rat BM-MSCs were syngeneically injected under the renal capsule of rats. Results: Analysis of gene expression revealed that rat BM-MSCs showed signs of early pancreatic development, and differentiated cells were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed to produce insulin in vitro. In vivo study was performed for short-term (3 weeks) and long-term (8 weeks) period of time. Rats that were injected with differentiated MSCs exhibited a reduction in blood glucose levels throughout 8 weeks, and grafted cells survived in vivo for at least 3 weeks. Conclusions: These findings show that RA can induce differentiation of MSCs into the β-cell lineage and demonstrate the potential of BM-MSCs to serve as therapeutic tools for T1DM.ope

Diversifying the Remedies under Korean Civil Law: Proposed Amendment concerning Right to Enforce Performance, Right to Cure, and Right to Injunction

민법상 구제수단은 매우 다양하다. 물권을 보호하기 위한 대표적인 구제수단으로 물권적 청구권이 있고, 채무불이행에 대한 구제수단으로 강제이행과 손해배상 그리고 계약의 해제⋅해지가 있다. 부당이득반환청구권과 불법행위에 기한 손해배상청구권은 물권을 비롯한 각종 권리와 다양한 형태로 나타나는 법적 이익을 보호하는 중요한 구제수단이다. 법무부 민법개정위원회(이하 위원회라 한다)는 2009년 2월부터 2014년 2월 17일까지 5년 동안 민법 재산편에 관한 개정안(이하 민법개정안 또는 개정안이라 약칭한다)을 마련하였는데, 개정안에는 새로운 구제수단들이 포함되어 있다. 특히 위원회는 이행청구, 추완청구권, 금지청구권 등에 관한 규정을 신설하기로 하였다. 이러한 개정안은 민법에서 명문으로 새로운 구제수단을 인정한 것이다. 개정안이 통과된다면, 전통적인 구제수단 이외에 여러 새로운 구제수단이 민법에 명문의 규정으로 도입됨으로써, 구제수단은 더욱 다양하게 될 것이다. 이 글에서는 민법개정위원회에서 확정된 「이행청구, 추완청구권, 금지청구권에 관한 민법개정안」을 소개하고 그 의미를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이들 구제수단에 관한 민법개정안에 관하여 그 공통점과 차이점을 서로 비교하면서 검토함으로써 그 의미와 내용을 깊이 있게 이해할 수 있다. 현재에도 해석론으로 이 세 청구권을 긍정할 수 있지만, 명문의 규정이 없는 상태에서 권리를 인정할 경우에는 가급적 좁은 범위에서 권리를 인정하려는 경향이 있다. 따라서 민법개정안은 현재까지의 학설과 판례의 발전을 승인하고 민법상 구제수단을 더욱 다양화하고 실효성이 있는 것으로 만드는 데 기여할 것이다. The Korean Civil Code (hereinafter KCC) sets out diverse remedies. When a property right is endangered, the owner or possessor can assert a claim arising from such right. A creditor can resort to judicial enforcement or a claim for damages with or without terminating the contract for default. The victim of a tort has a claim for damages; anyone disadvantaged from an act of unjust enrichment has the right to restitution. The Ministry of Justice set up a Committee for the KCC Amendment in February 2009 (hereinafter Committee). The Committee attempted at a comprehensive amendment of the KCC, except family and succession law, and produced a definitive amendment bill (hereinafter Bill) on February 17, 2014. The Bill contains provisions on newly introduced remedies including right to enforce performance, right to cure, and right to injunction (hereinafter New Remedies). If affirmed by the legislature, the Bill is expected to broaden the range of remedies under KCC. This article introduces the Bill in the context of the New Remedies. In the process, the similarities and differences between the New Remedies are discussed, which helps one understand the Bill and its implications more in depth. In effect, the New Remedies may be recognized even in the absence of any express statutory provision. However, without the benefits of such provision, the courts tend not to recognize a new breed of remedies to a full extent. Against this backdrop, the Bill, once passed into law, will lay out an express legal basis for affirming the judicial precedents and academic discourse hitherto on the New Remedies. As a result of the Bill, the range of remedies under KCC will diversify, which in turn may help the system of civil remedies function more effectively. Of course, controversies may well arise with regard to the requirements of each New Remedy or to the interplay between the newly introduced provisions and other remedy-related provisions in the context of KCC. I believe such controversies will foster the studies of civil law in general and contribute to future legislative efforts

신경병증성 통증 유발 쥐에서 심부뇌자극술의 효과

Dept. of Medical Science/박사Neuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury is clinically very common. High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for chronic neuropathic pain, but the mechanisms underlying its analgesic effects are not precisely known. I investigated the mechanism of high-frequency DBS-related analgesia on neuropathic symptoms using male Sprague-Dawley rats with peripheral nerve injuries to induce neuropathic pain. Rats were divided into four groups, naive, naive + VPL-DBS, neuropathic pain, and neuropathic pain + VPL-DBS. Before and after VPL-DBS, c-fos and GAD65 in the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and spinal dorsal horn were measured by western blot. In the neuropathic pain + VPL-DBS group, an analgesic effect was observed compared to the neuropathic pain group, and significant c-fos expressions was seen after VPL-DBS in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus. Also, the expressions of GAD65 in the neuropathic pain + VPL-DBS group was slightly higher in the spinal dorsal horn than in the neuropathic pain group, while c-fos expression was decreased. These results suggested that VPL-DBS exerts an effect at both the brain and spinal cord level. High-frequency DBS suppressed the hyper-excited neuronal activities, especially in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus area, and modulate the pain threshold by upregulation of GAD65 expression in spinal dorsal horn.ope

Proposed Reform of the Korean Electronic Transaction Act -focusing upon its private law aspects-

The recent explosion of Internet technology has helped propel the growth of electronic commerce or electronic transactions. It is expected that electronic transactions will quickly replace the various existing forms and methods of transactions. Against this backdrop the Korean Electronic Transaction Act (KETA) was enacted on February 8th, 1999 and is being enforced since July 1st 1999, with a view to promote electronic transactions and to clarify the legal relations of electronic transactions. The provisions set out in the KETA are based largely on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. The main contents of the Act include 1) legal effect, validity or enforceability of electronic data messages(the term eletronic documents as used in the Act) and digital signatures, 2) dispatch and receipt of electronic data messages, 3) protection of personal information and 4) consumer protection. While Korea is relatively ahead of other countries in terms of the early legislation of the Electronic Transaction Act, the Act itself is left with many shortfalls. Enacted without sufficient review of its relevant provisions, in particular those related to the private law, the KETA lends itself to a whole variety of different interpretations. In recognition of such problems, active efforts have been made in the year 2001 to revise the KETA and the Korean Digital Signature Act for the purpose of building a legal system more conducive to the growth of Information and Technology industry.본고는 2001년 8월 Microsoft 사의 지원으로 서울대학교 법과대학에서 주최한 학술대회인 韓國에서의 法의 支配(Rule of Law in Korea)의 일환으로 작성되었음

Proper target concentration of fentanyl during endotracheal intubation with a CACI(computer assisted continuous infus

의학과/석사[한글] CACI(computer-assisted continuous infusion)를 이용하여 원하는 약물을 목표농도조절 주입하는 방법은 수동정주방법(manual method)에 비해 효과처(effect-site) 농도를 목표농도로 빠르게 도달시켜 일정하게 유지할 수 있고 술 중 수술적 자극에 따른 환자의 반응에 따라 목표농도를 변화시킴으로써 마취의 깊이를 신속하게 조절할 수 있어 기존 정맥마취의 단점을 보완할 수 있고 수동정주방법에 비해 정확한 효과처 농도를 일정하게 유지할 수 있으므로 혈역학적 안정성을 도모할 수 있다. 또한 총 사용량을 줄일 수 있으므로 환자가 회복하는 시간이 빨라지고 호흡기로 보조 치료하는 시간을 줄일 수 있고 심장수술시 새로운 마취방법으로 도입하여 정착시키는 계기가 되리라 생각된다. 관상동맥우회로술환자의 마취관리시 컴퓨터를 이용한 fentanyl의 목표농도조절주입법을 이용하여 마취 유도 후 기관내 삽관시 적절한 목표농도를 찾고자 하였다. 관상동맥우회로술이 예정된 성인환자 50명을 대상으로 하였다. 마취는 25명씩 무작위로 나누어 L군은 fentanyl의 효과처 목표농도를 5 ng/ml로 하고 H군은 fentanyl의 효과처 목표농도를 7.5 ng/ml로 하였다. 두 군 모두 propofol의 효과처 목표농도는 1㎍/ml으로 주입을 시작하고, 동시에 midazolam 2.5mg을 정주한 후, CACI를 이용하여 fentanyl의 목표농도주입을 시작하여 마취를 유도하였다. 혈역학적 변화를 마취 유도 전, 기관내 삽관직전, 삽관 후 1분되는 시점에서 측정 기록하였다. 양군간의 기관삽관에 따른 혈역학적 변화는 유의한 차이가 없었으며 모두 안정적인 혈역학 상태를 보였다. 결론적으로, 관상동맥우회로술 환자에서 propofol의 목표농도를 1㎍/ml으로 유지하면서 CACI로 fentanyl의 효과처 목표농도를 달리하여 정주 시 L군과 H군 간의 유의한 차이가 없었으므로 보다 적은 용량인 5ng/ml를 사용하는 것이 합리적일 것으로 사료된다. [영문] The computer-assisted continuous infusion(CACI) system was developed to rapidly attain and maintain a stable effect-site fentanyl concentration compared with the intermittent injection method. CACI system allows the anesthesiologist to control effect-site fentanyl concentration during various surgical stimuli in cardiac anesthesia. This system can rapidly control the depth of anesthesia and compensate the disadvantages of IV anesthesia. It attains more stable hemodynamics than manual method. Computer-assisted continuous infusion of fentanyl is safer than a manual method in respect of reducing the total dose of fentanyl during cardiac anesthesia. The early recovery of the patient also enables early tracheal extubation which is an important component of the "fast track" cardiac surgery pathway. In this study, the use of a target-controlled infusion of low-dose propofol was combined with the use of target-controlled infusion of fentanyl for patients undergoing coronary artery by pass graft surgery. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the proper effect-site concentration of fentanyl for tracheal intubation of the patient undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Fifty patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were included. Premedication consisted of intramuscular injection of morphine 0.1 mg/kg. Patients were randomly allocated to L group (effect-site fentanyl concentration=5ng/ml, n=25) or H group (effect-site fentanyl concentration=7.5ng/ml, n=25). Anesthesia was induced and maintained by computer-controlled infusions of propofol and fentanyl. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol TCI at a target concentration of 1 microgram/mL with midazolam 2.5 mg intravenous at induction period. Hemodynamics and other variables were recorded at the period of preinduction, before intubation and 1 minute after intubation. The two groups were compared with regard to demographic and perioperative data. The two groups were similar demographically. There were no significant differences of any hemodynamic parameter at any time between the two groups. Both fentanyl regimens provided stable hemodynamics and adequate anesthesia in patients during endotracheal intubation. It is reasonable to say that the lowe dose of fentanyl(5ng/ml) may be recommended rather than a high dose on the basis that they provide the same level of anesthesia for the patient during endotracheal intubation undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.ope