18 research outputs found

    Scientific Imagination in Japanese Animation: The Story about the Extension of Human Being

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    ๊น€์ผ๋ฆผ(้‡‘ๆ—ฅๆž—) ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•™๊ต ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ. ๋„์ฟ„์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฏธํ•™ ์ „๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ใ€Œ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜: ํ•œ์ผ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์ • ์น˜ํ•™ใ€(ใ€Ž์ผ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌใ€ 35์ง‘, 2013.8.15), ใ€Œ1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก  ์†์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ: ๊ธ์ •์  ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐใ€(ใ€Ž์ผ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌใ€ 37์ง‘, 2014.8.15) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ์„œ๋กœ ์˜คํƒ€๋ฒ  ๋‹ค๋„คํžˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ใ€Ž์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญ ์„ค: ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธํ•™์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝใ€(๋Œ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ, 2011)๊ณผ ใ€Ž์„œ์–‘๋ฏธํ•™์‚ฌใ€(๋Œ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ, ๊ทผ๊ฐ„ ์˜ˆ์ •)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์••์ถ•๋œ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์˜จ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋น„์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž๋™์žฅ์น˜์ธ ๋กœ๋ด‡, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ, ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์„ธํฌ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ œ3์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋˜, ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์‹ ์ด์›๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ธ€์€ (1) ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”, (2) ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉ์‹, (3) ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„, ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ ๋กœ ์‚ดํˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ” ๊พธ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒฝ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋…์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ธ ๊ณต์ฒด์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ •์ฐฉ, ์œ„์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์†์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ์ด์ž ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ง• ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ์Ÿ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ํ˜•์ƒํ™” ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜ ์‹ ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์–‘๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅ ํ•ด์˜จ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.In this paper I analyze the role of Japanese animation has played as a scientific activity, functioning as a concentrated field of subcultural imagination. Specifically, I classify diverse Japanese animations into three categories based on their scientific imagination and examine how the concept of human being extends in each category. Furthermore, I focus on three kinds of artificial existence created by human interventions: a robot, which is an automatic device consists of non-organism, secondly, a cyborg made by combining human and machine, and finally, a third-kind creature produced through genetic inheritance and cell fusion. Moreover, I clarify that the criteria of being human is based on biological classification and the notion of mind-body dualism. Artificial existence will be examined from following three perspectives: (1) an epistemological phase shift; (2) changes in its relations with human being; (3) its correlation with nature and humanity. The examination process reveals a huge change in artificial characterization, and that is it had transferred from being a tool as a substitute for human beings to a symbol, which can appeal to emotion. In addition, the concept of original and copy, which has played an important role in the modern art, has also played a crucial part in the process of birth, settlement, and phase changes in artificial existence. As a mirror reflecting behaviors of human beings and as well as a symbol allowing us to escape from the human-centered world view, artificial characters in Japanese animation were introduced and demonstrated controversial issues facing modern science. A series of artificial figures featured in various animation productions is not just the crystallized form of scientific imaginations of the day, but it is also the mediator of such creative efforts. Japanese animations prove that this world cannot be sustained simply by an anthropocentric view. Ironically, however, the means of escaping from the myth of human centricity is in the use of human-centered narrative structure. This paper holds its significance on the manner in which it examines the way of Japanese animations extending their boundaries of human beings into a meta-cognitive perspective, while also focusing on the ambivalent aspect of scientific pursuits.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2014๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2014S1A5B5A07040872

    ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ „์œ„๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ณดํŽธ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ† 

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2021๋…„ 3์›” 19์ผ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ผ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•™์ˆ  ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์›๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‡ ํ‡ด๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“  ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” โ€˜์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜๋‹ด๋ก  ์šด๋™โ€™์ด ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋™์•„๊ณต์˜๊ถŒ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•œ โ€˜์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต์˜๊ถŒโ€™ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด โ€˜์˜คํƒ€์ฟ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต์˜๊ถŒโ€™์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ 1987๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2021๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์šด๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์ „์œ„๋ถ€๋Œ€โ€™๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œ„์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์šด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์€ํ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์„œ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์กฐ์— ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ๋ฏธํ•™์ ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋งŒํ™”์˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ โ€˜์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐโ€™์™€ โ€˜๋ชฝํƒ€์ฃผ์  ๋ง๊ฐ€โ€™๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•ญ์ด์ž ๊ณตํ†ต ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋งŒํ™” ํ˜•์‹์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ โ€˜์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒโ€™ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์  ๊ถŒ์œ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ด์›ƒ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜์— ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ด€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ค‘์˜์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์€ํ๋œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ ‘์†๋œ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์šด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถ„์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ „์ „๊ณผ ์ „์ค‘, ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ „์œ„ ๋ถ€๋Œ€โ€™๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ปฌ์ฒ˜์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ์—์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์„ค์— ๋น ์ง„๋‹คRecently, Japanese Otaku culture does not seem to be as popular as it used to be. In contrast, the discourse surrounding Japanese subculture is being developed as a global movement. It was only from the late 1990s onward that the discourse on subculture field was established in Japan in earnest. This study pays attention to the fact that the so - called โ€œJapanese subculture discourse movementโ€ is regenerating the hierarchical order of the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In this article, the phenomenon in which the order of Japanese imperialism is regenerated by the discourse on Japanese subculture is called the Otaku Culture Co-Prosperity Sphere. From this point of view, this paper argues how the Japanese subculture discourse recreates the order of the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. This study analyzes the discourses published from 1987 to 2021 by Eiji Otsuka, one of the most influential Japanese critics. This is because Eiji Otsuka shows his leverage as a frontiersman that pioneers the territory of Japanese subculture while conducting the discourse movement both individually and collectively. This study discusses the following research questions by the discourses of Eiji Otsuka. First, how has been Japanese subculture reborn as art through the discourse movement? Secondly, what is the East Asian publicness asserted by Eiji Otsuka? Furthermore, how is the political order centered on Japan concealed in subculture theory? Finally, this paper argues how do democratic thought and imperialism coexist in Eiji Otsukaโ€™s critical discourse? The conclusions are summarized as follows. First, Eiji Otsuka has established Manga form as an aesthetic theory by rhetoric which links mainstream culture to Japanese subculture. He also transforms Japanese subculture into art theory by connecting the Otaku culture to Western arts trends. Secondly, the East Asian publicness that Eiji Otsuka refers to is the order of a community that shares the โ€˜story structureโ€™ and โ€˜montage manga formโ€™, in other words cinematic Manga form, as common language. Manga form is regarded as a universal language that can overcome the historical conflicts in East Asia caused by the Empire of Japan. This study also notes that the hierarchical order is regenerated in the process of creating and regulating grammar for Manga form by aesthetic authority. Japanese subculture secured its place of authority through its originality and historical significance. The Japanese-centered order is concealed by dual apparatuses which are ambiguous terms and double standards for art. Thirdly, opposing values such as democracy and imperialism in discourses coexist in the context of art. Eiji Otsuka is a guerrilla who pioneers a new territory for Japanese subculture through a discourse movement. As a result, the segmented period between Japanโ€™s pre-World War II and post war period is reconnected. He intends to systematize the grammar of publicness through the form of Japanese subculture. For Eiji Otsuka, the publicness means modern project to be accomplished. Eiji Otsuka achieves cultural independence from the West through the subculture discourse movement. However, in relations with East Asia, he falls into the paradox of regenerating the order of the empire.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2019S1A6A3A02102886)

    Combination of Otaku Culture and Japanese Art: Restoration of War Memories beyond Taboos

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œตํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€๋ ค์กŒ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค์นด์‹œ์™€ ์•„์ด๋‹ค ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ† ๋Š” ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ‘œํ˜„ ์–‘์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ์–ธ๋œป ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒ์•„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ์€ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์œ„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์›ํญ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „๋ฒ”๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์€ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŒจ์ „ ํ›„ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ „์Ÿํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŒจ์ „ ํ›„ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ด๋…๊ณผ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ „์Ÿํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ด๋…๊ณผ ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊นจํŠธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Otaku culture and Japanese contemporary art had interacted with each other since the mid- 1990s to the 2000s. It could be said that Japanese art affected by Otaku culture is similar to American pop art, but in different contexts. From this point of view, this paper investigates the following research problems. First, what was the relationship between Japanese contemporary art and Otaku culture? Second, what has been emphasized or hidden by the association of Japanese contemporary art and Otaku culture? Third, what are the similarities and differences between Otaku culture and Japanese contemporary art? This study explores these research problems from the perspective of public sphere and intimate sphere. It is well known that the concept of Japanese art was invented with the establishment of the nation-state in the 19th century. Japanese art has functioned as a high culture. People have shared their own opinion about social issues in the field of art. In this respect, Japanese art can be regarded as a public sphere. On the other hand, Otaku culture has formed as an intimate sphere. Anonymous Otaku have enjoyed their own private taste in their communities. While art has played a social role as a public sphere, Otaku has been strongly criticized as a weird group. Interestingly, however, Otaku culture has gained popularity overseas since the mid- 1990s. Some Japanese artists, such as Takashi Murakami and Makoto Aida, have imitated Otaku culture since then. They were recognized as a representative of Japanese contemporary art. By combining with Otaku culture, Japanese contemporary art was able to share not only its political stature but also its international influence. Japanese art was able to send political messages as a minority on the world stage. Japanese contemporary art which associated with Otaku culture has highlighted Japans past suffering from the atomic bomb damage. At the same time, Japans past as a war criminal state has become invisible. In fact, Japanese art revived war paintings which were tabooed since 1945. Otaku culture has preserved and developed imperial Japanese ideology, terminology and visual style in fictional universes. It also preserved social taboos in an intimate sphere such as imperialism or fascism. By combining with Otaku culture, Japanese contemporary art has represented the memory of the Japanese Empire in a public sphere. In this sense, Otaku culture and Japanese contemporary art have reconstructed postwar Japan.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2019๋…„๋„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ผ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ
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