18 research outputs found

    A Research on Enhancements of Efficiency and Linearity of Base-station RF Transmitter

    No full text
    Doctor๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ ์šฉ RF ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด๋ฉด์„œ, ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์— trade-off ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด feedforward loop๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Predistortion ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ 3-way Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , DPD ์„ ํ˜•ํ™”๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ H-EER(Hybrid Envelope Elimination and Restoration) ๋ฐ ET(Envelope Tracking) ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3-stage Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, LPA ์šฉ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ feedforward ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ feedforward loop๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ predistortion ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ feedforward ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฃผ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์ฒด ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ feedforward ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์ฃผ ์š”์ธ์ธ Error ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ „์ฒด ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฃผ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ feedforward ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ predistortion ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, Error ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์ •๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ Matlab. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด memory effect๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 90 W ๊ธ‰ Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 2.35 GHz์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ predistortion ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, feedforward loop๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ predistortion ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 5 MHz ๋ฐ 10 MHz์˜ ์˜คํ”„์…‹์—์„œ์˜ ACLR์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 47.8 dBm์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ 12.7 %\%์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์–ป์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ feedforward type์˜ LPA ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 2 %\% ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธ‰ HPA๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” load ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, carrier ๋ฐ peaking ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ gm ์ƒ์‡„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธ‰ HPA์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ํšจ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ์ €ํ•˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 3-way Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ peaking ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, gm3 ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ gm5 ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์‡„์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋จผ์ € Freescale์‚ฌ์˜ LDMOSFET model์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ADS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 20-MHz bandwidth๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 3GPP WCDMA ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 10.2 %\%์˜ ํšจ์œจ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ -52.5 dBc ๋ฐ -53.4 dBc์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ACLR ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธ‰ HPA ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์จ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. H-EER ๋™์ž‘ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค(์ฃผ๋กœ Cds)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์ฒด H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3GPP WCDMA ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ 2.5 dB ๋ฐ 4 %\% ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ PAE ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, HPF๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ DC-DC ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ HSA(hybrid switching amplifier)์˜ linear stage์— HPF ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” gain roll-off ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, HSA๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฆํญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ HSA์˜ DC-DC ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์ „๋ฅ˜์›์ธ DC-DC ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ PA์—์„œ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ADS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ํ›„, ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ memory effect๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ emitter follower๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ HSA๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , `f2-f1โ€™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ์จ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ HSA ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ HSA์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฝ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋™์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 100 W์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” class AB ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 2.655 GHz์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ PAPR์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” CDMA IS95, 3GPP WCDMA, Mobile WiMAX ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ตœ์ ์˜ envelope ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ET ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. H-EER์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ET ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ Knee ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ ์™œ๊ณก ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ H-EER์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ gm์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ PAE ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ HSA ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ADS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 8.2 dB์˜ PAPR์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 802.16e Mobile WiMAX ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜•ํ™” ํ›„ 42.04 dBm์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ RCE ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ 40 %\%์˜ ๋†’์€ PAE๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ H-EER ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. H-EER ๋ฐ ET ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ, bias modulator์˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋™์ž‘ ๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋”์šฑ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 3-stage Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ load modulation์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ ์˜คํ”„ ๋œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšจ์œจ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ET ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ ์‘ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ peaking ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, 4 W ๋ฐ 10 W์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ญ F๊ธ‰ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 8.5 dB์˜ PAPR์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 802.16e Mobile WiMAX ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 7.7 dB ๋ฐฑ ์˜คํ”„๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ 52.14 %\% ๋ฐ 55.46 %\%์˜ ๋†’์€ DE ๋ฐ PAE ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 3-stage Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” carrier ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌํ™”๋™์ž‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ GaN HEMT ์†Œ์ž์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 3-stage Doherty ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 45 W์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” Cree์‚ฌ์˜ GaN HEMT ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ 3-stage Doherty ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” 7.8 dB์˜ PAPR์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” WiMAX ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 7.2 dB ๋ฐฑ ์˜คํ”„๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ 56.7 %\%์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ 3-stage Doherty ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๊ณ ์„ ํ˜• ์ „๋ ฅ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์จ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž„์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•ํ™” ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค.The main theme of this dissertation is to improve efficiency and linearity of the base-station RF power transmitter for current and next-generation communication systems. However, generally, there is a trade-off relation between the two properties. Recently, to improve both the efficiency and linearity simultaneously, a new architecture and technique are widely researched. In this thesis, we have researched the highly linear feed-forward predistortion power amplifier(PA) using feedforward loop, 3-way Doherty PA, highly efficient H-EER(hybrid envelope elimination and restoration)/ET(envelope tracking) transmitter, and envelope tracking 3-stage Doherty PA.The conventional feedforward PA and the proposed predistortion PA using the feedforward loop have been analyzed and compared to enhance the efficiency while maintaining the high linearity for the LPA(linear power amplifier). Using the feedforward loop in front of the main PA, the serious losses from the delay line and coupler after the main PA can be eliminated and the overall efficiency and output power can be improved. In addition, the error amplifier's size, which is another efficiency degradation factor of the feedforward PA, can be reduced, too. For the verification, five 90W PEP Doherty PAs have been designed at 2.35-GHz. In the experiment, the ACLRs at 5-MHz and 10-MHz offsets have been improved by about 7.1 dB and 5.1 dB, respectively for the 3GPP forward-link 4-carrier WCDMA signal, and satisfied the system specification successfully. The overall efficiency has been maintained 12.7 % at an average output power of 47.8 dBm, and this is a 2 % improved results compared to the conventional feedforward type LPA.For the medium power HPA(high power amplifier), the highly linear 3-way Doherty PA has been investigated without any extra linearization circuit, which causes the additional fabrication of expenses, overall efficiency reduction, and large size. By adjusting the two peaking PAs' gate biases with uneven input power drive technique, the gm3 and gm5 cancellation can be maximized simultaneously, and the proposed Doherty PA has a superior linearity than any other general HPA. The medium power 3-way Doherty PA has been implemented using the Freescale's 190 W PEP LDMOSFETs. For the 3GPP forward-link 4-carrier WCDMA signal, the Doherty PA has delivered -52.5 dBc and -53.4 dBc of ACLRs at 5-MHz and 10-MHz offsets, respectively, with an acceptable efficiency of 10.2 % at an average output power of 42 dBm at the 12.5 dB backed-off from the 285 W peak power.We have suggested the optimum design method of the highly efficient and linear H-EER transmitter. Because of the nonlinear capacitors, the device model change according to the drain bias and the proper power matching can be realized in a limited Vds region. Accordingly, the PA is designed with maximum efficiency at the average Vds region of the signal's PDF and the PA's output power distribution. For the 3GPP forward-link 1-carrier WCDMA signal, the proposed H-EER transmitter using the optimized PA has shown 2.5 dB and 4 % of improvement in output power and PAE, respectively, while maintaining the linearity. For the wide-band and efficient operation of the bias modulator, the hybrid-switching amplifiers with HPF feedback circuit and multi-level DC-DC converter have been proposed. Furthermore, to suppress the memory effect of the high power PA under H-EER operation, the bias modulator as a short circuit at `f2-f1' component and the optimum combining method has been investigated. The implemented bias modulator has been maintain 71.5 % of average efficiency for the 802.16e Mobile WiMAX signal with 8.5 dB peak to average power ratio(PAPR).To further improve the efficiency of the H-EER transmitter, we have researched the optimum envelope shaping method, resulting in ET transmitter. Through the ADS simulation, we have figured out that the ET transmitter can deliver the improved performances compared to the H-EER transmitter. By employing the ET technique, the PA can be avoided from the nonlinear behaviors such as gain compression and serious phase distortion in the knee region. Moreover, the PA can deliver the high output power at the whole input range, increasing the power gain. For the experiment, the ET transmitter has been recorded 40 % of high PAE at an average output power of 42.04 dBm with -33.6 dB of RCE, after linearzation. These results are superior to the H-EER transmitter.We have analyzed the operation principle and suggested the optimized design of the 3-stage Doherty PA and a new 3-stage Doherty PA with ET technique. Among the various Doherty architecture, it is verified that the 3-stage Doherty PA has the highest efficiency versus output power level. To achieve the proper load modulation, the gate bias adaptation using envelope tracking technique has been applied to the two peaking PAs. It is clearly shown that the new 3-stage Doherty architecture is very suitable for the GaN HEMT power device by eliminating the problem of the carrier PA's saturated operation of the previously reported 3-stage Doherty PA. In the experiment of the envelope tracking 3-stage Doherty PA for the 802.16e Mobile WiMAX signal with 8.5 dB PAPR, 52.14 % and 55.46 % of high PAE and DE have been obtained at an average output power of 36.85 dBm(7.7 dB backed-off from the peak output power) while maintaining the good RCE of -37.23 dB. For the new 3-stage Doherty PA, the unit PA has been designed using Cree's 45W PEP GaN HEMT device at 2.655-GHz. The implemented new 3-stage Doherty PA delivers an excellent efficiency of 56.7 % at an average output power of 43.3 dBm(7.2 dB backed-off from the peak output power) for the WiMAX signal with 7.8 dB PAPR, which is the best performance for the 802.16e Mobile WiMAX signal ever reported.The highly efficient PAs and linearization techniques presented in this dissertation have been analyzed and designed based on the new ideas. It is demonstrated that the proposed techniques have led to the better performance PAs than the conventional techniques. The experimental results support the superiorities of the proposed techniques

    Highly efficient saturated power amplifier using GaN HEMT

    No full text
    2

    Asymmetric Saturated 3-Stage Doherty Power Amplifier For Improved Efficiency

    No full text
    2

    Highly Efficient Doherty Power Amplifier Using Saturated PA Cells

    No full text
    2
    corecore