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    Gulo ์œ ์ „์ž ์ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋นˆ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•์ด ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์ด์™•์žฌ.L-gulono-ฮณ-lactone oxidase (Gulo) is an essential enzyme in the synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose. It is known that gulo is mutated in humans and certain primates. Gulo (-/-) mice are a useful animal model of human scurvy when they are raised under an ascorbic acid-deficient condition, since Gulo (-/-) mice have a defect in the expression of the gulo gene. Based on previous findings on bone abnormalities, including multiple chondrocostal junction fractures in Gulo (-/-) mice upon ascorbic acid insufficiency, the specific factors at work are investigated on the present study. At 4 weeks after ascorbic acid withdrawal, a definite loss of weight was found in ascorbic acid-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice. Interestingly, the plasma level of osteocalcin, which is secreted solely by osteoblasts and is thought to play a role in the metabolic regulation of bone, was dramatically decreased in ascorbic acid-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice 3 weeks after ascorbic acid withdrawal. In addition, it was no longer detected at 4 weeks after ascorbic acid withdrawal. The tibia weight of the ascorbic acid-sufficient Gulo (-/-) mice was significantly higher than the other three groups. The trabecular bone volume was decreased near the growth plate. Moreover, we found a significant decrease in the trabecular bone attachment to the growth plate in ascorbic acid-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice at 3 or 4 weeks after ascorbic acid withdrawal. Taken together, there are severe defects in normal bone formation as the result of ascorbic acid insufficiency, and this effect is closely related to a decrease in the osteocalcin level.Abstract i Contents iii List of Figures iv List of Abbreviations v Introduction 1 Material and Methods 3 Results 6 Discussion 15 Reference 20 Abstract in Korean 25Maste

    ๊ฐ๋„ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 12๋ชจํ˜•์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ธ์†Œ์Œ์ €๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ,1997.Maste

    ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์‹๋ฐœํ–‰์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต,1999.Maste

    ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์•”์—์„œ hexokinase โ…ก ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2007.Docto

    Comparison of proteome between hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Maste

    ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์„์„ฑ ๋‹ด๋‚ญ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž, ์ž„์ƒ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

    ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ์˜ ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋†๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์œค์ถฉ์‹.ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ƒ์‹๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณต์—…์ œํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝ๋ฆฌ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์„ฑ์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ํก์ž…์ด๋‚˜ ์„ญ์ทจ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง‘์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋จผ์ง€์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 50๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด 64๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋‚ด์žฅ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ PVC ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PVC๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋†๋„์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Gas chromatograph/mass-selective detector (GC/MS)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). DEHP๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ‰๊ท  3,170 ฮผg/g dust์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ์จ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ PVC ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์žฌ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ DINP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ‰๊ท  688 ฮผg/g dust์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ์จ DEHP์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šด์˜์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ PVC ๊ฑด์ถ•์ž์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์šด์˜์ด ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 3,180 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ PVC ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋†๋„์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ XRF analyzer๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ œํ’ˆ์˜ PVC ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  GC/MS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 1,067 (33.6 %)๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด PVC ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ๋ธ”๋ก, ์—ญํ• ๋†€์ด ์šฉํ’ˆ๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒด์œก์šฉํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ DBP์˜ ๋†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์žฅ์žฌ๋Š” PVC๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉด์  ์ค‘ 83.2 %๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  PVC ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์žฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์€ DEHP์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ง€ ์ค‘ DINP์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” PVC๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด์— PVC ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์˜ค์—ผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋†๋„์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์—, ์œ ํ•ด๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์ง„๊ณต์ฒญ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ์ง„๊ณต์ฒญ์†Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋จผ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๋œ ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋Š” DBP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ DEHP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผ ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด ๋‘ ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๋œ ๋จผ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” DBP์™€ DEHP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ DBP์™€ DEHP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ DINP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€์ด๋„ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง„๊ณต์ฒญ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฉด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด dust loading๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ์ž˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ (DINP์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธด ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ) ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์œ„์น˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋จผ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ž์žฌ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ PVC ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ PVC ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ค๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋†๋„๋Š” PVC ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ž์žฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์Œ์‹์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” PVC ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Phthalates have reproductive and developmental effects and are endocrine disruptors. Phthalates have been used commercially in a variety of consumer products and industrial goods. Because plasticizers tend to leach, migrate, or evaporate from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-containing products for thermodynamic reasons, they are considered ubiquitous global contaminants. Exposure to phthalates in the general population is widespread and widely variable. Children may be more pharmacodynamically sensitive to the adverse effects of phthalates than adults. Unfortunately, phthalate exposure levels are higher in children than adults. In addition to phthalate exposure through food or inhalation, the ingestion of contaminated indoor dust is another principal exposure route. Indoor dust can therefore be used as a tool to assess human exposure to contaminants. Children are exposed to dust contaminated with phthalates not only in their homes but also in nursery schools, where they spend most of their time. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the mass fractions of phthalates in indoor dust samples from nursery school classrooms and to identify the most important sources. In the first study, dust samples were collected from 64 classrooms located in 50 nursery schools, and various consumer products and building materials were analyzed using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to determine whether they contained PVC. For materials proven to contain PVC, the areas or weights were measured and related to the phthalate concentration. Eight phthalates were analyzed in sampled dust using a gas chromatograph/mass-selective detector: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Of these, DEHP was the most abundant phthalate, with a geometric mean concentration of 3,170 ยตg/g dust, which was significantly correlated with the area of flooring verified to contain PVC. DINP, which has not been widely-reported in other studies, was the second-most abundant phthalate, with a geometric mean concentration of 688 ยตg/g, which was influenced by the number of children in the institution and the agency operating the nursery school. It was concluded that the use of PVC-verified building materials and the building management characteristics were significant factors affecting the mass fractions of phthalates in indoor dust. In the second study, we examined 3,180 consumer products to determine whether they contain PVC and evaluate their correlation with the mass fraction of phthalates in indoor dust to identify the major sources of each phthalate. A portable XRF analyzer was used to determine whether products contained PVC, and the levels of the eight phthalates in indoor dust were analyzed using GC/MS. It was confirmed that 1,067 consumer products (33.6%) contained PVC materials. The weights of toy blocks, articles used for role playing, and gymnastic apparatuses were significant factors affecting the DBP concentration. Interior materials used in the construction of the building accounted for 83.2% of the total area of PVC-verified products, and the area of PVC floors was significantly correlated with the mass fraction of DEHP. The mass fraction of DINP in dust was related to the weights of toys, teaching aids, doors and musical instruments, such as pianos. It was found that many PVC consumer products are used in nursery schools, and their usage increased the phthalate concentration of indoor dust. In addition to the evaluation of phthalate concentrations in indoor dust and the associated source determination, two sampling methods (sampling dust using a modified vacuum cleaner and collection of dust from the bag of the regularly used vacuum cleaner) for indoor dust were compared. The correlations and agreements between the results using the two sampling methods were moderate for DBP but poor to moderate for DEHP. The spatial variability was small for DBP and DEHP in indoor dust samples collected from separate classrooms of a nursery school. The repeatability of the two sampling methods was good for DBP and DEHP. However, the correlation and agreement between the results obtained using the two sampling methods and the repeatability were poor for DINP, with a high level of room-to-room variability. If the area cleaned was recorded, then the phthalate content of the dust in the bag of a regularly used vacuum cleaner could be used to estimate phthalate exposure. The physico-chemical properties of phthalates must be considered when designing phthalate exposure assessment studies, because the mass fractions of phthalates in dust (especially long-chain phthalates such as DINP) obtained from different sampling methods, sites, and periods might differ based on the type of phthalate. This is the study to investigate the quantitative relationship between the mass fractions of phthalates in dust and the use of PVC-verified materials, especially for regularly used consumer products and building materials in nursery schools. Considering the developmental toxic risk of phthalates and the vulnerability of children, exposure to children is a main public health concern. Phthalate levels in indoor dust were associated with the use of PVC products, including building materials and consumer products. Various PVC products were found to be used in nursery schools. Although the ingestion of food contaminated with phthalates is regarded as a major exposure route for the general population, the contamination of indoor dust with phthalates can result in elevated phthalate exposure. Therefore, to reduce phthalate exposure in children, it is necessary to reduce or eliminate the use of PVC products.ABSTRACT i CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ๏ผ‘ 1.1. BACKGROUND ๏ผ’ 1.2. OBJECTIVES 19 REFERENCES 22 CHAPTER 2. PHTHALATE LEVELS IN NURSERY SCHOOLS AND RELATED FACTORS 33 ABSTRACT. 34 INTRODUCTION 35 METHODS 37 RESULTS 43 DISCUSSION 55 REFERENCES 67 CHAPTER 3. PVC-VERIFIED CONSUMER PRODUCTS AND THE MASS FRACTIONS OF PHTHALATES IN DSUT FROM NURSERY SCHOOLS 75 ABSTRACT. 76 INTRODUCTION 77 METHODS 79 RESULTS 85 DISCUSSION 94 REFERENCES 99 CHAPTER 4. A COMPARISON OF THE MASS FRACTIONS OF PHTALATES IN DUST FROM A HOUSEHOLD VACUUM CLEANER AND A MODIFIED VACUUM CLEANER 106 ABSTRACT. 107 INTRODUCTION 108 METHODS 111 RESULTS 115 DISCUSSION 132 REFERENCES 142 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 151 ์ดˆ ๋ก 155Docto

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