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    A Study of Long-term Survival in Liver Transplant Donors and Recipients Associated with CYP3A5 Genotype

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์˜ค์ •๋ฏธ.๊ฐ„์ด์‹(liver transplantation)์€ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋…„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ํ™˜์ž ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ์ ์‘์งˆํ™˜, ์ด์‹ ์‹œ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ›„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์š”๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” tacrolimus๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—ญ์ด ์ข์•„ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ tacrolimus์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ CYP3A4, CYP3A5 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ABCB1 ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ tacrolimus์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ด์‹ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ฒด ์œ ์ „ํ˜•๋„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ด์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ CYP3A5 ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์กด์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 2004๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2006๋…„ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ์ค‘ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ •๋ณด, ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ •๋ณด, ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ •๋ณด ๋“ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„ ์„ธ ๊ตฐ(REDE: Recipient expresser and Donor expresser, REDN: Recipient expresser and Donor non-expresser / RNDE: Recipient non- expresser and Donor expresser, RNDN: Recipient non-expresser and Donor non-expresser)์˜ 10๋…„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ tacrolimus ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์€ Kaplan-Meier ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ Cox ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์ธก ๊ฒ€์ •์œผ๋กœ P-value <0.05๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , SPSS software (ver 23)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ด์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ด 57๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ REDE๊ตฐ 10๋ช…, REDN/RNDE๊ตฐ 22๋ช… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  RNDN๊ตฐ 25๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๊ณ (p=0.005), ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์„ธ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 10๋…„ ๋ˆ„์  ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ REDE๊ตฐ์—์„œ 50%, REDN/RNDE๊ตฐ์—์„œ 4.5% ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  RNDN๊ตฐ์—์„œ 8%๋กœ REDE๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (P=0.001). ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, REDE๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, REDE๊ตฐ์—์„œ REDN/RNDE๊ตฐ๊ณผ RNDN๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋น„๋ก€ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (adjusted HR = 0.09, P =0.043adjusted HR = 0.11, p=0.036). ๋ณด์ •์ธ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ๋‚˜์ด, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ๋™๋ฐ˜์งˆํ™˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ABCB1 C1236T ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ tacrolimus์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ใ†๋ณด์ •๋œ ์ตœ์ €ํ˜ˆ์ค‘๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, REDE๊ตฐ๊ณผ REDN/RNDE๊ตฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  RNDN๊ตฐ๊ณผ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—, ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ (expresser๊ตฐ (AA, AG, GA)๊ณผ non-expresser๊ตฐ (GG))์˜ ์ตœ์ € ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ด์‹ ํ›„ 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ expresser๊ตฐ๊ณผ non-expresser๊ตฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ์ €ํ˜ˆ์ค‘๋†๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ›„ tacrolimus๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ, 10๋…„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ณผ tacrolimus์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ใ†๋ณด์ •๋œ ์ตœ์ €ํ˜ˆ์ค‘๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, REDE ๊ตฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ(REDN/RNDE or RNDN)์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, tacrolimus์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ใ†๋ณด์ •๋œ ์ตœ์ €ํ˜ˆ์ค‘๋†๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, 10๋…„ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, CYP3A5 expresser๊ตฐ์—์„œ tacrolimus์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ํฌ๊ณ , ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์‹์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ tacrolimus ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ๏ผ‘์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ๏ผ‘์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ๏ผ’์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 17 ์ œ๏ผ“์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  18 ์ œ๏ผ’์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• . 19 ์ œ๏ผ‘์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„. 19 ์ œ๏ผ’์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„. 19 ์ œ๏ผ“์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ. 20 ์ œ๏ผ”์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•. 21 ์ œ๏ผ•์ ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„. 31 ์ œ๏ผ“์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ . 33 ์ œ๏ผ‘์ ˆ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 33 ์ œ๏ผ’์ ˆ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ๋ถ„์„ 37 ์ œ๏ผ“์ ˆ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Tacrolimus์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด์ • ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 43 ์ œ๏ผ”์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 48 ์ œ๏ผ•์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  . 56 ์ œ๏ผ–์žฅ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ . 57Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด๊ด€์ค‘.๊ฒฐ๋น™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์šดํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ณ , ์žฅ์น˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฆ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๋น™์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ, ์ฐฝ์œ ๋ฆฌ, ์—”์ง„ ํก์ž…๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋น„์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์  ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ด์„์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋น™ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•ด์„์€ ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋™์˜ ์—ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ง‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์  ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋น™ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ•ด์„ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.For aircraft operating under icing conditions, Ice Protection System (IPS) must be installed, and certification of system performance is required. During the installation and certification process, sufficient analysis is needed for the IPS of specific aircraft components, such as wing, windshield, and engine inlet, in which icing occurs mainly. Among the methods of analysis on IPS, numerical analysis is a time-effective and cost-effective method. Numerical analysis has been conducted to collect accurate heat transfer analysis for thermal IPS, which is mainly used. The analysis involves an internal heat transfer analysis in the icing simulation on the aircraft surface. For accurate heat transfer analysis results, the coupling method is required to analyze regions where heat transfer occurs. Most of the prior research used a loose-coupling method for time efficiency. However, the loose-coupling method does not take into account the effect of heat transfer in each region on the thermal convection of external flow. While the tight-coupling method takes longer to calculate than the loose-coupling method, it can combine all the heat transfer analyses in the IPS simulation process, resulting in high accuracy. In this study, a convective heat transfer coefficient obtained by the tight-coupling method in dry air conditions without water film was used. An anti-icing analysis was conducted on thermal IPS with the tight-coupling method. A comparative analysis was then performed with experimental results and other numerical analysis studies. The tight-coupling method showed more excellent agreement with the experiments than the loose-coupling method. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the developed numerical method has the same performance as the previous tight coupling method.I. ์„œ๋ก  7 II. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 12 A. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 12 โ…ฐ. ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 15 iโ…ฐ. ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 17 B. ์—ด์  ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ 19 โ…ฐ. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„ 21 i-i. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋™์žฅ ํ•ด์„ 21 i-ii. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์—ด์ „๋„ ํ•ด์„ 22 iโ…ฐ. ์•ก์ ์žฅ ํ•ด์„ 22 โ…ฐii. ์ˆ˜๋ง‰ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํ•ด์„ 23 III. ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 A. ์ „๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 25 โ…ฐ. ์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 25 โ…ฑ. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์—ด์› ์กฐ๊ฑด 26 B. ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ „๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 29 i. ์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ์•ก์  ์ถฉ๋Œ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 โ…ฑ. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 31 โ…ฑi. ์ˆ˜๋ง‰ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 C. ๋น„์ฆ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ „๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฒฐ๋น™๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 38 i. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ii. ์ˆ˜๋ง‰ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 IV. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  41 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 42 ABSTRACT 44Maste

    One step RT-PCR๊ณผ nested PCR์„ ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐœ ๋””์Šคํ…œํผ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์˜๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    Chromium picolinate์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์œก์งˆ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ฑ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋™๋ฌผ์ž์›๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,1995.Maste

    Nbโ‚ƒSn CICC type ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์ „์ž์„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์›์žํ•ต๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Maste

    Characterization of torch type atmospheric pressure cold plasma source and polymer surface interaction, and its application to the polypropylene adhesion enhancement

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์›์žํ•ต๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2003.Docto

    The Causality of Sila - Paramita (ๆˆ’ๆณข็พ…่œœ)

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    ๋ถˆ๊ต์  ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ•ด์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์š•๋ง์€ ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š•๋ง์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํƒ€์˜ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์€ ๊ทธ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์žฌ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์€ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ž์•„๋ณผ ์กฐ๊ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ํŽธ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š•๋งํ•ด์ฒด์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    L'etude sur les principes du mantram - dharani - chantees (็œž่จ€้™€็พ…ๅฐผ)

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    Le mantram-dharani est la parole de dรฉpasser l'apparence materielle des choses. Elle rend en quelque sorte audible mene le bodhi-citta(่ฉๆๅฟƒ). L'analyse historique du mantra dharani-chantรฉes dans le monde boudhique peut en fournir des trois principes. Ils sont le principe de la magie (ๅ‘ช่ก“). le principe du Karma-expiration(็ฝชๆฅญๆถˆๆป…) et le principe de l'illumination avec son corps comme cela(ๅฝ่บซๆˆไฝ›) Pour semence-mantram (็จฎๅญ็œž่จ€). la viration de Aum' qui rรฉsonne dans tout l'univers (bruit dos grandes eaux dans la Bible) comporte trois manifestation : crรฉation, conservation et destruction. Toutes les fois qu'un homme prononce le mantram, il met en jeu l'un de des trois attributes de 'Aum'. Le mantram sanscrit de l'amullette possรฉdait, quand on le prononcait correctement, une puissance spirituelle propice. Ainsi le notion meme de mantram et sa definition ont enormement varie. Un consensus semble cependant etabli que reconnait comme mantram-dharani quelque choses qui comporte, au-dela de la signification de la parole qui le porte, un sens inaudible. Le Mantram-dharani est symbole spirituelle, toute expression d'une chose relativement, inconnue qu'on ne saurait tout d'abord dรฉsigner d'une maniรจre plus claire ou plus prรฉcise
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