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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ™”ํ•™์œตํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. ์„ฑ์˜์€.Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) is an energy conversion device that exploits chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity for automotive and stationary applications. They are highly preferred among the sustainable energy sources since no pollutants need to be produced and energy production and storage is highly efficient. However, there are limitations to the complete transition to the hydrogen energy system with current PEMFC technology, one of them being the scarcity and high price of platinum and catalyst durability. Many researches are thus being made to minimize the amount of platinum while maximizing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability. State-of-art catalysts include Pt-based transition metal bimetallic alloy with core-shell structure, ordered array, distinctive 3D structure, etc. These electrocatalysts have well displayed enhanced ORR activity and durability and opened new windows for improved PEMFC electrodes. However, the high ORR activity and durability based on liquid-electrolyte half-cell is not often translated to actual PEMFC performance in single-cell operating conditions. These gaps come from the difference in electrode configurations, such as electrode structure, ionomer distribution and thickness, membrane hydration, conductivity, etc. Oftentimes, even the most improved electrocatalysts that show excellent activity in a half-cell fails to translate its performance in single-cell environment. It is thus crucial to examine the behavior of novel electrocatalysts in a single-cell operating condition and make adequate considerations in the design of the catalyst synthesis method and procedure. This thesis focuses on employing a novel catalyst that uses soft-nitriding technique to functionalize the carbon support of Pt/C catalyst with nitrogen to single-cell PEMFC to analyze its behavior and performance on actual fuel cell operating conditions. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was fabricated using a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) method to perform the analysis. As a result, the single cell performance was proven to improve in a single-cell level, showing a noticeable increase in activation polarization region. Such result was analyzed to have derived from enhance ionomer distribution and thus improved proton conductivity and triple-phase boundary formation of the new electrode. On the other hand, the compressed electrode thickness and increased hydrophilicity was degenerated the mass transfer in the high-voltage region. The performance nevertheless outperformed the conventional type of electrode throughout the entire voltage region. Enhance performance was also shown in diverse relative humidity and backpressure conditions, and accelerated stress test proved the improved durability of the catalyst. From the single-cell application and characterization, the compatibility of the novel N-functionalized Pt/C catalyst in actual PEMFC operating conditions have been confirmed. It was also shown that the new soft-nitriding technique can be helpful for designing new catalysts that can well perform in the single-cell level.๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ํ•ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ €์žฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ด‰๋งค๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ž์› ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „์œ„๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ด์›ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฝ”์–ด์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋˜๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ด‰๋งค ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด‰๋งค๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘์— ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด‰๋งค๋“ค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์•ก์ฒด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ชฝ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „ํ•ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „๊ทน๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ด์˜ค๋…ธ๋จธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋„์™€ ๋‘๊ป˜, ๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ด‰๋งค ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด‰๋งค๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋‹จ์ „์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹จ์ „์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ-๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋”ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๋‹จ์ „์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ง‰-์ „๊ทน ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ด์˜ค๋…ธ๋จธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ฑ์ž ์ „๋„๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์†์‹ค ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์ „๊ทน ๋‘๊ป˜์™€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ „๋‹ฌ ์†์‹ค ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šต, ๊ฐ€์•• ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „๋ฅ˜-์ „์•• ์‚ฌ์ดํด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ-๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋”ฉ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ-๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋”ฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ด‰๋งค์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Fuel Cells: General Introduction 1 1.1.1 Theoretical basis of fuel cell 1 1.1.2 Cell Components. 5 1.1.3 Performance Losses of PEMFC. 13 1.2 Challenges of PEMFC . 17 1.3 Aim of this Thesis. 19 Chapter 2. Experimental 21 2.1 Synthesis of Platinum/Soft-Nitrided Vulcan Carbon electrocatalyst . 21 2.2 Electrocatalyst characterization.. 23 2.3. Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) preparation.. 23 2.4. Physical characterization of membrane-electrode assembly. 24 2.5 Electrochemical characterization of membrane electrode assembly. 24 Chapter 3. Results and Discussion. 26 3.1 Electrocatalyst Characterization 26 3.2 MEA Characterization.. 32 3.2.1 Physical characterization. 32 3.2.1 Electrochemical characterization. 39 Chapter 4 Conclusion. 65 References 68 Korean Abstract 74Maste

    A Critical Review of Epicurean Theology and Stoic Theology in Ciceros On the Nature of the Gods

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    ใ€Ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌใ€๋Š” ใ€Ž์˜ˆ์–ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌใ€์™€ ใ€Ž์šด๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌใ€์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ผ๋ถ€์ž‘์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •์‹ ์ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋ณ„๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋•๋ชฉ์ธ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด์— ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์„ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌใ€์—์„œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๊พ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๊ต๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์„ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์Šคํ† ์•„์‹ ํ•™์„ ์ ˆ์ถฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํšŒ์˜์ฃผ์˜์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Ciceros theological trilogy is composed of On the Nature of the Gods, On Divination, and On Fate. Saying that the issue of the nature of the gods is particularly difficult and obscure, Cicero claims that the nature of the gods is the noblest of studies for the human mind to grasp. The importance of this noblest study lies in that if reverence for the gods is removed, trust and the social bond between men and the uniquely pre-eminent virtue of justice will disappear. Cicero lamented seriously the moral laxity of the Roman youth, and suggested that the moral problem was due to the failure of Roman religion to perform its political role of producing solidarity and justice among citizens. It is plausible to assert that his intention to write On the Nature of the Gods was to reform the Roman religion. He tried to establish just and rational political order by means of reformation of Roman religion, or new method of religious education. The contents of new religious education was a mixture of Roman traditional religion and the Stoic theology. Here we can find Cicero as a philosopher of eclecticism. However, as his eclectic method is not based on mosaic imitation of religious doctrines but on sceptical reflections, we should admit that his thinking is original to a large extent

    MODIS ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ Cochlodinium polykrikoides ์ ์กฐํƒ์ง€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2008.2.Maste

    Ciceros Critique on Epicurean Ethics in his On Moral Ends

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    ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Ž์ตœ๊ณ ์„ ๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•…ใ€ 1~2๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์พŒ๋ฝ์„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ์ฟ ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์„ค์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ ธ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„ ๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‚ด์šฉ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์พŒ๋ฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ •์˜(ๅฎš็พฉ)์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์พŒ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋•์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์ด๋ž€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์พŒ๋ฝ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ์ฟ ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค ํ† ์•„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ๊ณ„๋ชฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์–‘ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ํ”ผ์ฟ ๋กœ์Šค ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒฉ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. In the book I and II of his On Moral Ends, Cicero introduces Epicurus ethical claim which supposes pleasure as the highest good on the one hand, and criticizes his claim on the grounds that his ethical discourse is practiced methodologically in wrong way and that his remarks on pleasure are often self-contradictory and inconsistent on the other hand. Cicero employs the method of dialectic in order to point out the definition problem inherent to Epicurus who despises dialectic, and proves that Epicurus is losing in the war between virtue and pleasure because his emphasis on sense and pleasure in understanding human nature is thought to be on weaker ground than the Stoics emphasis on reason and virtue. Cicero believes that his philosophical investigation on ethics will contribute to the enlightenment of citizens and thereby making them happy. This paper aims at reconstructing Ciceros arguments on Epicurus Ethics which are performed in either side of pros and cons. If this reconstruction is so successful as to be regarded as a short-cut to understanding Ciceros philosophical intention, each of us will have an effective means to reach philosophical enlightenment and individual happiness

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Republicanism

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    ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ฒ ํ•™์  ์œ„์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ๋ฃจ์†Œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜, ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜, ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ฃผ์˜, ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ์„œ๋กœ ์–‘๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์ด๋…์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜-๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ๋ฒ•์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ฒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฒ•์น˜, ์ž์œ , ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์ฒœ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋˜๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜-๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ฃผ์˜-๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋“ฏ์ด, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค.About the status of Rousseaus political philosophy, there has been various interpretations. Since the French Revolution, Rousseau has been regarded as a supporter for such various political ideologies as liberalism, socialism, totalitarianism, nationalism, communitarianism, and republicanism, all of which seem to be incompatible to each other in some respect. The intense debate between liberalism and republicanism initiated in 1990s contributed to revealing republican aspect of Rousseaus political philosophy. Rousseau defines a republic as a state ruled by laws. General will is the source for making laws, and laws pursue freedom and equality as the objectives of citizens happiness. This paper aims at disclosing the strong tenets of Rousseaus republicanism by focusing on the most essential concepts of republicanism such as rule of laws, freedom, and political participation. As a conclusion, following his reputation as a ancient postmodernist, it is suggested that Rousseaus political philosophy which covers the ancient up to the post-modern age will have room for various new interpretations according to the demand of the time in the futures, as it has been shown well by the recent debates on liberalism, communitarianism, and republicanism

    (A)Study on the analysis of eigenstructure and the enhancement of robustness in fault detection filters using invariant zeros

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Docto

    ์–‘์ „์ž์†Œ๋ฉธ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis(doctors)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์›์žํ•ต๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2008.2.Docto

    Religion and Political Participation in South Korea : effects of types of associational membership

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊น€์„ํ˜ธ.ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ์ •์น˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ข…๊ต์ธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2016๋…„ KGSS (ํ•œ๊ตญ์ข…ํ•ฉ์‚ฌํšŒ์กฐ์‚ฌ) ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ž ์žฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„(LCA)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌํ˜• ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ดํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ •์น˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ์ฒ™๋„ ๋ถ„์„(MDS)์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต ์˜๋ก€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ข…๊ต ์˜๋ก€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” (๋น„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ) ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ข…๊ต ์˜๋ก€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋„ ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ข…๊ต ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ข…๊ต ์˜๋ก€๋‚˜ ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ž ์žฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„ (LCA) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํฌ๊ด„ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝํ˜•, ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ค‘์‹ฌํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํฌ๊ด„ํ˜•์€ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต์ธ๊ณผ ์ฒœ์ฃผ๊ต์ธ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ๋กœ, ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ์ฒ™๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ •์น˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ์ฒ™๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํฌ๊ด„ํ˜•์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝํ˜•๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์—์„œ, ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํฌ๊ด„ํ˜•์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝํ˜•์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์œ ํ˜•(๋ถˆ๊ต, ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต, ์ฒœ์ฃผ๊ต)์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด์„์ด ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ, ์ข…๊ต ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ข…๊ต์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์–‘์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํฌ๊ด„ํ˜• ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 2-1. ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ข…๊ต : ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ์ฐจ์› 5 2-2. ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ : ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 7 2-3. ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 10 2-4. ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 14 2-5. ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ: ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 16 2-6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 19 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 20 3-1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 20 3-2. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ™” 20 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 4-1. ์ข…๊ต์™€ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ 29 4-2. ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 33 4-3. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 37 4-3-1. ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜• 37 4-3-2. ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ํ˜• 42 4-4. ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 46 4-4-1. ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 46 4-4-2. ์ •์น˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 49 4-4-3. ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 52 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  55 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 59Maste

    ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ† ์ด๋“œ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ•ญ-์ œ IIํ˜• ๊ต์›์งˆ ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,1995.Maste
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