2 research outputs found
Streptomyces coelicolorμμ κ³Όμ°νμμμ μν μ μ μ λ°ν μ‘°μ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμ°κ³Όνλν μλͺ
κ³ΌνλΆ,2020. 2. μκ΄μ.Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is a gram Positive bacteria, and have complex life cycle. This bacterium has relatively large genome (8.7 Mbp) and high GC contents. Also, it has a number of transcriptional regulators including 65 sigma factors. In this study, genes encoding catalase response regulator (CatR), and oxidative stress response transcriptional regulator (OxyR) were investigated in a view of their regulation and roles. The bacteria to have both peroxide response regulator (CatR and OxyR) is extremely rare. Except for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptomycetes is only genus CatR and OxyR simultaneously in the same genome. In addition, the regulon of CatR and OxyR is common genes in E. coli or B. subtilis. To discriminate the roles of each regulator in S. coelicolor, we performed genome wide transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq). With transcriptome analysis, we defined the 190 upregulated genes and 83 downregulated genes in response to oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide), 121 upregulated and 118 downregulated genes in ΞcatR strain. Also 57 genes upregulated and 2 downregulated dependents to OxyR were found. Analyzing the expression pattern, we could divide three different categories of genes. The first cluster is CatR dependent genes which upregulated in response to hydrogen peroxide. A function of the category enriches to oxidative stress detoxification and membrane protein synthesis. The second cluster enriched by OxyR dependent genes which upregulated in response to oxidative stress. The enriched roles of these genes were DNA repair system and oxidative response functions. Last category is mixed with OxyR and CatR dependent together. Also, we found conserved palindromic sequences. Among hydrogen peroxide repressed genes in wild type, we found 23 genes have conserved palindromic sequences upstream regulatory region of each gene. These genes were related to iron assimilation function in GO analysis, so we investigated in iron related regulation in S. coelciolor. It was reported Iron responsive regulator, DmdR directly binds to this palindromic sequences. Previously, just 10 genes were reported as DmdR regulon, I found 13 more genes which could be regulated by DmdR. PerR/CatR is a Fur-type transcriptional regulator, like PerR in B. subtilis, CatR represses catA expression. With the palindromic sequences found from transcriptome and computing analysis from previous part, we deduced CatR regulates more than four different genes. We confirmed the catA, catR, SCO2027, and SCO4983 are under CatR regulation by transcriptional fusion and mutation assay. Also, the in vivo Chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative Polymerase chain reaction supports this hypothesis. Among the CatR regulon, the function of SCO2027 was investigated. SCO2027 was annotated as hypothetical membrane protein. By searching protein BLAST, we could predict this protein might have the role in iron homeostasis. In SCO2027 deletion mutant strain, the iron level is low compared to wild type. This indicates SCO2027 acts as an importer protein in S. coelicolor. This hypothesis is also supported by iron responsive gene expression experiments.Streptomyces coelicolor λ κ·Έλ μμ± μΈκ· μΌλ‘μ 볡μ‘ν μνμ¬λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μλ€. μ΄ λ°ν
리μλ μλμ μΌλ‘ 컀λ€λ μ§λ(Genome)μ κ°μ§κ³ μκ³ , μ λ§μ μ μ¬ μ‘°μ μΈμ (transcriptional regulators) λ₯Ό κ°λ κ²μΌλ‘ μλ €μ Έμλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ OxyR κ³Ό CatR μ μν μ μ¬μ‘°μ κ³Ό κ·Έλ€μ μν μ λν΄μ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ§ννμλ€. Peroxide μ λν μ μ¬μ‘°μ μΈμλ‘ μλ €μ§ PerR κ³Ό OxyRμ λμμ κ°λ λ°ν
리μλ λ§€μ° ν¬κ·νλ€. Neisseria gonorrhoeae λ₯Ό μ μΈν λ€λ₯Έ λ°ν
리μμμλ μ μΌνκ² λ°©μ κ· λ§μ΄ λ μ‘°μ μλ₯Ό κ°λ κ±Έλ‘ μλ €μ Έμλ€. μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ PerRκ³Ό OxyR μ΄ μ‘°μ νλ μ μ μ μ€ μλΉμκ° κ·Έλ μμ±κ· κ³Ό κ·Έλ μμ±κ· μμ λμΌνλ€κ³ λ³΄κ³ λ λ° μλ€. νμ§λ§, S. coelicolor μ κ²½μ°, OxyR κ³Ό CatR μ μν΄μ μ‘°μ λλ κ°κ°μ μ μ μμ μκ° μλμ μΌλ‘ λ μλ €μ Έ μκ³ , μΈν¬ λ΄μμ νΉμ΄μ μΌλ‘ λ΄λΉνλ κΈ°λ₯μ μ μλ €μ Έμμ§ μμλ€. λλ¬Έμ, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ΄ λ μ μ μκ°μ μν μ΄ μΈν¬ λ΄μμ μ΄λ»κ² λΆλ¦¬κ° λμ΄ μλμ§ μμλ³΄κ³ μ, catA μ μ£Όμ μ‘°μ μΈμλ‘ μλ €μ§ CatR κ³Ό ahpCDμ μ‘°μ μΈμλ‘ μλ €μ§ OxyR μ λν΄μ μ 체μ§λμ λν μ μ¬μ²΄ λΆμ (Genome-wide Transcriptome Analysis)λ₯Ό μ§νν¨μΌλ‘μ, κ° μ μ¬μ‘°μ μΈμλ‘λΆν° μ‘°μ μ λ°μ λ λ€λ₯Έ μ μ μλ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³ μ νμλ€. μ μ¬μ²΄ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ κ³Όμ°νμμ (hydrogen peroxide)μ λ°μνλ 190κ°μ λ°νμ΄ μ¦κ°νλ μ μ μμ, 83κ°μ λ°νμ΄ κ°μνλ μ μ μλ₯Ό λΆλ¦¬νμκ³ κ°κ°μ λ°ν ν¨ν΄λ³λ‘ μ΄λ€ κΈ°λ₯μ Enrich λλμ§ νμΈν μ μμλ€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, κ³Όμ°νμμμ μν΄μ λ°νμ΄ μ¦κ°λλ μ μ μμ μλΉμλ νμ±μ°μλ₯Ό μ€ν (ROS detoxification) μ κ΄μ¬νλ μ μ μλ₯Ό ν¬ν¨νμ¬, DNA μμ 볡ꡬ(DNA damage repair) μ κ΄λ ¨λ μ μ μλ€μ΄ λ€μ λ°κ²¬λμλ€. λ°λλ‘, κ³Όμ°νμμμ μν΄ μ μ μ λ°νμ΄ κ°μνλ μ μ μλ€μ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό μ² (Iron)μ μΈν¬λ΄λ‘ λ€μ¬μ€λλ° κ΄λ ¨λ μ μ μκ° λ§μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νλ κ²μ κΈ°λ₯μ λΆμ (Functional analysis)λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. λν, μ΄λ¬ν μ μ μ λ°ν ν¨ν΄μ μλΉμκ° OxyR λν CatR κ³Ό λ§€μ° λ°μ νκ² μ°κ΄λμ΄ μλ κ²μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. λμ±μ΄, λ°ν ν¨ν΄μ΄ λμΌνκ² λ¬Άμ΄λ μ μ μλ€μ μμ 200 nt μμ΄ λΆμμ ν΅νμ¬, λͺ κ°μ§ 보쑴λ νλ¬Έμμ΄ (Palindromic sequences)λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ μ μμλ€. λ¬Έν μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄μ, κ³Όμ°νμμ μ€νΈλ μ€νμμ λ°νμ΄ κ°μνλ μ μ μλ€μ μ μ¬μ‘°μ λΆμμ μ‘΄μ¬νλ νλ¬Έμμ΄μ μ² λ°μ μ‘°μ μ (iron responsive regulator)μΈ DmdR μ μ§μ κ²°ν© λΆμ (direct binding sites) μμ νμΈν μ μμκ³ , μΆκ°μ μΈ DmdR μ‘°μ μ μ μλ€μ μ°Ύμ μ μμλ€. CatRμ Fur κ³μ΄μ μ μ¬μ‘°μ μΈμ (Fur type transcriptional regulator) λ‘μ, B. subtilis μ PerR κ³Ό μλμ±μ΄ λμ μ΅μ μ‘°μ μΈμ(repressor)μ΄λ€. λλ¬Έμ B. subtilis μμ μλ €μ§ κ²κ³Ό λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ‘, S. coelicolor μμλ μ°νμ€νΈλ μ€(Oxidative stress) μ νΉμ΄μ μΌλ‘ λμν μ μλ catA μ λ°νμ μ‘°μ νμ¬, Catalase μμ±μ μν₯μ μ€λ€κ³ μλ €μ Έμλ€. μμ μ μ¬μ²΄ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄, CatR μ μν΄ μ‘°μ μ΄ λλ κ²κ³Ό κ°μ λ°ν ν¨ν΄μ λνλ΄λ μ μ μ(catA, catR, SCO2027, and SCO4983) μ€μμ λͺ κ°μ§μμ 곡ν΅λ νλ¬Έμμ΄μ΄ μ€μ λ‘ μλνλμ§ νμΈνκΈ° μν μ€ν κ²°κ³Ό, μ΄μ μ μλ €μ§ 23 bp μ νλ¬Έμμ΄λ³΄λ€ promoter μ κ·Όμ νκ² μ‘΄μ¬νλ μλ‘κ² μ°ΎμλΈ 15 bp μ νλ¬Έμμ΄μμ κ³Όμ°νμμ λ°μμ±μ λ λ―Όκ°ν λ°μμ 보μΈλ€λ κ²μ μ μ¬μ²΄ λΆμμ ν΅νμ¬ νμΈν μ μμλ€. μ΄κ²μ in vivo μμμ C-λ§λ¨μ(C-terminal) FLAG epitope μ΄ νμ§λ CatR λ¨λ°±μ§μμ νΉμ΄μ μΌλ‘ 15 bp motif μ κ²°ν©νλ κ²μ νμΈν¨μΌλ‘μ μμ κ°μ€μ μ§μ§ν μ μμλ€. μλ‘κ² μ°Ύμ SCO2027 μ κΈ°λ₯μ λΆμνκΈ° μνμ¬, λ¨λ°±μ§ BLAST (BLASTP) κ²μμ ν΅νμ¬, S. pombe μ Pcl1 μ΄λΌλ μ² μ λ¬ λ¨λ°±μ§μ΄λΌλ κ²μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. S. pombe μμ Pcl1μ μ¬λΆμ μ² (excessive iron) μ μ‘ν¬ (vacuole)μ μ μ₯νλ μν μ νκ² λλλ°, λ°ν
리μμ κ²½μ° μ‘ν¬κ° μ‘΄μ¬νμ§ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, μ² μ μΈν¬ λ΄λ‘ λ€μ¬μ€λ μν μ νλμ§, λ΄λ³΄λ΄λ μν μ νλμ§ μ μ μμλ€. λ°λΌμ, μΈν¬ λ΄μ μ 체 μ² μμ νμΈν¨μΌλ‘μ, κ°μ μ μΌλ‘ SCO2027μ μν μ νμΈνκ³ μ νμλ€. λ¨Όμ SCO2027 κ²°ν κ· μ£Όλ₯Ό μ μνκ³ , μΌμνκ³Ό λΉκ΅νμ¬ μ² μμ λΆμν¨μΌλ‘μ SCO2027 κ²°νκ· μ£Όμμ μ² μμ΄ μ€μ΄λ€μ΄μλ κ²μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄μ, SCO2027 μ΄ μ² μ λ€μ¬μ€λ λ¨λ°±μ§λ‘μμ μν μ ν κ²μΌλ‘ μμ ν μ μμλ€. μ€μ λ‘ μ² μ λ―Όκ°νκ² λ°μνλ μ μ μλ€μ SCO2027 κ²°μ€ κ· μ£Όμμ λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό, wild-type μ λΉν΄μ λ°νμ΄ μ¦κ°λμ΄ μμμ νμΈν μ μμλ€.CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1
I.1. Biology of Streptomyces coelicolor 2
I.2. Reactive Oxygen Species. 5
I.2.1. Superoxide radical (O2-) 5
I.2.2. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 6
I.2.3. Hydroxyl radical (OH.) 6
I.2.4. Singlet oxygen. 7
I.3. Mechanisms of oxidative cell damage 9
I.4. Biological defense system to cope with oxidative stress 9
I.4.1. Biological defense system in S. coelicolor 10
1.4.1.1. PerR/CatR 10
1.4.1.2. OxyR. 10
1.4.1.3. OhrR 11
I.5. Aim of this study. 13
Chapter II. Materials and methods. 14
II.1. Strains and growth conditions. 15
II.1.1. Streptomyces coelicolor 15
II.1.2. Escherchia coli 15
II.1.3. Antibiotics and Chemicals treatment. 15
II.2. General DNA manipulation 20
II.2.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 20
II.2.2. DNA sequencing. 20
II.2.3. Introduction of DNA into Streptomyces. 21
II.2.4. Mutant construction by PCR-targeting mutagenesis methods. 21
II.2.5. Site-directed mutagenesis 24
II.2.6. Construction of catA promoter variants for Transcriptional fusion assay 24
II.3. Protein analysis. 25
II.3.1. Preparation of cell extracts. 25
II.3.2. Detection of Catalase activity 25
II.3.3. Overproduction and purification of OxyR, CatR, and OhrR in E. coli. 25
II.4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 26
II.4.1. EMSA for OxyR binding 26
II.4.2. EMSA for CatR binding. 26
II.4.3. EMSA for OhrR binding. 27
II.5. RNA analysis 28
II.5.1. RNA extraction. 28
II.5.1.1. RNA extraction by Kirby-mix method 28
II.5.1.2. RNA extraction by Hot-acid-phenol method. 28
II.5.1.3. DNaseI treatment for contaminant genomic DNA removal 28
II.5.2. S1 nuclease mapping 29
II.5.3. Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). 29
II.6. Transcriptome analysis 30
II.6.1. Sequencing condition 30
II.6.2. Library preparation and RNA-sequencing. 30
II.6.3. Data analysis. 31
II.6.4. Databases and resources used in this study 31
II.7. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). 32
II.8. Iron contents measurement. 33
II.8.1. Ferrozine assay. 33
II.8.2. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 33
CHAPTER ΞIΞ. Hydrogen Peroxide Responsive Genes in S. coelciolor. 34
III.1. Introduction. 35
III.2.1. The presence of OxyR and PerR in bacteria. 35
III.2.2. Responsiveness of H2O2 stress in ahpCD and catA in S. coelicolor 39
III.2.3. Transcriptome analysis for labor of division in oxidative stress response in S. coelicolor 39
III.2.4. Sequencing statistics 42
III.2.5. Correlation and variance between samples. 42
III.2.6. Differentially expressed genes and in M145, ΞcatR, ΞoxyR, and ΞohrR condition 42
III.2.7. Conserved motif in response to H2O2 in M145 and ΞcatR strain. 47
III.3. Discussion. 48
CHAPTER ΞV. CatR mediated hydrogen peroxide response in S. coelicolor 59
IV.1. Introduction 60
IV.2.1. Sensitivity of ahpCD and catA transcript to H2O2 60
IV.2.2. Search for direct regulon of CatR. 61
IV.2.3. Identification of CatR binding motif in S. coelicolor 61
IV.2.4 CatR binding motif is located on or nascent to each promoter. 63
IV.2.5. CatR binds to upstream region of catA, catR, SCO2027, and SCO4983. 63
IV.2.6. CatR binds to Motif I upstream region of catA 66
IV.2.7. The expression of SCO2027 and SCO4983 were upregulated upon H2O2 stress. 70
IV.2.8. The role of SCO2027 regulated by CatR in S. coelicolor. 70
IV.2.9. The total iron level in various strains 74
IV.2.10. Iron responsive genes expression in S. coelicolor 74
IV.2.11. Existence of SCO2027 homologous protein in bacteria 75
IV.3. Discussion 80
CHAPTER V. References. 82
Chapter VI. APPENDIX. 94
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ 132Docto