18 research outputs found

    The Information and Communication Technology Revolution and the Future of Democracy

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ํ˜„์กด ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ก ์ (่ฉฆ่ซ–็š„)์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ตฌํ…๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์ธ์‡„์ˆ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ „ํŒŒ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์‚ฐ์ถœ์—์„œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌ์ž…์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๋„์ „ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค.This paper is an explorative study on the impact of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Revolution, epitomized by the emergence and development of the internet, on the existing political systems. Of various factors effecting change in political systems, this paper focuses on technological innovation that, through a series of mediating factors, causes change in political systems. The paper first discusses how the invention and diffusion of the Gutenberg printing press influenced the rise and spread of the democratic form of government. Next, it observes that the extant representative democracy is faced with multiple crises, such as the deficiency in popular representation, lack of policy efficacy, and widespread corruption. The crisis of democracy is aggravated by various contextual factors including globalization and the strong challenge mounted by non-democratic regimes such as the Chinese one. The paper then probes the diverse changes the ICT Revolution has been causing in our daily lives, in citizen's political capacity and consciousness, and in important elements of democracy like electoral and representative institutions. The paper concludes with a plea for further research on utilizing ICT for creating a better democracy that features, inter alia, citizen participation and deliberation

    Institutions, interests, and ideas as determinants of public policy: a comparative analysis of GMO labeling policies in the EU, South Korea, and the US

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ EU์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ GMO ํ‘œ์‹œ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ GMO ํ‘œ์‹œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ GMO์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด(๏งๅฎณ)์™€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. EU์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฐฝยท์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” NGO๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ GMO ํ‘œ์‹œ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” NGO๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ๋กœ๋น„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํžˆํŠธ ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ดํ•ด(๏งๅฎณ)๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์›€์ง์ธ NGO๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด GMO ํ‘œ์‹œ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ NGO์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜ํšŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ GMO๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ GMO๋ฅผ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ํ‘œ์‹œ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ๋‹น์‹œ GMO์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— NGO๋“ค์˜ GMO ํ‘œ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—… ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋˜ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Comparing GMO labeling policies in the EU, South Korea, and the US, this paper tries to explain why different regulatory policies were formulated and implemented toward the same industrial product, namely GMO-related goods. In accounting for the policy differences, the paper focuses on how institutions, interests, and ideas interact with each other. In the case of the EU, various NGOs, based on their ideas of "the right to life" and "biodiversity," strongly opposed GMO, which eventually resulted in a highly restrictive GMO labeling policy. Anti-GMO groups took advantage of existing lobbying channels and the recently empowered legislative capacity of the European Parliament. In South Korea, the GMO regulatory policy was an outcome of the compromise between government ministries emphasizing material interests and NGOs motivated by anti-GMO ideas. Policy advisory committees provided the government and NGOs with an institutionalized forum to forge and develop a consensus. In the US, the GMO labeling policy was predominantly interest-driven, against the backdrop of rapidly increasing population of farmers and business firms engaged in GMO-related industries. The practice of personnel exchanges between regulatory agencies and private firms also explains the pro-business policymaking in the US. This comparative study demonstrates that interests, ideas, and institutional settings must be considered and analyzed together to develop a more balanced account of different policies in different countries
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