14 research outputs found
Effects of Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions on Broad-spectrum Antimicrobials Consumption
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λ³΄κ±΄λνμ : 보건νκ³Ό(보건μ μ±
κ΄λ¦¬μ 곡), 2015. 8. κΉμ°½μ½.μλ‘ : μλ‘μ΄ νμμ μ κ°λ°μ΄ κ°μν μν©μμ λ€μ λ΄μ±κ· μ νμ€μ μΈ μνμ΄ λκ³ μλ€. μλ£ μλΉμ€μ λ°μ λ° νλ λ± μλ£ νκ²½μ λ³νλ νμμ λ΄μ± μΈκ· μ μΆν λ° νκΈμ λν μλ ₯μΌλ‘ μμ©νκ³ μλ€. μλ£ κΈ°κ΄ λ΄μμ λ°μν λ€μ λ΄μ±κ· μ΄ μ§μμ¬νλ‘ νκΈλκ³ λ€μ μλ£ κΈ°κ΄ λ΄λ‘ μΉ¨ν¬νλ μ
μνμ κ³ λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ°¨λ¨νκΈ° μν΄μ μλ£ κΈ°κ΄ λ΄μμ κ΄λ²μ νμμ μ 무λΆλ³ν μ¬μ©μ μ€μ΄κ³ νμμ μ¬μ©μ μ μ μ±μ μ¦μ§νκΈ° μν μ€μ¬κ° νμνλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ΅λ΄ ν μκΈ μ’
ν© λ³μμ μ₯κΈ°κ° κ΄λ²μ νμμ μ¬μ©λμ λ³λμ μ‘°μ¬νκ³ κ΄λ²μ νμμ μ¬μ©λμ λ³λμ λ―ΈμΉ μ€μ¬μ μν₯μ νμΈνκ³ μ νμλ€.
μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ²: 2006λ
7μλΆν° 2014λ
6μκΉμ§ μ΄ 96κ°μμ κΈ°κ° λμ μ²λ°© μ ν 체κ³μ κ΄λ¦¬ νμ μλ κ΄λ²μ νμμ μ μλ³ μ¬μ©λμ 1000 νμ-μΌ λΉ μΉλ£ μΌμ(Days of Therapy, DOT/1000 patient-days)λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€μΌλ‘ μ‘°μ¬νμλ€. μ°κ΅¬ κΈ°κ° λμ κ΄λ²μ νμμ μ²λ°© μ ν 체κ³λ μ μ§κ° λμκ³ , λ λ²μ κ°μΌ μ λ¬Έμ μ±μ©μ ν΅ν νμμ κ΄λ¦¬ μΈλ ₯μ μΆ©μκ³Ό μ μ μ무 κΈ°λ‘ κΈ°λ° μλ νκ³Όμλ’° λ°νμ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘ νλ νμ λ³κ²½μ΄ ν λ² μμλ€. μ΄ μΈ κ°μ§μ λ³νλ₯Ό κ΄λ²μ νμμ κ΄λ¦¬λ₯Ό μν μ€μ¬λ‘ μ μνμκ³ μ€μ¬ μ ν νμμ μ¬μ©λμ λ³λμ νμΈνκΈ° μνμ¬ λ¨μ μ μκ³μ΄ λΆμμ μννμλ€.
κ²°κ³Ό: μ°κ΅¬ κΈ°κ° λμ μ 체 μ ν νμμ , κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ ν νμμ μ€ λΉμ€μ΄ ν° κΈλ¦¬μ½ν©νμ΄λμ μΉ΄λ°νλ΄μ μ¬μ©λμ μ¦κ°νλ μΆμΈλ₯Ό 보μλ€(p<0.001). 첫 λ²μ§Έ μ€μ¬μΈ κ°μΌ μ λ¬Έμ μμ μ¦κ° μ§ν μ 체 μ ν νμμ (p=0.047) λ° κΈλ¦¬μ½ν©νμ΄λ(p <0.001)μ μ¬μ©λ μμ€μ μ μνκ² κ°μνμλ€. νμ§λ§ 첫 λ²μ§Έ μ€μ¬ μ΄ν νμμ μ¬μ©λ μΆμΈμ μ μν λ³νλ μμλ€. μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λμ μμ€ λ° μΆμΈμ κ²½μ° λλ ·ν λ³νλ μμμΌλ μ€μ¬ μ§ν κ·Έλ£Ή 1 μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λμ μ μν μ¦κ°(p=0.006) λ° κ·Έλ£Ή 2 μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λμ μ μν κ°μ(p=0.007), κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ·Έλ£Ή 2 μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λ μ¦κ° μΆμΈμ λν(p=0.041)λ₯Ό νμΈν μ μμλ€. λ λ²μ§Έ μ€μ¬μΈ κ°μΌ μ λ¬Έμ μΆκ° μ¦κ° μ΄ν 첫 λ²μ§Έ μ€μ¬ μ΄νμ λΉμ·ν μμμ λ³νκ° λνλ¬μΌλ ν΅κ³μ μΌλ‘ μ μν λ³νλ μμλ€. μΈ λ²μ§Έ μ€μ¬μΈ μλ νκ³Όμλ’° μμ μ΄ν μ 체 μ ν νμμ , κΈλ¦¬μ½ν©νμ΄λ, μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λμ λ³νλ λλ ·νμ§ μμλ€.
κ²°λ‘ : μ₯κΈ°κ°μ νμμ μ¬μ©λ λ³λ μμμ κ°μΌ μ λ¬Έμ μμ μ¦κ° μ΄ν μ²λ°© μ²΄κ³ κ΄λ¦¬ νμ μλ κ΄λ²μ νμμ μ¬μ©λ μμ€μ κ°μνμμΌλ μ¬μ©λ μΆμΈμ λ³νλ λλ ·νμ§ μμλ€. λν μ€μ¬μ μμ κ³Ό λ΄μ©μ λ°λΌ μ€μ¬ μ΄ν νμμ μ¬μ©λμ λ³νλ λ€λ₯΄κ² λνλ¬λ€. κ°μ© μμμ λν λΆμμ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ λ³΄λ€ ν¨κ³Όμ μ΄κ³ ν¨μ¨μ μΈ κ΄λ²μ νμμ κ΄λ¦¬ μ λ΅μ κ°λ°μ΄ μꡬλλ€.μ΄λ‘ i
λͺ©μ°¨ iv
ν λͺ©μ°¨ (LIST OF TABLES) vi
κ·Έλ¦Ό λͺ©μ°¨ (LIST OF FIGURES) vii
1. μ°κ΅¬μ λ°°κ²½ 1
1.1 λ€μ λ΄μ±κ· κ°μΌμ μ¦κ° 1
1.2 μ
μ νμ νμμ μ¬μ©λκ³Ό μ¬μ©μ μ μ μ± 2
1.3 νμμ μ€νμ΄λμ½μ κ°λ
3
1.4 μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ 5
2. μ΄λ‘ μ λ°°κ²½ 7
2.1 νμμ μ€νμ΄λμ½μ μ λ΅ 7
2.2 μ²λ°© μ ν λ° μ¬μ μΉμΈ 9
2.3 κ°μΌ μ λ¬Έμμ μν 10
2.4 μ 보 κΈ°μ μ νμ© ? μ μ μ무 κΈ°λ‘(EMR)κ³Ό μμ μμ¬ κ²°μ μ§μ μμ€ν
(CDSS) 12
2.5 μΌμΌ κ·μ μ©λ(Defined Daily Dose, DDD)κ³Ό μΉλ£ μΌμ(Days of Therapy, DOT) 13
3. μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ² 16
3.1 λμ μλ£ κΈ°κ΄μ νΉμ± λ° μ€μ¬μ μ μ 16
3.2 μ°κ΅¬ κΈ°κ° 19
3.3 κ²°κ³Ό λ³μ 21
3.4 μλ£ μμ§ λ°©λ² λ° κΈ°ν λ³μ 22
3.5 ν΅κ³ λΆμ 24
4. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό 27
4.1 νμ-μΌ λ° λ΄μ±κ· κ²μΆμ¨ λ³λ 27
4.2 μ ν νμμ μ¬μ©λ μΆμ΄ 29
4.3 λͺ¨ν μ ν©μ± νμΈ 33
4.4 μ 체 μ ν νμμ μ¬μ©λμ λν μ€μ¬μ ν¨κ³Ό 36
4.5 κΈλ¦¬μ½ν©νμ΄λ μ¬μ©λμ λν μ€μ¬μ ν¨κ³Ό 39
4.6 μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λμ λν μ€μ¬μ ν¨κ³Ό 42
4.7 κ·Έλ£Ή 1 μΉ΄λ°νλ΄κ³Ό κ·Έλ£Ή 2 μΉ΄λ°νλ΄ μ¬μ©λμ λν μ€μ¬μ ν¨κ³Ό 45
5. κ³ μ°° 50
6. κ²°λ‘ 59
7. μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 60
Abstract 66Maste
μ 리기ν μμ κ°μκ΄ νμ₯ μ΄νμ ν¬κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ νλ₯ λ‘ μ λ―ΈμΈκ΅¬μ‘°λ¬Όμ μ΄μ©ν OLED κ΄μΆμΆ ν¨μ¨μ ν₯μ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ κΈ°Β·μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ, 2012. 2. ν©κΈ°μ
.μ 리기νμμ μ¬λ¬ λ¬Όμ§μ΄ λ€μΈ΅κ΅¬μ‘°λ‘ λμ΄μλ OLEDλ κ·Έ ꡬ쑰μμ νΉμ§ λλ¬Έμ λΉλ€μ΄ wave-guided mode λ λ΄λΆ μ λ°μ¬λ‘ μΈνμ¬ μμ€μ΄ λ§μ΄ μΌμ΄λκ³ μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ 20%μ κ΄μΆμΆ ν¨μ¨μ κ°μ§λ€. λ°λΌμ λ°μΌλ‘ λΉ μ Έλμ€μ§ λͺ»νκ³ μμ€λλ λΉμ μΈλΆ μΆμΆμ μ¦κ°μν¬ μ μλ€λ©΄ λ ν₯μλ κ΄ ν¨μ¨μ κ°μ§λ OLED μμλ₯Ό λ§λ€ μ μλ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ λ¬Έμ μ λν λ§μ μ°κ΅¬κ° μμκ³ κ΄ μΆμΆ ν¨μ¨κ°μ μλ νλ₯ν μ±κ³Όλ€μ΄ μμμ§λ§ λλΆλΆμ λ°©λ²λ€μ΄ 볡μ‘νκ³ λΉμΌ 곡μ μ΄ νμνκ±°λ νΉμ νμ₯μ λν΄ νκ³λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ λ±μ λ¬Έμ μ μ΄ μλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμλ μ 리기ν μμ Niμ μ¦μ°©ν ν RTA μ²λ¦¬λ‘ island ννμ λ§μ€ν¬λ₯Ό λ§λ ν νλΌμ¦λ§λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν΄ μκ°νμ¬ λλ€ν λΆν¬λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ 3μ°¨μμ μλ©΄μ΄ κΈ°μΈμ΄μ§ ꡬ쑰물(sub-wavelength structure)μ μ 리 νλ©΄μ νμ±νμλ€. μ΄ κ°μκ΄μ νμ₯μ΄νμ ꡬ쑰물μ 맀μ§κ°μ μ μ§μ μΈ κ΅΄μ μ¨μ λ³νλ₯Ό νμ±μν€λ ν¨κ³Όμ νμ 격μμ κ°μ΄ μμ©νμ¬ λΉμ μ°λμν€λ λ κ°μ§ μν μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μ λ°μ¬λλ λΉμ ν¨μ¨μ μΌλ‘ μΆμΆνλ κ²μ μ€ννΈλ‘ν¬ν λ―Έν° μΈ‘μ μ ν΅νμ¬ νμΈνμλ€. μ΄ κ²°κ³Όλ‘λΆν° μ μν SWSκ° OLEDμ κ΄ μΆμΆ ν¨μ¨μ κ°μ ν μ μμμ μ μ μμκ³ μ€μ OLED μμμ μ μ©νμ¬ ν¨μ¨μ΄ 10% μ¦κ°ν κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»μλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμ μ μν νλΌμ¦λ§ νλ©΄ μκ°λ°©λ²μ μν΄ μμ±λ ꡬ쑰물μ μ΄μ©ν OLED μμμ κ΄ μΆμΆ ν¨μ¨ν₯μ λ°©λ²μ κΈ°μ‘΄μ λ°©λ²μ νμν κ³ κ°μ 리μκ·ΈλνΌ(Lithography)μ κ°μ 곡μ μ΄ νμνμ§ μμΌλ―λ‘ κ³΅μ λ¨κ°κ° μ κ°λκ³ μ 쑰곡μ μ΄ λ¨μνμ¬ κΈ°μ‘΄μ λ°©λ²λ€μ λΉν΄ λμ μμ°μ±μ μ»μ μ μμΌλ©° λλ©΄μ νμλ μ 리νλ€λ μ₯μ μ΄ μλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μΌμ ν μ£ΌκΈ°κ° μλ λλ€ν λΆν¬λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μμΌλ―λ‘ νΉμ νμ₯μ λΉμ μ νμ΄ μκΈ°λ λ¬Έμ μ λν ν΄κ²°ν μ μλ κ°λ₯μ±μ κ°μ§κ³ μλ€.
λ°λΌμ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμ μ μνλ μ 리 κΈ°ν μ ꡬ쑰물 μμ±λ°©λ²μ OLEDμ μ μ©νλ€λ©΄ μ μ λΉμ©μΌλ‘ μμμ ν¨μ¨μ ν¬κ² ν₯μμν€λλ° κΈ°μ¬ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.Generally, the OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode) has about 20% external quantum efficiency, because the loss of light is occurred by wave-guided mode and total-internal reflection caused by stack structure of OLED. Therefore, if we can extract trapped light in OLED, we can make the OLED device that has more improved light efficiency. Many researches about that issue have been performed and there were various good results. But, most methods have problems, need complex and expensive fabrication or have a limit on certain wavelength range.
In this study, we have demonstrated lithography-free, simple, and large area fabrication method for sub-wavelength structures (SWS) to achieve improvement in the light extraction efficiency of OLED. Thin film of Ni on the glass substrate is melted and agglomerate into hemispheric nano-islands by rapid thermal annealing(RTA), and the array of the Ni nano-islands is used as the etch mask for plasma etching to form SWS on the glass substrate. The critical parameters, the temperature and gas ambient of RTA process and conditions of plasma etching, have been experimentally studied to achieve improvement of light extraction with SWS. We conformed that this SWS can extract the total-internal-reflected light effectively, since the SWS has two effect, continuously changed refractive-index medium and diffraction grating that scatters the light by measuring transmittance with spectrophotometer. By applying the SWS to the OLED device, a 10% improvement of luminance efficiency has been demonstrated.
The method we propose in this study don't need expensive fabrication process like lithography. And since the SWS are distributed randomly, it has possibility to solve the problem of limit on certain wavelength range. As a result, this simple and cost-effective method may be suitable for mass production of large-area OLEDs for lighting applications.Maste
A Case of Diabetic Foot Infection due to Mycobacterium mageritense
Diabetic foot infection is one of the important complications in patients with advanced diabetes mellitus. Limb threatening infections such as osteomyelitis, abscess, and necrotizing fasciitis are frequently accompanied by the disease. Non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is a rare causative organism of diabetic foot infection. Thus, if one is not suspicious or meticulous, infection due to NTM will be easily overlooked and this will result in delayed diagnose and treat. Therefore, it is necessary to consider NTM as the causative organism if the wound does not respond to the conventional antibiotic treatment and the culture from the adequately obtained specimen reveals atypical acid-fast bacilli. We present a case of diabetic foot infection with osteomyelitis and abscess due to Mycobacterium mageritense, one of the rapid growing mycobacteria, that was successfully treated with surgical debridement and appropriate antibiotic treatment.N