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    Effects of Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions on Broad-spectrum Antimicrobials Consumption

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λ³΄κ±΄λŒ€ν•™μ› : 보건학과(보건정책관리전곡), 2015. 8. κΉ€μ°½μ—½.μ„œλ‘ : μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ 개발이 κ°μ†Œν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ œλ‚΄μ„±κ· μ€ ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ μœ„ν˜‘μ΄ 되고 μžˆλ‹€. 의료 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ˜ λ°œμ „ 및 ν™•λŒ€ λ“± 의료 ν™˜κ²½μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” ν•­μƒμ œ λ‚΄μ„± μ„Έκ· μ˜ μΆœν˜„ 및 νŒŒκΈ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ••λ ₯으둜 μž‘μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 의료 κΈ°κ΄€ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ λ‹€μ œλ‚΄μ„±κ· μ΄ μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒλ‘œ νŒŒκΈ‰λ˜κ³  λ‹€μ‹œ 의료 κΈ°κ΄€ λ‚΄λ‘œ μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜λŠ” μ•…μˆœν™˜μ˜ 고리λ₯Ό μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 의료 κΈ°κ΄€ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ λ¬΄λΆ„λ³„ν•œ μ‚¬μš©μ„ 쀄이고 ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©μ˜ μ μ ˆμ„±μ„ μ¦μ§„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ€‘μž¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄ ν•œ 상급 μ’…ν•© λ³‘μ›μ˜ μž₯κΈ°κ°„ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ 변동을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ 변동에 미친 μ€‘μž¬μ˜ 영ν–₯을 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ 방법: 2006λ…„ 7μ›”λΆ€ν„° 2014λ…„ 6μ›”κΉŒμ§€ 총 96κ°œμ›”μ˜ κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ 처방 μ œν•œ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 관리 ν•˜μ— 있던 κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ 월별 μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ„ 1000 ν™˜μž-일 λ‹Ή 치료 일수(Days of Therapy, DOT/1000 patient-days)λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œ 처방 μ œν•œ μ²΄κ³„λŠ” μœ μ§€κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , 두 번의 감염 μ „λ¬Έμ˜ μ±„μš©μ„ ν†΅ν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ 관리 인λ ₯의 좩원과 μ „μž 의무 기둝 기반 μžλ™ νƒ€κ³Όμ˜λ’° λ°œν–‰μ„ λ‚΄μš©μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” ν˜•μ‹ 변경이 ν•œ 번 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이 μ„Έ κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œ 관리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ€‘μž¬λ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜μ˜€κ³  μ€‘μž¬ μ „ν›„ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ 변동을 ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹¨μ ˆμ  μ‹œκ³„μ—΄ 뢄석을 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: 연ꡬ κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ 전체 μ œν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ, 그리고 μ œν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ 쀑 비쀑이 큰 κΈ€λ¦¬μ½”νŽ©νƒ€μ΄λ“œμ™€ μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄μ˜ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” μΆ”μ„Έλ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€(p<0.001). 첫 번째 μ€‘μž¬μΈ 감염 μ „λ¬Έμ˜ 수의 증가 직후 전체 μ œν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ(p=0.047) 및 κΈ€λ¦¬μ½”νŽ©νƒ€μ΄λ“œ(p <0.001)의 μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ μˆ˜μ€€μ€ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 첫 번째 μ€‘μž¬ 이후 ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ μΆ”μ„Έμ˜ μœ μ˜ν•œ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ μˆ˜μ€€ 및 μΆ”μ„Έμ˜ 경우 λšœλ ·ν•œ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ μ€‘μž¬ 직후 κ·Έλ£Ή 1 μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ μœ μ˜ν•œ 증가(p=0.006) 및 κ·Έλ£Ή 2 μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ μœ μ˜ν•œ κ°μ†Œ(p=0.007), 그리고 κ·Έλ£Ή 2 μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ 증가 μΆ”μ„Έμ˜ λ‘”ν™”(p=0.041)λ₯Ό 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 두 번째 μ€‘μž¬μΈ 감염 μ „λ¬Έμ˜ μΆ”κ°€ 증가 이후 첫 번째 μ€‘μž¬ 이후와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ–‘μƒμ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ‚˜ ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. μ„Έ 번째 μ€‘μž¬μΈ μžλ™ νƒ€κ³Όμ˜λ’° μ‹œμž‘ 이후 전체 μ œν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ, κΈ€λ¦¬μ½”νŽ©νƒ€μ΄λ“œ, μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” λšœλ ·ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. κ²°λ‘ : μž₯κΈ°κ°„μ˜ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ 변동 μ†μ—μ„œ 감염 μ „λ¬Έμ˜ 수의 증가 이후 처방 체계 관리 ν•˜μ— μžˆλŠ” κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ μˆ˜μ€€μ€ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ μΆ”μ„Έμ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” λšœλ ·ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ€‘μž¬μ˜ μ‹œμ κ³Ό λ‚΄μš©μ— 따라 μ€‘μž¬ 이후 ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. κ°€μš© μžμ›μ— λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석을 기반으둜 보닀 효과적이고 효율적인 κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ ν•­μƒμ œ 관리 μ „λž΅μ˜ 개발이 μš”κ΅¬λœλ‹€.초둝 i λͺ©μ°¨ iv ν‘œ λͺ©μ°¨ (LIST OF TABLES) vi κ·Έλ¦Ό λͺ©μ°¨ (LIST OF FIGURES) vii 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 1 1.1 λ‹€μ œλ‚΄μ„±κ·  κ°μ—Όμ˜ 증가 1 1.2 μž…μ› ν™˜μž ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰κ³Ό μ‚¬μš©μ˜ μ μ ˆμ„± 2 1.3 ν•­μƒμ œ μŠ€νŠœμ–΄λ“œμ‰½μ˜ κ°œλ… 3 1.4 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  5 2. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 7 2.1 ν•­μƒμ œ μŠ€νŠœμ–΄λ“œμ‰½μ˜ μ „λž΅ 7 2.2 처방 μ œν•œ 및 사전 승인 9 2.3 감염 μ „λ¬Έμ˜μ˜ μ—­ν•  10 2.4 정보 기술의 ν™œμš© ? μ „μž 의무 기둝(EMR)κ³Ό μž„μƒ μ˜μ‚¬ κ²°μ • 지원 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ (CDSS) 12 2.5 일일 κ·œμ • μš©λŸ‰(Defined Daily Dose, DDD)κ³Ό 치료 일수(Days of Therapy, DOT) 13 3. 연ꡬ 방법 16 3.1 λŒ€μƒ 의료 κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 및 μ€‘μž¬μ˜ μ •μ˜ 16 3.2 연ꡬ κΈ°κ°„ 19 3.3 κ²°κ³Ό λ³€μˆ˜ 21 3.4 자료 μˆ˜μ§‘ 방법 및 기타 λ³€μˆ˜ 22 3.5 톡계 뢄석 24 4. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό 27 4.1 ν™˜μž-일 및 λ‚΄μ„±κ·  κ²€μΆœμœ¨ 변동 27 4.2 μ œν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ 좔이 29 4.3 λͺ¨ν˜• 적합성 확인 33 4.4 전체 μ œν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μž¬μ˜ 효과 36 4.5 κΈ€λ¦¬μ½”νŽ©νƒ€μ΄λ“œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μž¬μ˜ 효과 39 4.6 μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μž¬μ˜ 효과 42 4.7 κ·Έλ£Ή 1 μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄κ³Ό κ·Έλ£Ή 2 μΉ΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μž¬μ˜ 효과 45 5. κ³ μ°° 50 6. κ²°λ‘  59 7. μ°Έκ³  λ¬Έν—Œ 60 Abstract 66Maste

    유리기판 μœ„μ˜ κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘ 파μž₯ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ 크기λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” ν™•λ₯ λ‘ μ  미세ꡬ쑰물을 μ΄μš©ν•œ OLED κ΄‘μΆ”μΆœ 효율의 ν–₯상

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 전기·컴퓨터곡학뢀, 2012. 2. ν™©κΈ°μ›….μœ λ¦¬κΈ°νŒμœ„μ— μ—¬λŸ¬ 물질이 λ‹€μΈ΅κ΅¬μ‘°λ‘œ λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” OLEDλŠ” κ·Έ κ΅¬μ‘°μƒμ˜ νŠΉμ§• λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 빛듀이 wave-guided mode λ‚˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ μ „λ°˜μ‚¬λ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ 손싀이 많이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  일반적으둜 20%의 κ΄‘μΆ”μΆœ νš¨μœ¨μ„ 가진닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λΉ μ Έλ‚˜μ˜€μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μ†μ‹€λ˜λŠ” λΉ›μ˜ μ™ΈλΆ€ μΆ”μΆœμ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 더 ν–₯μƒλœ κ΄‘ νš¨μœ¨μ„ κ°€μ§€λŠ” OLED μ†Œμžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것이닀. 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  κ΄‘ μΆ”μΆœ νš¨μœ¨κ°œμ„ μ—λ„ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 성과듀이 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 방법듀이 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  λΉ„μ‹Ό 곡정이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ νŠΉμ •νŒŒμž₯에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” λ“±μ˜ 문제점이 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—λŠ” 유리기판 μœ„μ— Ni을 μ¦μ°©ν•œ ν›„ RTA 처리둜 island ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 마슀크λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  ν›„ ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ‹κ°ν•˜μ—¬ λžœλ€ν•œ 뢄포λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” 3μ°¨μ›μ˜ μ˜†λ©΄μ΄ κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ§„ ꡬ쑰물(sub-wavelength structure)을 유리 ν‘œλ©΄μ— ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„  파μž₯μ΄ν•˜μ˜ ꡬ쑰물은 λ§€μ§ˆκ°„μ˜ 점진적인 ꡴절율의 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±μ‹œν‚€λŠ” νš¨κ³Όμ™€ νšŒμ ˆκ²©μžμ™€ 같이 μž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 빛을 μ‚°λž€μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 두 가지 역할을 ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ „λ°˜μ‚¬λ˜λŠ” 빛을 효율적으둜 μΆ”μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것을 μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλ‘œν¬ν† λ―Έν„° 츑정을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 κ²°κ³Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ œμ•ˆν•œ SWSκ°€ OLED의 κ΄‘ μΆ”μΆœ νš¨μœ¨μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  μ‹€μ œ OLED μ†Œμžμ— μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 효율이 10% μ¦κ°€ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ œμ•ˆν•œ ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆ ν‘œλ©΄ 식각방법에 μ˜ν•΄ μƒμ„±λœ ꡬ쑰물을 μ΄μš©ν•œ OLED μ†Œμžμ˜ κ΄‘ μΆ”μΆœ 효율ν–₯상 방법은 기쑴의 방법에 ν•„μš”ν•œ κ³ κ°€μ˜ λ¦¬μ†Œκ·Έλž˜ν”Ό(Lithography)와 같은 곡정이 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 곡정 단가가 절감되고 μ œμ‘°κ³΅μ •μ΄ λ‹¨μˆœν•˜μ—¬ 기쑴의 방법듀에 λΉ„ν•΄ 높은 생산성을 얻을 수 있으며 λŒ€λ©΄μ ν™”μ—λ„ μœ λ¦¬ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μž₯점이 μžˆλ‹€. 그리고 μΌμ •ν•œ μ£ΌκΈ°κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ λžœλ€ν•œ 뢄포λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ νŠΉμ • 파μž₯의 빛에 μ œν•œμ΄ μƒκΈ°λ˜ 문제점 λ˜ν•œ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성을 가지고 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” 유리 기판 μœ„ ꡬ쑰물 생성방법을 OLED에 μ μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 적은 λΉ„μš©μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμžμ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„ 크게 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° κΈ°μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.Generally, the OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode) has about 20% external quantum efficiency, because the loss of light is occurred by wave-guided mode and total-internal reflection caused by stack structure of OLED. Therefore, if we can extract trapped light in OLED, we can make the OLED device that has more improved light efficiency. Many researches about that issue have been performed and there were various good results. But, most methods have problems, need complex and expensive fabrication or have a limit on certain wavelength range. In this study, we have demonstrated lithography-free, simple, and large area fabrication method for sub-wavelength structures (SWS) to achieve improvement in the light extraction efficiency of OLED. Thin film of Ni on the glass substrate is melted and agglomerate into hemispheric nano-islands by rapid thermal annealing(RTA), and the array of the Ni nano-islands is used as the etch mask for plasma etching to form SWS on the glass substrate. The critical parameters, the temperature and gas ambient of RTA process and conditions of plasma etching, have been experimentally studied to achieve improvement of light extraction with SWS. We conformed that this SWS can extract the total-internal-reflected light effectively, since the SWS has two effect, continuously changed refractive-index medium and diffraction grating that scatters the light by measuring transmittance with spectrophotometer. By applying the SWS to the OLED device, a 10% improvement of luminance efficiency has been demonstrated. The method we propose in this study don't need expensive fabrication process like lithography. And since the SWS are distributed randomly, it has possibility to solve the problem of limit on certain wavelength range. As a result, this simple and cost-effective method may be suitable for mass production of large-area OLEDs for lighting applications.Maste

    A Case of Diabetic Foot Infection due to Mycobacterium mageritense

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    Diabetic foot infection is one of the important complications in patients with advanced diabetes mellitus. Limb threatening infections such as osteomyelitis, abscess, and necrotizing fasciitis are frequently accompanied by the disease. Non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is a rare causative organism of diabetic foot infection. Thus, if one is not suspicious or meticulous, infection due to NTM will be easily overlooked and this will result in delayed diagnose and treat. Therefore, it is necessary to consider NTM as the causative organism if the wound does not respond to the conventional antibiotic treatment and the culture from the adequately obtained specimen reveals atypical acid-fast bacilli. We present a case of diabetic foot infection with osteomyelitis and abscess due to Mycobacterium mageritense, one of the rapid growing mycobacteria, that was successfully treated with surgical debridement and appropriate antibiotic treatment.N
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