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    The Foundation and Significance of Hyeonhwasa (็Ž„ๅŒ–ๅฏบ) under the reign of Hyeonjong (้กฏๅฎ—) in Goryeo Dynasty

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๋‚จ๋™์‹ .This study focuses on how the peculiarity of the reign of Hyunjong(้กฏๅฎ—), which was a turbulent period in the early Goryeo period, was projected into the royal Buddhist temple Hyeonhwasa(็Ž„ๅŒ–ๅฏบ). Hyeonhwasa, the result of the Buddhist promotion policy promoted in the period, was a temple for the royal family (Wonchal, ้ก˜ๅˆน) of Goryeo built to pray for the condolences of Anjong (ๅฎ‰ๅฎ—) and Heonjeong-wanghu (็ป่ฒž็Ž‹ๅŽ), who are Hyeonjongโ€™s parents, at Mt. Yeongchwisan located in Wolgori, Hwanghae-do, from the 9th year of the Hyeonjong's reign. In Goryeo society, Buddhism exerted enormous influence both materially and spiritually. So ruling class of Goryeo focused on the social function of acquiring individual beliefs and public sentiment, and implemented policies to promote Buddhism while controlling them. The stance of this Buddhist policy in Goryeo has changed with the rise of the historical perspective with Hwairon (่ฏๅคท่ซ–) in the year of Seongjong (ๆˆๅฎ—), but it has returned to its original stance in the process of overcoming the internal political turmoil and external shocks caused by the invasion of the Khitan. The ruling class of the time including Hyeonjong actively used Buddhism to overcome the internal and external crisis of the state system, and in this process, the existence of Taejoโ€™s injunctions (Hunyo, ่จ“่ฆ) was recognized throughout society and became the basis for implementing Buddhist policy. As a result, Buddhism reaffirmed its value as a political ideology that promotes ideological integration and legitimacy of reign by resolving social chaos and repelling the invasion of Khitan. Based on this, Buddhism played an ideological role in the process of institutional improvement of the national system around the 9th year of Hyeonjong, to justifying the legitimacy and ruling order of the Goryeo court, and Hyeonhwasa was a representative result. Hyeonjong's parents had moral limitations in the general notions of society at the time, so in order to establish the legitimacy of the succession to the throne which was based on their royal blood, the relationship between them was openly justified to the whole society. Accordingly, Gyeongnyeongjeon (ๆ™ฏ้ˆๆฎฟ) was created to enshrine their ancestral tablets, and Hyeonhwasa was established to reinforce the relationship between parents that could not be justified by the Confucian ideology that was the practical politic ideology. Therefore, The stele and and Buddhistic relics were placed in Hyeonhwasa to socially normalize and declare the relationship between Hyeonjongโ€™s parents. Hyeonhwas was the royal temple of Goryeo dynasty, but its foundation was formulated not only Hyeonjong but also the entire bureaucratic society that formed the Goryeo court. Most of ruling class in Goryeo period gained social privileges by carrying out government offices in the king-centered ruling order, so they were positive in stabilizing the ruling system that guaranteed their privileges. Therefore, they actively participated in the construction of Hyeonhwasa which the original temple of the royal family, and cooperated in establishing the economic base of Temple like Sawonjeon (ๅฏบ้™ข็”ฐ) and Bo (ๅฏถ). Based on this relationship, Hyeonhwasa served as a royal temple, and as a background for the bureaucratic society to form a contact with the Royal family and Buddhistic society. The center of the Buddhistic society of Goryeo was also moved to Hyeonhwasa. Since Hyeonjongโ€™s reign, Hyeonhwasa has greatly expanded the contact not only with the royal family, but also with the whole ruling class. In particular, at the time of Munjong (ๆ–‡ๅฎ—), it has been reborn as a space where the solidarity between the royal family and the bureaucratic society is strengthened through the Buddhist order. Especially Sohyeon (้Ÿถ้กฏ) who was born in Inju Lee family became the chief monk of Hyeonhwasa in the reign of Munjong, adopted Prince Teng(็ซ€) as a pupil. Through such a series of processes, Hyeonhwasa served as a ceremonial space to commemorate the royal ancestors and as a political space to reinforce the social network within the ruling class.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๊ฒฉ๋™๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ ้กฏๅฎ—ไปฃ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถˆ๊ต์ง„ํฅ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ์™•์‹ค ์›์ฐฐ์ธ ็Ž„ๅŒ–ๅฏบ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์ข…์˜ ์น˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋™์™• 9๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™•์ด ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ธ ์•ˆ์ข…๊ณผ ํ—Œ์ •์™•ํ›„์˜ ๋ช…๋ณต์„ ๋นŒ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ™ฉํ•ด๋„ ์›”๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ทจ์‚ฐ ์ž๋ฝ์— ์•ฝ 5๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์›์ฐฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ยท ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์™•์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ง„ํฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋ถˆ๊ต์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ข… ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํ™”์ด๋ก ์  ์‚ฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์ข… ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€์˜ ์นจ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์กฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ข…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์€ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์กฐใ€ˆ่จ“่ฆใ€‰์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ๋ถˆ๊ต์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ž€์˜ ์นจ์ž…์„ ๊ฒฉํ‡ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ •ํ†ต์„ฑ์„ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์ข… 9๋…„์„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์ •๋น„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ํ˜„์ข…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋…์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ข…์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ธ ์•ˆ์ข…๊ณผ ํ—Œ์ •์™•ํ›„๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋…์—์„œ ๋„๋•์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์™•์œ„ ๊ณ„์Šน์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์›๋ฌ˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ น์ „์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ข… ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์ถ”์กด๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ฌ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์™•์‹ค ์›์ฐฐ์ธ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ์— ๋น„๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต์  ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ด‰์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์œ ๊ต ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œค์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ƒํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด์—๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ •์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ์™• ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์›์ฐฐ์ธ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์›์ „์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ผ์ต์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™•์‹ค ์›์ฐฐ์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์ ‘์ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ถˆ๊ต๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณธ์ฐฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ƒ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™•์‹ค๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ข…๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š” ํ˜œ๋•์™•์‚ฌ ์†Œํ˜„๊ณผ ๋„์ƒ์Šนํ†ต ํƒฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ ค ์™•์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™•์‹ค ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ก€๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 ไธ€. ํ˜„์ข…๋Œ€ ๋ถˆ๊ต์ง„ํฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์ •์ฑ… 6 ไบŒ. ํ˜„ํ™”์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜๋ฏธ 20 ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 44 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 46 Abstract 56Maste
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