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    Study on the Terahertz Nondestructive Testing Method for Multi-chip Package Inspection using a Resonant Slit-type Probe with Rounded Matching Structure

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    This paper presents a terahertz (THz) non-destructive testing (NDT) method for multi-chip package (MCP) inspection. A resonant slit-type probe was used to obtain high resolution while using a source in the low Th frequency region for the Th inspection. However, the conventional resonant slit structure is difficult to manufacture due to the thin thickness of the slit, as well as the problem of increasing the change of the resonance frequency and the loss of reflection due to the thickness error of the slit. A resonant slit-type probe with a rounded matching structure was proposed to improve the coupling efficiency while improving the slit thickness problem in the Th region. The proposed probe can reduce the resonance frequency change according to the thickness error while maintaining the high coupling efficiency despite the increase of the slit thickness. It is possible to reduce the FWHM by more than 40% by using the proposed structure than the conventional resonant slit structure in the foreign object detection simulation using the slit probe. A probe with a resonant frequency of 205 GHz using the proposed structure was fabricated by electroforming and compared with VNA measurement results and CST MWS simulation results. From the measurement results, it was confirmed that the proposed probe has a simple structure and high coupling efficiency. Using the pulsed THz system, the transmission characteristics of the semiconductor chip according to the polarization direction were verified, and it was confirmed that the semiconductor inspection using the THz wave was possible. A continuous (CW) THz inspection system that can be applied to process inspection has been established. A THz transceiver module based on directional coupler and a THz transceiver module based on Magic-tee have been constructed. In addition, FPGA-based high-speed lock amplifiers have been built to improve detection rates for process inspections. Standard samples were used to verify the performance of the measurement system and probes. It was confirmed that the magic-based THz transceiver module is more suitable for defect detection. The probe structure fabricated using the proposed structure was able to detect defects of 100 ยตm, and the high - speed signal detection module was able to detect defects stably even at a sample moving speed of 1000 mm/s. In the semiconductor chip inspection, a lateral inspection method has been proposed because the conductivity of the semiconductor surface is high. The CST Microwave Studio simulation confirmed that side inspection enabled void detection. A lateral inspection system was constructed and a void of 500 ใŽ› in diameter in the multi-chip package was detected. In addition, a simple contrast-transformed image filter is applied to the detected image so that defects in the laminated structure can be easily discriminated. As a result, it is confirmed that THz wave system using the proposed probe is a new inspection tool for detecting voids of multi-chip package.|๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์นฉ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ๊ด‘์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์–‡์•„ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ๋‘๊ป˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์†์‹ค(Return loss)์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ์ •ํ•ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‘๊ป˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ด๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์Šฌ๋ฆฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ˜์น˜ํญ (FWHM)์„ 40% ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 205 GHz์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ๋„๊ธˆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, VNA ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ CST MWS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ„์Šคํ˜• ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์นฉ์˜ ํŽธ๊ด‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํˆฌ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ (Directional coupler) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ๋งค์ง ํ‹ฐ (Magic-tee) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FPGA ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณ ์† ๋ฝ์ธ์•ฐํ”„ (lock-in amplifier)๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋„์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ง ํ‹ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ํŠธ๋žœ์‹œ๋ฒ„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 100 ยตm์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ์† ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1000mm/s์˜ ๊ณ ์† ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์นฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋„์ „์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ˜• ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” Void ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์ธก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ(lateral) ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CST Microwave Studio ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋“œ (Void) ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ธต ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ 500 ใŽ›์˜ ๋ณด์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์˜์ƒ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์นญ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์˜์ƒ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋ณ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ…Œ๋ผํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ํŒŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ ์ธต ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ Void ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Outline 3 2. Background 5 2.1 Multi-chip package inspection technology and their Limit 5 2.1.1 Multi-chip package inspection using ultrasound 5 2.1.2 Multi-chip package inspection using infra-Red (IR) 6 2.1.3 Multi-chip package inspection using X-ray 8 2.2 THz inspection technology 9 2.2.1 Advantages of THz inspection technology 9 2.2.2 Issues in the THz inspection technology 12 2.2.3 THz technology for multi-chip package inspection 16 3. Resonant slit-type probe 19 3.1 Design of a resonant slit-type probe 19 3.1.1 Advantages of resonant slit-type probe 19 3.1.2 Theory of resonant slit-type probe 20 3.1.3 Resonant slit-type probe for THz wave 23 3.1.4 Matching structure of resonant slit-type probe 27 3.2 Resonant slit-type probe with rounded matching structure 27 3.2.1 Resonant slit-type probe with rounded matching structure 27 3.2.2 Fabrication of slit-type probe with rounded matching structure 34 3.2.3 Measurement of slit-type probe with rounded matching structure 37 4. Experimental setup 39 4.1 Components for CW THz imaging system 40 4.1.1 CW THz source 40 4.1.2 CW THz detector 41 4.1.3 FPGA based on fast lock-in amplifier 41 4.1.4 Fabrication of standard sample 48 4.2 CW THz Transceiver module for multi-chip package inspection 51 4.2.1 Design of THz transceiver module 51 4.2.2 Magic-tee based THz transceiver 56 4.2.3 Directional coupler based THz transceiver 56 5. Measurements and results 59 5.1 Verification of performance of THz imaging system 59 5.1.1 Measurement of spatial resolution of resonant slit-type probe with rounded matching structure 59 5.1.2 High-speed signal processing and image acquisition 60 5.2 Semiconductor chip inspection using pulsed THz wave 65 5.2.1 Inspection system using pulsed THz wave 65 5.2.2 Semiconductor chip inspection using pulsed THz wave 67 5.2.3 Transmission characteristics according to the polarization 72 5.3 Semiconductor chip inspection using CW THz wave 73 5.3.1 Semiconductor chip inspection using CW THz system based on directional Coupler 77 5.3.2 Semiconductor chip inspection using CW THz system based on magic-tee 80 5.3.3 Semiconductor chip inspection using CW THz wave 83 5.4 Multi-chip package inspection using CW THz wave 83 5.4.1 THz propagation in voids of multi-chip package in lateral inspection 83 5.4.2 Multi-chip package inspection using lateral inspection methode 85 5.4.3 Improvement of void image using image processing technique 89 5.4.4 Another application using slit-type probe (Food inspection) 93 6. Conclusion 99 Reference 103Docto
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