22 research outputs found

    νƒ„νƒˆλŸΌ 이온 μ£Όμž…μ„ ν†΅ν•œ 동λ§₯λ‚΄ 폴리-L-μ –μ‚° μŠ€ν…νŠΈμ˜ 생체적합성 평가

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2021.8. κΉ€κ°•λ―Ό.Objective Biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) with a highly biocompatible surface via tantalum (Ta) ion implantation can be an innovative solution for the problems associated with current biodegradable stents. The purpose of this study is to develop a Ta-implanted PLLA stent for clinical use and to investigate its biological performance capabilities. Methods The effectiveness of tantalum ion implantation on PLLA materials was evaluated by histological examinations, immunohistochemistry, and in vitro tests. The re-endothelialization ability and thrombogenicity were examined through in vitro endothelial cell and platelet adhesion tests. An in vivo swine model was used to evaluate the effects of Ta ion implantation on subacute restenosis and thrombosis. Nitinol self-expandable stents were also deployed for comparison. Angiographic and histologic evaluations were conducted at one, two and three months post-treatment. All parent artery diameters were measured to evaluate the effects of this parameter on the experimental results. Results The Ta-implanted PLLA stent was successfully fabricated, exhibiting a smooth surface morphology and modified layer integration. After Ta ion implantation, the surface properties were more favorable for rapid endothelialization and for less platelet attachment compared to the bare PLLA stent. In an in vivo animal test, follow-up angiography showed no evidence of in-stent stenosis in either group. In a microscopic histologic examination, luminal thrombus formation was significantly suppressed in the Ta-implanted PLLA stent group according to the two-month follow-up assessment (21.2% versus 63.9%, p=0.005). A large parent artery diameter was related to less thrombogenicity (p=0.015 at two months) and neointimal hyperplasia (p=0.020 at one month). However, less thrombogenicity at two months appeared to be more related to Ta ion implantation (p=0.066) than a large parent artery diameter (p=0.204). The Nitinol self-expandable stent was superior in terms of neointimal hyperplasia, inflammation and thrombogenicity compared to the PLLA stent groups. Conclusion The Ta-implant PLLA stents appear to be advantageous in terms of re-endothelialization and anti-thrombogenicity compared to the bare PLLA stents.λͺ©μ  νƒ„νƒˆλŸΌ(Ta) 이온 μ£Όμž…μ„ 톡해 생체 적합성이 높은 ν‘œλ©΄μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 된 생뢄해성 폴리-L-μ –μ‚°(PLLA)은 ν˜„μž¬ 생뢄해성 μŠ€ν…νŠΈκ°€ 가진 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ ν•΄κ²° λ°©μ•ˆμ΄ 될 수 μžˆλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μž„μƒμš© Ta-μ£Όμž… PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  생물학적 μ„±λŠ₯을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 방법 PLLA μž¬λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ Ta 이온 μ£Όμž…μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό 쑰직학적 검사, 면역쑰직화학 및 체외 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ„ 톡해 ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 체외 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ 내피세포 및 ν˜ˆμ†ŒνŒ μ ‘μ°© ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό 톡해 μž¬λ‚΄ν”Όν™” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό ν˜ˆμ „ν˜•μ„±λ„λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 체내 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ Ta 이온 μ£Όμž…μ΄ μ•„κΈ‰μ„± μž¬ν˜‘μ°© 및 ν˜ˆμ „ν˜•μ„±μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 ν‰κ°€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 돼지 λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 비ꡐλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ Nitinol 자체 ν™•μž₯ν˜• μŠ€ν…νŠΈλ„ μ‚½μž…λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν˜ˆκ΄€ 쑰영술 및 쑰직학적 ν‰κ°€λŠ” μ‹œμˆ  ν›„ 1, 2, 3κ°œμ›”μ—μ„œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€. μ‹€ν—˜ 결과에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 ν‰κ°€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨λ“  λͺ¨λ™λ§₯의 크기가 μΈ‘μ •λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό Ta-μ£Όμž… PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈκ°€ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μ œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μŠ€ν…νŠΈμ˜ λ§€λ„λŸ¬μš΄ ν‘œλ©΄ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ Taμ£Όμž…μ„ 톡해 μˆ˜μ •λœ 측이 잘 κ²°ν•©λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Ta 이온 μ£Όμž… ν›„, μŠ€ν…νŠΈμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄ νŠΉμ„±μ€ 생 PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈμ— λΉ„ν•΄ λΉ λ₯Έ λ‚΄ν”Όν™” 및 ν˜ˆμ†ŒνŒμ΄ 덜 λΆ€μ°©ν•˜λŠ” μ„±μ§ˆμ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 체내 동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ, 좔적 ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ‘°μ˜μˆ μ€ 두 κ·Έλ£Ή λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ μŠ€ν…νŠΈλ‚΄ ν˜‘μ°©μ˜ 증거λ₯Ό 보여주지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. μŠ€ν…νŠΈ μ‚½μž… 두 달 ν›„ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ 쑰직학적 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ Ta-μ£Όμž… PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈ κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ ν˜ˆκ΄€λ‚΄ ν˜ˆμ „ ν˜•μ„±μ΄ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΅μ œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€(21.2% λŒ€ 63.9% p=0.005). 큰 λͺ¨λ™λ§₯ 직경은 ν˜ˆμ „ ν˜•μ„± μ–΅μ œ (p=0.015, 2κ°œμ›” 좔적 κ΄€μ°°) 및 신내막증식 μ–΅μ œ (p=0.020, 1κ°œμ›” 좔적 κ΄€μ°°)와 연관이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 2κ°œμ›”μ§Έ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ ν˜ˆμ „ ν˜•μ„± μ–΅μ œλŠ” 큰 λͺ¨λ™λ§₯ 직경 (p=0.204)보닀 Ta 이온 μ£Όμž… (p=0.066)κ³Ό 더 관련이 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. Nitinol 자체 ν™•μž₯ν˜• μŠ€ν…νŠΈλŠ” PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈ 그룹에 λΉ„ν•΄ 신생내막 증식, 염증 및 ν˜ˆμ „ ν˜•μ„± μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μš°μˆ˜ν–ˆλ‹€. κ²°λ‘  Ta-μ£Όμž… PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈλŠ” 생 PLLA μŠ€ν…νŠΈμ— λΉ„ν•΄ μž¬λ‚΄ν”Όν™” 및 ν•­ν˜ˆμ „λŠ₯λ ₯ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀.제 1 μž₯ Introduction 1 제 2 μž₯ Materials and methods 3 제 1 절 Stent preparation 3 제 2 절 In vitro test 4 제 3 절 In vivo test 7 제 3 μž₯ Results 10 제 1 절 Surface characterization 10 제 2 절 In vitro test 11 제 3 절 In vivo test 13 제 4 μž₯ Discussion 16 제 5 μž₯ Conclusion 24 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 26 초둝 32 Table λͺ©μ°¨ [Table 1] 34 [Table 2] 35 Figure λͺ©μ°¨ [Figure 1] 36 [Figure 2] 37 [Figure 3] 38 [Figure 4] 39 [Figure 5] 40 [Figure 6] 41 [Figure 7] 43 [Figure 8] 44 [Figure 9] 45 [Figure 10] 46 [Figure 11] 47 [Figure 12] 49 [Figure 13] 51 [Figure 14] 53 [Figure 15] 54 [Figure 16] 55 [Figure 17] 58 [Figure 18] 60 [Figure 19] 62 [Figure 20] 64 [Figure 21] 65 [Figure 22] 66 [Figure 23] 67λ°•

    Design and Implementation of SPAM Filtering System Using User Action and Incremental Machine Learning

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    With rapidly developing Internet applications, an e-mail has been considered as one of the most popular methods for exchanging information because of easy usage and low cost. The e-mail, however, has a serious problem that users can receive a lot of unwanted e-mails, what we called, SPAM mails, and then the user's mailbox can be grown exponentially. The users need for spending time to pick out the SPAM mails and give a great loss economically. To alleviate the problem, many researchers and companies proposed some filtering technologies. On the other hand, in e-mail client systems, users do different actions according to usefulness of information on mails, and some classification and recommendation systems like GroupLens use the actions to improve the performance. This paper presents a mail filtering system using user actions and incremental machine learning. E-mail data and user actions are collected through some user interface implemented in CGI/Perl. Our proposed system makes use of two models: One is anaction inference model to draw a user action from an e-mail and the other is a mail classification model to decide if an e-mail is SPAM or not. All the two models are derived using incremental learning, of which an algorithm is IB2 of TiMBL. To evaluate our proposed system, we collect 10,000 mails of 12 persons from Hanmail (www.hanmail.net), which is one of the most popular e-mail service providers in Korea. The accuracy is 81 ~ 93% according to each person. Our proposed system outperforms a system that does not use any information about user actions. Consequently, we have shown that information about user actions is useful for e-mail filteringAbstract = β…΄ 제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  = 1 제 2 μž₯ κ΄€λ ¨ 연ꡬ = 3 2.1 μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ 차단을 μœ„ν•œ 기술적 λŒ€μ‘ 방법 = 3 2.1.1 νŽΈμ§€ μ£Όμ†Œ μˆ˜μ§‘ 차단 기술 = 3 2.1.2 λŒ€λŸ‰ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ λ°œμ†‘ λŒ€μ‘ 기술 = 4 2.1.3 μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ λ°œμ†‘μž 신원 확인 기술 = 5 2.1.4 μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό 기술 = 6 2.2 κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό = 7 2.2.1 λ² μ΄μ§€μ•ˆ λΆ„λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό = 8 2.2.2 지지벑터λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό = 9 2.2.3 μ‚¬λ‘€κΈ°λ°˜ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό = 10 2.3 λ¬΅μ‹œμ  ν”Όλ“œλ°± = 12 2.4 νŽΈμ§€ ν•™μŠ΅ λ§λ­‰μΉ˜ = 14 제 3 μž₯ μ‚¬μš©μž 행동과 점진적 κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 섀계 및 κ΅¬ν˜„ = 16 3.1 ν•™μŠ΅ λ§λ­‰μΉ˜ ꡬ좕 κ³Όμ • = 17 3.1.1 μ „μ²˜λ¦¬ κ³Όμ • = 17 3.1.2 사전 생성 = 19 3.1.3 μ‚¬μš©μž μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 행동 정보 μˆ˜μ§‘ = 20 3.2 ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ • = 22 3.2.1 λͺ¨λΈ ꡬ좕을 μœ„ν•œ 자질 μΆ”μΆœ = 22 3.2.2 ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ λͺ¨λΈ 생성 = 23 3.3 λΆ„λ₯˜ κ³Όμ • = 26 제 4 μž₯ μ‹€ν—˜ 및 평가 = 27 4.1 μ‹€ν—˜ λ§λ­‰μΉ˜ = 27 4.2 μ„±λŠ₯ 평가 방법 = 28 4.3 λΆ„λ₯˜ 정확도 평가와 뢄석 = 29 4.3.1 ν•™μŠ΅ 데이터 양에 λ”°λ₯Έ λΆ„λ₯˜ 정확도 = 29 4.3.2 μ‚¬μš©μžλ³„ λΆ„λ₯˜ κ²°κ³Ό 차이 뢄석 = 30 4.3.3 졜적의 λΆ„λ₯˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅ 데이터 μ–‘ = 31 4.4 λΆ„λ₯˜μ˜ 증거둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 행동 νŒ¨ν„΄ 뢄석 = 32 4.5 μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Όμž‘μ—…μ—μ„œ 행동 μ •λ³΄μ˜ μœ μš©μ„± μ—¬λΆ€ 평가 = 33 4.6 κΈ°μ‘΄ μ“°λ ˆκΈ° νŽΈμ§€ μ—¬κ³Ό μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Όμ˜ 비ꡐ = 34 제 5 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  및 ν–₯ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬κ³Όμ œ = 36 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ = 3

    Analysis of Ocean Discharges of Municipal Water and its Near-Field Mixing Characteristics

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    Analysis of Ocean Discharges of Municipal Water and its Near-Field Mixing Characteristics Due to the growth of population and industrial development at the coastal cities, there have been much increase in necessity to effective disposal of the wastewater. The amount of municipal water has been increased rapidly and it is necessary to treat and dispose the wastewater effectively. The recent trend, in terms of disposal of it, is discharge through diffusers into the ocean, either at the coastline or at the deep water, or between these two. For this end, we need to predict near-field characteristics of discharged water. We adopted CORMIX model for the analysis of the near-field behavior of discharged water and made certain comparison with the existing experimental results. We found the early dilution is important, especially for the numerical simulation by a depth averaged hydrodynamic model of diffusion mechanism at the existing flow field. We also applied it to the Pusan Jungang Effluent Outfall System, which is planned to be in the Gamchun harbour and will be completed in 2011. The model output showed the trajectoral variation of dilution and mixing behavior for three cases of outfall system. Dilution differences have been simulated and found the highest dilution condition under the different displacement of outfall system. On the basis of these outputs it will be proposed the optimum outfall system type and location. Through the case study, dilution is dependent on the discharge depth, the ambient velocity and total flow rate. This approach might contribute to deal with serious water quality problems caused by the ocean discharge

    A Study on Correlation Analysis of Environmental Factors and Prediction of Topographic Change in the Estuary of Nakdong River

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    It is very important to understand the mechanism of estuary topographic change for setting up estuary management and treatment methods. In this study, the effects from the land side such as rainfall, river discharge, sediment discharge and the sea side such as tide, tidal current, wave, bottom material(surface sediments) related to the topographic changes of the Nakdong river estuary were investigated and analyzed. Based on the analyzed data, hydrodynamic modeling, topographic modeling, and wave induced current modeling were performed to understand the variation patterns from past to present. As the results of the topographic changes on the Nakdong river estuary, the deltas of the group of alluvial island such as Sinhodo, Myeonghodo, and Eulsukdo formed before 1916 year, were formed by sediment discharge at a location where a slow current velocity occurred in the middle of the river. Jinudo, Daemadeung, and Maenggeummeorideung in front of these are called the first sandbar group. Jangjado and Baekhapdeung the second sandbar group. Sinjado and Doyodeung the third sandbar group. Especially, the construction of river estuary barrage has affected the sediment environment caused the change of sediment supply and transport in the river estuary. In other words, It is considered that the construction of the river estuary barrage has not only slowed the deposition of sediments by slowing down the sediment supply but also accelerated the topographic changes due to the hydraulic effects such as wave and tide. The average annual discharge through the river estuary barrage for the last 13years is 19,274.56Γ—106γŽ₯. According to the discharge, the annual average suspended load is 3,153,995γŽ₯/yr, and the bed load 30,410γŽ₯/yr, which is 1.0% of the suspended load. The sandy contents of surface sediments has been increasing since the construction of river estuary barrage. These results indicate that river sediments were discharged to the offshore on the flood time and the muddy sediments of offshore were moved and sorted by tidal current on ordinary time before construction of the estuary barrage. In addition, it is considered that the sandy sediments moved in front of the sandbar group, the muddy sediments moved to the offshore by tidal current. The mixing branch point before the construction of the river estuary barrage was the front of the Daemadeung, but it was found that the effects of fresh water appears up to the Sinjado and Baekhapdeung. The seawater circulation is governed by the behavior of the river discharge rather than by tidal current. It was confirmed that the flow moved repeatedly upward and downward along the main waterway without being completely mixed, because the freshwater and seawater were stratified. From the analysis of the wave observations of the wave buoys in Geojedo from 2008 to 2017, the ENE series of winter has the highest rate of occurrence by 2008 and 2009, the SW series of summer has the highest rate from 2010 to 2017. This result seems to be related to recent seawater temperature rise. It suggests that the trend of hydraulic impact on the estuaries due to the wave will increase according to recent research results. As the results of analysis of environmental factors correlation related to topographic changes in the river estuary, the river discharge and sediment discharge are directly proportional to the change of sandbar area. The results of surface sediment analysis shows that the high content of sand is distributed at the region far away from the estuary mouth. It seems that high resistance to the external force due to the instantaneous discharge through river estuary barrage and increase of incident wave height due to the gradual increase of the mean sea level and extreme highest tide level. As per the tidal current observations, the currents is also controlled by the river discharge and wave of the external environmental factors. The ebb time is more prevalent than the flood time, and the overall change of current is shown by the discharge through the river estuary barrage. These results are considered to be dominant in the topographic change of the rear side of the sandbar. As the result of the analysis of wave for the last 10 years, the ENE series in winter has the highest occurrence rate in 2008 and 2009, but the SW series in summer has the highest occurrence rate from 2010 to 2017. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the summer S series wave. The change of currents after construction of river estuary barrage was analyzed for the pre-post construction of Busan new port. Simulation results show that the current velocity decreases widely nearby the sea side of the Sinjado, Jangjado, Baekhapdeung, and Doyodeung and increases nearby the waterway Sinjado, Janjado, and Dadeadeung. As per the results of the topographic change, the river estuary showed a general deposition dominant phenomenon. These results are influenced by the decrease of the current velocity in ordinary time without the influence of the wave, sediment discharge due to summer river rainfall, the appearance of the Doyodeung, and the wave from offshore in summer and winter rough time. As the result, it is expected that new sandbar will appear on the offshore, and deposition will be strengthened in the tideland near Jinudo and Sinjado, and in Dadaepo and its north side coast. It is also inferred that there will be development in the east-west direction of Jinudo and Sinjado, and littoral movement to the waterway and Dadeapo beach. It is considered that the topographic development of the south side and the east-west side of on the barrier island will be continued. Generally, the contribution analysis shows that i) the increase in current velocity at the narrow waterway was greater than the decrease at the tideland; ii) river discharge was greater at the main waterway than at both the tideland and the front waters of the barrier islands; and iii) the wave impact was the largest in the winter with higher contribution to the erosion. Compared with deposition dominance, which is the result of the topographic change prediction, the impact of each external force condition gives larger erosion, but the combined impact of each external force condition shows deposition dominant. Therefore, the topographic changes of the Nakdong river estuary are considered to be the result of various complex external factors. Since the impact of each external force condition shows a different contribution to each area, above results should be considered when establishing the estuary management plan, but it must be understood as the result of complex interaction.ABSTRACT β…° LIST OF TABLES β…· LIST OF FIGURES β…Ή 1. μ„œλ‘  1 1.1 연ꡬ λ°°κ²½ 1 1.2 κΈ°μ‘΄ 연ꡬ 3 1.2.1 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ 건섀 이전 4 1.2.2 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ 건섀 이후 4 1.3 연ꡬ λͺ©μ  및 방법 6 2. 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅¬ 사주 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 7 2.1 사주와 간석지 8 2.1.1 간석지 10 2.1.2 사주 10 2.2 μ‚¬μ£Όμ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ  λ³€μ²œ 11 2.2.1 2000λ…„ 이전 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 11 2.2.2 2000λ…„ 이후 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 26 2.3 사주 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 좔이 뢄석 34 2.3.1 사주 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 뢄석 34 2.3.2 사주별 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 좔이 뢄석 34 3. 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅¬ ν™˜κ²½μΈμž 상관관계 뢄석 41 3.1 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ λ°©λ₯˜λŸ‰ 40 3.1.1 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ 40 3.1.2 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ λ°©λ₯˜ νŒ¨ν„΄ 45 3.1.3 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ μ£Όλ³€ κ°•μˆ˜λŸ‰ 45 3.1.4 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ λ°©λ₯˜λŸ‰ 49 3.2 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅Ώλ‘‘ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰ 66 3.2.1 연ꡬ 방법 66 3.2.2 κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 70 3.3 ν•΄μ €μ§ˆ(ν‘œμΈ΅ 퇴적물) 74 3.3.1 연ꡬ 방법 74 3.3.2 κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 85 3.3.3 기쑴연ꡬ 뢄석 88 3.4 쑰석 및 μ‘°λ₯˜ 93 3.4.1 쑰석 93 3.4.2 μ‘°λ₯˜ 96 3.5 νŒŒλž‘ 131 3.5.1 νŒŒλž‘νŠΉμ„± 131 3.5.2 기쑴연ꡬ 뢄석 133 3.6 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 139 4. 낙동강 ν•˜κ΅¬ μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 예츑 및 μ™Έλ ₯쑰건에 λ”°λ₯Έ 기여도 뢄석 141 4.1 기쑴연ꡬ 뢄석 142 4.2 예츑 λͺ¨λΈμ˜ κ°œμš” 및 ꡬ성 143 4.2.1 적용λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ κ°œμš” 143 4.2.2 λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ ꡬ성 171 4.2.3 적용 λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 검증 183 4.3 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 188 4.3.1 ν•΄μˆ˜μœ λ™ 188 4.3.2 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 191 4.3.3 ν•΄λΉˆλ₯˜ 200 4.4 μ™Έλ ₯쑰건의 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 기여도 뢄석 226 4.4.1 쑰석 226 4.4.2 ν•˜μ²œ μœ μΆœλŸ‰ 226 4.4.3 νŒŒλž‘ 227 4.4.4 κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 227 5. κ²°λ‘  및 μ œμ–Έ 233 5.1 κ²°λ‘  233 5.1.1 ν™˜κ²½μΈμž 쑰사 및 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 233 5.1.2 ν™˜κ²½μΈμž 상관관계 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 235 5.1.3 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Ό 236 5.1.4 μ™Έλ ₯쑰건의 μ§€ν˜•λ³€ν™” 기여도 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 237 5.2 μ œμ–Έ 239 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 240Docto

    Revisiting the Art of Pen Varlen (1916-1990): The Migrant Identity of a Korean-Soviet Artist

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    This thesis examines Pen Varlen (1916-1990), a migrant artist who sought his place in Soviet mainstream culture. Pen was a Korean-Soviet painter during the 1940s to the 1980s at the Ilya Repin Leningrad Institute for Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (Leningrad Academy of Fine Arts). His works were inspired by his migration and the multi-layered identity formed by the experience. Moreover, he served as a communication channel between Soviet authorities and North Korea to gain a foothold in Soviet society. He also pursued cosmopolitanism, which suited Soviet ideology and its contemporary political aims. Previous scholarship on Pen is mostly focused on his Korean identity, thereby neglecting the assimilative efforts made by the artist. While this thesis acknowledges that Pen retained his Korean identity to a certain degree, it attempts to depart from the conventional interpretations of his works which associate the artist’s entire oeuvre solely with his Korean heritage and nostalgia. Born in a Korean village in the Primorsky region of Russia, Pen studied in Sverdlovsk, and later in Leningrad for higher education in art. Coincidentally, this migration prevented him from being deported to Central Asia along with other Koreans from his hometown in 1937. He continued his studies at the Leningrad Academy of Fine Arts and became an associate professor there. In 1953, when the Korean peninsula was just recovering from the aftermath of the Korean War (June 25, 1950 - July 27, 1953), Pen was dispatched to Pyeongyang as an adviser to the nascent Pyeongyang Institute of Fine Arts. However, after his brief return to Leningrad in 1954, Pen was blocked by the North Korean authorities from revisiting the country. His refusal to become naturalized as a North Korean citizen, along with the purge of Soviet-aligned personnel in North Korea, had worked against him. He developed a complex and multi-layered migrant identity through repeated contact with and estrangement from Korean society. The discrepancy between his ethnicity (Korean) and legal citizenship (Soviet) left Pen in a position tangential to both cultures. To survive in the central stage of the Soviet art world, he assumed the role of a β€˜model minority’ citizen by maintaining his Korean identity while pledging allegiance to the Soviet ideology. His frequent depiction of North Korean subjects, as well as his use of Korean inscriptions, can be seen as a survival strategy. He also painted a large portrait of a Korean-Soviet β€˜Socialist Labor Hero’ Alexandra Han to praise the virtue of model minorities and assert his position in the Soviet Union. That Pen used his cultural background to meet the expectations of Soviet viewers is also evident from his etchings in the 1970s, peppered with β€˜Oriental’ elements. Pen created numerous works of a β€˜cosmopolitan’ nature, such as People of Our Time (1969-1973), the Pushkin Festival series (1975), and images of black people. Simultaneously, with the advent of the high dΓ©tente (1970-1975), the Soviet Union sought to expand its influence in the developing world. This shift in international affairs coincided with Pen’s personal desire to find a place for himself in the world. If his host culture encompassed the world, he could consider himself a global citizen, instead of an outsider. Two major trends stand out in Pen’s works from the 1980s: first, works that feature masterpieces of the Western art tradition or scenes from his trip to Western countries; second, artworks reminiscent of his hometown in Primorsky or North Korea. The former show that the alleviation of political tension in Soviet society let him focus more on his artistic creation than on propagating state ideology. This shift in the social milieu can be held accountable for the Korean-related works in the mid-1980s. Until then, he had kept the use of his Korean-ness in artworks limited. Thus, along with the development of a cosmopolitan attitude during the 1970s and the heightened sense of security following his promotion to full professor, the changed circumstances of the 1980s helped Pen create art that displayed his Korean identity to a level hitherto unseen.변월룑(Pen Varlen, 1916-1990)은 ν•œκ΅­κ³„ μ†Œλ ¨μΈ ν™”κ°€λ‘œ, 1940-80λ…„λŒ€μ— λ ˆλ‹Œκ·ΈλΌλ“œ λ―Έμˆ μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ―Έμ—μ„œ μˆ˜ν•™ν•˜κ³  ν™œλ™ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³€μ›”λ£‘μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ„Έκ³„λŠ” 이주둜 인해 λ‹€λ©΄ν™”λœ 그의 정체성과 μ†Œλ ¨μ—μ„œμ˜ 삢을 κ°œμ²™ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 그의 μ „λž΅μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” λ ˆλ‹Œκ·ΈλΌλ“œμ—μ„œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μž…μ§€λ₯Ό ν™•λ³΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œμΈ μ‚¬νšŒμ™€ μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 가ꡐ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 이데올둜기 및 λ™μ‹œλŒ€ 정책에 λΆ€ν•©ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ‹œλ―Όμ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κΈ°μ‘΄ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 변월룑이 ν•œμΈμ΄λΌλŠ” 점이 κ°•μ‘°λœ 데 λΉ„ν•΄ μ†Œλ ¨μ— λ™ν™”λ˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 그의 λ…Έλ ₯은 상당 λΆ€λΆ„ κ°„κ³Όλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•„μžλŠ” λ³€μ›”λ£‘μ—κ²Œ ν•œμΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μžμ˜μ‹μ΄ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŒμ„ μΈμ •ν•˜λ˜, 그의 μž‘ν’ˆμ„Έκ³„ 전체λ₯Ό 고ꡭ에 λŒ€ν•œ ν–₯μˆ˜μ™€ κ²°λΆ€μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κΈ°μ‘΄ ν•΄μ„μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 변월룑은 μ—°ν•΄μ£Ό ν•œμΈ λ§ˆμ„μ—μ„œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μœΌλ‚˜ 1937λ…„ κ°•μ œμ΄μ£Ό λŒ€μ‹  μœ ν•™κΈΈμ— 올랐으며, λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ λŒ€λ„μ‹œμ—μ„œ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘μ„ 마치고 μ†Œλ ¨ μ—˜λ¦¬νŠΈ μ‚¬νšŒμ— μ§„μž…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” 학업을 μ§€μ†ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨κ΅μΈ λ ˆλ‹Œκ·ΈλΌλ“œ λ―Έμˆ μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ―Έμ—μ„œ ꡐ수둜 ν™œλ™ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 변월룑은 1953λ…„ μ „ν›„ λΆν•œ λ―Έμˆ κ³„μ˜ 재건 및 μ†Œλ ¨ 미술 μ œλ„μ˜ μ „μˆ˜λ₯Ό λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‰μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ νŒŒκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1954λ…„ μ†Œλ ¨μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜¨ 이후 변월룑은 β€˜λ―Όμ‘±μ˜ λ°°μ‹ μžβ€™λ‘œ λ‚™μΈμ°ν˜€ 두 번 λ‹€μ‹œ λΆν•œ 땅을 λ°Ÿμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” μ€‘μ•™μ•„μ‹œμ•„ κ°•μ œ 이주λ₯Ό 직접 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ν•œμΈ μ‚¬νšŒμ™€μ˜ 접촉과 뢄리λ₯Ό κ±°λ“­ν•˜λ©° 그의 정체성은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 성격을 띠게 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 변월룑은 λ―Όμ‘±κ³Ό ꡭ적의 뢈일치둜 인해 ν•œμΈ 집단과 λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μΈ 집단 μ–‘μͺ½μ—μ„œ 주변적 μœ„μΉ˜μ— 놓여 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·Έκ°€ μ†Œλ ¨ 쀑심뢀에 자리 작고 ν™œλ™ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ „λž΅μ„ λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆλ‹€. 변월룑은 μš°μ„  ν•œμΈ 정체성을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ κ΅­κ°€ μ΄λ°μ˜¬λ‘œκΈ°μ— μΆ©μ„±ν•˜λŠ” β€˜λͺ¨λΈ λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬ν‹°(model minority)’ μ‹œλ―Όμ˜ 역할을 μžμ²˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ μΌν™˜μœΌλ‘œ 변월룑은 (1958), (1960)κ³Ό 같이 λΆν•œ ν…Œλ§ˆμ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ„ μ œμž‘ν•˜κ³  ν•œκΈ€ ν…μŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ, 사할린 ν•œμΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ β€˜μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜ 노동 μ˜μ›…β€™ 칭호λ₯Ό 받은 ν•œμŠˆλΌμ˜ λŒ€ν˜• μ΄ˆμƒν™”λ₯Ό 그림으둜써 μ†Œλ ¨ λ‚΄ λͺ¨λΈ λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬ν‹°μ˜ 긍정적 역할을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 밖에 변월룑이 μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ κΈ°λŒ€μ— λΆ€μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ 민쑱적 배경을 ν™œμš©ν•œ μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œλŠ” 동양화적 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ°¨μš©ν•œ 1970λ…„λŒ€μ˜ νŒν™”λ“€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. 1970λ…„λŒ€λŠ” κ΅­μ œμ •μ„Έμ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ³€μ›”λ£‘μ˜ 개인적 관심사와 맞물렀 μ„Έκ³„μ‹œλ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ  μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ΄ μ œμž‘λœ μ‹œκΈ°μ΄λ‹€. 1970-75λ…„κ°„ μ ˆμ •μ„ 이룬 λ―Έμ†Œ λ°νƒ•νŠΈ μ‹œκΈ°, μ†Œλ ¨μ€ β€˜ν‰ν™”λ‘œμš΄ κ³΅μ‘΄β€™μ˜ μŠ¬λ‘œκ±΄μ„ λ‚΄κ±Έκ³  제3μ„Έκ³„λ‘œμ˜ μ„Έλ ₯ꢌ ν™•μž₯을 μ‹œλ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. (1969-1973)μ—λŠ” λ ˆλ‹Œ μ‹œκΈ°μ— κ΅¬μΆ•λœ ꡭ제주의적 이상과 λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ λ¬Έν™”κ°€ 세계λ₯Ό ν¬μ„­ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 70λ…„λŒ€ μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 야망이 κ²°ν•©λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νƒœλ„λŠ” λ³€μ›”λ£‘μ˜ μž…μž₯μ—μ„œλ„ μ˜Ήν˜Έν•  λ§Œν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 변월룑이 κ±°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ˜ λ¬Έν™”κ°€ 세계 κ°μ§€μ˜ 민쑱듀을 μ•„μš°λ₯Έλ‹€λ©΄ κ·Έ μžμ‹ λ„ λ¬΄μ†Œμ†μ˜ λ– λŒμ΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ β€˜μ„Έκ³„ μ‹œλ―Όβ€™μ΄ 될 수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 변월룑이 μ œμž‘ν•œ 흑인 μ΄λ―Έμ§€μ—μ„œλ„ μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  μš”κ΅¬μ™€ μ„Έκ³„μ‹œλ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ  λ°œμƒμ˜ 결합이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚œλ‹€. λ³€μ›”λ£‘μ˜ 1980λ…„λŒ€ μž‘ν’ˆμ—μ„œλŠ” 크게 두 가지 κ²½ν–₯이 λˆˆμ— λˆλ‹€. μ²«μ§ΈλŠ” ν•΄μ™Έμ—¬ν–‰μ—μ„œ μ˜κ°μ„ λ°›κ±°λ‚˜ μ„œμ–‘λ―Έμˆ  μ „ν†΅κ³Όμ˜ 접점을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” μž‘ν’ˆλ“€, λ‘˜μ§ΈλŠ” 20μ—¬ λ…„ λ§Œμ— μž¬λΆ€μƒν•œ λΆν•œ ν…Œλ§ˆ 및 (1985)이닀. 1980λ…„λŒ€μ˜ ν•΄μ™Έμ—¬ν–‰ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ€ λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  λΆ„μœ„κΈ°κ°€ 완화됨에 따라 변월룑도 ν”„λ‘œνŒŒκ°„λ‹€λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 예술 μ°½μž‘μ— λͺ°λ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ„ 보여쀀닀. ν•œνŽΈ, 변월룑은 1980λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜μ— 이λ₯΄λŸ¬ μœ λ…„κΈ° 및 λΆν•œ λ°©λ¬ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό νšŒμƒν•˜λŠ” μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ λ‹€μˆ˜ μ œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄μ „κΉŒμ§€ κ·ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ ν•œμΈ 정체성을 μ œν•œμ μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ λ“œλŸ¬λƒˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1980λ…„λŒ€μ—λŠ” μ™„ν™”λœ μ‚¬νšŒμ  λΆ„μœ„κΈ°, μ„Έκ³„μ‹œλ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ  νƒœλ„, 아카데미 μ •κ΅μˆ˜λΌλŠ” 그의 μ§€μœ„ 등이 맞물렀 변월룑은 ν•œμΈ 정체성이 λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€λŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ„ μ œμž‘ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 β…‘. λͺ¨λΈ λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬ν‹°μ˜ λ¬Έν™”λ²ˆμ—­ 12 1. λΆν•œκ³Όμ˜ μ—°κ²° ν†΅λ‘œ 12 2. λͺ¨λΈ λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬ν‹°μ˜ μ΄ˆμƒ: ν•œμŠˆλΌ 24 3. ν•œμΈ 정체성 및 동양적 λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„μ˜ ν™œμš© 31 β…’. μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 인쒅, λ―Όμ‘± ν”„λ‘œνŒŒκ°„λ‹€μ™€ μ„Έκ³„μ‹œλ―Όμ£Όμ˜ 38 1. μ„Έκ³„μ‹œλ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ˜ 이상 38 2. 흑인 μ΄ˆμƒν™” 41 3. ν‘ΈμŠˆν‚¨ μΆ•μ œ 53 β…₯. 1980λ…„λŒ€μ˜ λ³€ν™” 59 1. ν•΄μ™Έμ—¬ν–‰κ³Ό μ„œμ–‘λ―Έμˆ  μ „ν†΅μ˜ ν™œμš© 59 2. μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ λΆν•œ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€ 67 β…€. κ²°λ‘  74 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 77 λ„νŒ λͺ©λ‘ 84 λ„νŒ 91 Abstract 116석

    (A)New control method of distributed generation using active droop control in islanded system

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) --μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ „κΈ°. 컴퓨터곡학뢀, 2009.2.Maste

    μ²™μˆ˜ 해변상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ˜ 보쑴적 치료

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2012. 2. κΉ€ν˜„μ§‘.Introduction There have been many reports about surgical results of spinal cord cavernous angiomas. But it is not well known the natural history of disease when it was conservatively treated. So we analyzed the result of conservative management of spinal cord cavernous angiomas to provide proper treatment strategy. Materials and Methods The patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital for 11 years (2000 – 2010) were investigated. Spinal cord cavernous angiomas were diagnosed by spine MRI. Twenty-four patients treated conservatively were enrolled in this study. Medical records and radiological images were reviewed retrospectively. Neurologic status of patients was classified by McCormick grade and clinical presentation of patients was classified into 4 categories (Type A, B, C, D). Each type A, B, C and D represented asymptomatic, pain only, sensory symptom and motor symptom, respectively. Results Mean age of enrolled patients was 51.1 years old (21 – 68). Numbers of male and female patients were 13 and 11, respectively. Clinical follow-up duration was 52.4 months (6 – 99) and MRI follow-up duration was 32.6 months (3 - 90). Level of spinal cord cavernous angiomas was cervical level in 12 patients, thoracic level in 2 and multiple spine level in 2. Except only one intradural-extramedullary location, all other cavernous angiomas are intramedullary type. Multiple cavernous angiomas were found in 5 patients (20.8%). Among them, 2 patients had family history of cavernous angioma. Nineteen patients (79%) were McCormick grade I, 4 patients (17%) were grade II and one patient (4%) was grade IV. Type A, B, C and D included 5, 5, 7 and 7 patients, respectively. Annual recurrent hemorrhage rate was 1% in this study. Except one patient who was clinically suspected of recurrent hemorrhage, there were no patients who presented with newly-developed neurologic deficits by spinal cord cavernous angiomas during follow-up period. Conclusion In conservatively managed group, recurrent hemorrhage was rare (1%) and clinical outcome was acceptable. Conservative management can be a reasonable treatment strategy, if spinal cord cavernous angiomas are presented with type A, B, C or type D with McCormick grade I or II.μ„œλ‘ : μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ λ§Žμ€ μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ˜ 수술적 치료 결과에 λŒ€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ„ 보쑴적으둜 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ μžμ—°κ²½κ³ΌλŠ” 잘 μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μƒνƒœμ΄λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ˜ 보쑴적 치료 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μžμ—°κ²½κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 치료 κ³„νš μˆ˜λ¦½μ— 도움을 주고자 ν•œλ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬μž¬λ£Œ 및 방법: μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λ³‘μ›κ³Ό λΆ„λ‹Ήμ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 2000λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2011λ…„κΉŒμ§€, 총 11λ…„κ°„ μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’… 진단을 받은 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ€ MRI둜 확진 λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° 보쑴적 치료λ₯Ό 받은 24λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ 이번 연ꡬ에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 의무기둝 및 방사선 μ˜μƒμ„ ν›„ν–₯적으둜 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 신경학적 μƒνƒœλŠ” McCormick grade에 따라 λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜μ˜€κ³  μž„μƒ 양상은 4가지 λ²”μ£Όλ‘œ (type A, B, C, D) λΆ„λ₯˜ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 각각의 type A, B, C, DλŠ” 무증상, ν†΅μ¦λ§Œ μžˆλŠ” 경우, 감각 μ¦μƒλ§Œ μžˆλŠ” 경우 μš΄λ™μ¦μƒλ§Œ μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό: ν™˜μžμ˜ 평균 연령은 51.1μ„Έ (21-68μ„Έ)μ˜€κ³ , 남:μ—¬μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μ€ 13:11 μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. μž„μƒμ  좔적 κ΄€μ°° 기간은 평균 52.4κ°œμ›” (6-99κ°œμ›”)μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©° MRI 좔적 κ΄€μ°° 기간은 평균 32.6κ°œμ›” (3-90κ°œμ›”)μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λŠ” κ²½μΆ”λΆ€ 12λͺ…, 흉좔뢀 2λͺ…, λ‹€λ°œμ„±(κ²½μΆ”, 흉좔, μš”μΆ”λΆ€) 2λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ€ κ²½λ§‰λ‚΄μˆ˜μ§ˆμ™Έμ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ ν•œ λͺ…을 μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λͺ¨λ‘ μˆ˜μ§ˆλ‚΄μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•΄ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ°œμ„± 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ΄ 5λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 발견이 λ˜μ—ˆκ³  (20.8%), 그쀑 2λͺ…μ—μ„œ κ°€μ‘±λ ₯이 ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 19λͺ… (79%)은 McCormick grade I, 3λͺ… (17%)은 grade II, 1λͺ… (4%)은 grade IVμ˜€λ‹€. Type A, B, C, Dμ—λŠ” 각각 5λͺ…, 5λͺ…, 7λͺ…, 7λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ—°κ°„ μž¬μΆœν˜ˆμœ¨μ€ 1%μ˜€λ‹€. μž„μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 재좜혈이 μ˜μ‹¬λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 1λͺ…을 μ œμ™Έν•˜λ©΄, 좔적 κ΄€μ°° κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ— μ˜ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 신경학적 증상이 λ°œμƒν•œ ν™˜μžλŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°λ‘ : 보쑴적으둜 치료λ₯Ό ν•œ κ΅°μ—μ„œ μž¬μΆœν˜ˆμ€ λ“œλ¬Όλ©° (1%) μž„μƒμ  결과도 μ’‹μ•˜λ‹€. μ²™μˆ˜ 해면상 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ’…μ΄ type A, B, C λ˜λŠ” McCormick grade I, II μƒνƒœμ˜ type D둜 λ°œκ²¬λœλ‹€λ©΄ 보쑴적 μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ 합리적인 치료 방침이 될 수 μžˆλ‹€.Maste
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