22 research outputs found
ννλΌ μ΄μ¨ μ£Όμ μ ν΅ν λλ§₯λ΄ ν΄λ¦¬-L-μ μ° μ€ν νΈμ μ체μ ν©μ± νκ°
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : μκ³Όλν μνκ³Ό, 2021.8. κΉκ°λ―Ό.Objective
Biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) with a highly biocompatible surface via tantalum (Ta) ion implantation can be an innovative solution for the problems associated with current biodegradable stents. The purpose of this study is to develop a Ta-implanted PLLA stent for clinical use and to investigate its biological performance capabilities.
Methods
The effectiveness of tantalum ion implantation on PLLA materials was evaluated by histological examinations, immunohistochemistry, and in vitro tests. The re-endothelialization ability and thrombogenicity were examined through in vitro endothelial cell and platelet adhesion tests. An in vivo swine model was used to evaluate the effects of Ta ion implantation on subacute restenosis and thrombosis. Nitinol self-expandable stents were also deployed for comparison. Angiographic and histologic evaluations were conducted at one, two and three months post-treatment. All parent artery diameters were measured to evaluate the effects of this parameter on the experimental results.
Results
The Ta-implanted PLLA stent was successfully fabricated, exhibiting a smooth surface morphology and modified layer integration. After Ta ion implantation, the surface properties were more favorable for rapid endothelialization and for less platelet attachment compared to the bare PLLA stent. In an in vivo animal test, follow-up angiography showed no evidence of in-stent stenosis in either group. In a microscopic histologic examination, luminal thrombus formation was significantly suppressed in the Ta-implanted PLLA stent group according to the two-month follow-up assessment (21.2% versus 63.9%, p=0.005). A large parent artery diameter was related to less thrombogenicity (p=0.015 at two months) and neointimal hyperplasia (p=0.020 at one month). However, less thrombogenicity at two months appeared to be more related to Ta ion implantation (p=0.066) than a large parent artery diameter (p=0.204). The Nitinol self-expandable stent was superior in terms of neointimal hyperplasia, inflammation and thrombogenicity compared to the PLLA stent groups.
Conclusion
The Ta-implant PLLA stents appear to be advantageous in terms of re-endothelialization and anti-thrombogenicity compared to the bare PLLA stents.λͺ©μ
ννλΌ(Ta) μ΄μ¨ μ£Όμ
μ ν΅ν΄ μ체 μ ν©μ±μ΄ λμ νλ©΄μ κ°μ§κ² λ μλΆν΄μ± ν΄λ¦¬-L-μ μ°(PLLA)μ νμ¬ μλΆν΄μ± μ€ν
νΈκ° κ°μ§ λ¬Έμ μ λν νμ μ μΈ ν΄κ²° λ°©μμ΄ λ μ μλ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ μμμ© Ta-μ£Όμ
PLLA μ€ν
νΈλ₯Ό κ°λ°νκ³ μλ¬Όνμ μ±λ₯μ μ‘°μ¬νλ κ²μ΄λ€.
λ°©λ²
PLLA μ¬λ£μ λν Ta μ΄μ¨ μ£Όμ
μ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ‘°μ§νμ κ²μ¬, λ©΄μμ‘°μ§νν λ° μ²΄μΈ μ€νλ€μ ν΅ν΄ νκ°νμλ€. μ²΄μΈ νκ²½μμ λ΄νΌμΈν¬ λ° νμν μ μ°© ν
μ€νΈλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ¬λ΄νΌν λ₯λ ₯κ³Ό νμ νμ±λλ₯Ό μ€ννμλ€. μ²΄λ΄ νκ²½μμ Ta μ΄μ¨ μ£Όμ
μ΄ μκΈμ± μ¬νμ°© λ° νμ νμ±μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ νκ°νκΈ° μν΄ λΌμ§ λͺ¨λΈμ μ¬μ©νμλ€. λΉκ΅λ₯Ό μν΄ Nitinol μ체 νμ₯ν μ€ν
νΈλ μ½μ
λμλ€. νκ΄ μ‘°μμ λ° μ‘°μ§νμ νκ°λ μμ ν 1, 2, 3κ°μμμ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘λ€. μ€ν κ²°κ³Όμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ νκ°νκΈ° μν΄ λͺ¨λ λͺ¨λλ§₯μ ν¬κΈ°κ° μΈ‘μ λμλ€.
κ²°κ³Ό
Ta-μ£Όμ
PLLA μ€ν
νΈκ° μ±κ³΅μ μΌλ‘ μ μλμλ€. μ€ν
νΈμ 맀λλ¬μ΄ νλ©΄ ννμ Taμ£Όμ
μ ν΅ν΄ μμ λ μΈ΅μ΄ μ κ²°ν©λμ΄ μμμ νμΈνμλ€. Ta μ΄μ¨ μ£Όμ
ν, μ€ν
νΈμ νλ©΄ νΉμ±μ μ PLLA μ€ν
νΈμ λΉν΄ λΉ λ₯Έ λ΄νΌν λ° νμνμ΄ λ λΆμ°©νλ μ±μ§μ 보μλ€. μ²΄λ΄ λλ¬Ό μ€νμμ, μΆμ νκ΄ μ‘°μμ μ λ κ·Έλ£Ή λͺ¨λμμ μ€ν
νΈλ΄ νμ°©μ μ¦κ±°λ₯Ό 보μ¬μ£Όμ§ μμλ€. μ€ν
νΈ μ½μ
λ λ¬ ν μνν νλ―Έκ²½ μ‘°μ§νμ κ²μ¬μμ Ta-μ£Όμ
PLLA μ€ν
νΈ κ·Έλ£Ήμμ νκ΄λ΄ νμ νμ±μ΄ μ μνκ² μ΅μ λμλ€(21.2% λ 63.9% p=0.005). ν° λͺ¨λλ§₯ μ§κ²½μ νμ νμ± μ΅μ (p=0.015, 2κ°μ μΆμ κ΄μ°°) λ° μ λ΄λ§μ¦μ μ΅μ (p=0.020, 1κ°μ μΆμ κ΄μ°°)μ μ°κ΄μ΄ μμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ 2κ°μμ§Έ λνλ νμ νμ± μ΅μ λ ν° λͺ¨λλ§₯ μ§κ²½ (p=0.204)λ³΄λ€ Ta μ΄μ¨ μ£Όμ
(p=0.066)κ³Ό λ κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ λνλ¬λ€. Nitinol μ체 νμ₯ν μ€ν
νΈλ PLLA μ€ν
νΈ κ·Έλ£Ήμ λΉν΄ μ μλ΄λ§ μ¦μ, μΌμ¦ λ° νμ νμ± μΈ‘λ©΄μμ μ°μνλ€.
κ²°λ‘
Ta-μ£Όμ
PLLA μ€ν
νΈλ μ PLLA μ€ν
νΈμ λΉν΄ μ¬λ΄νΌν λ° ννμ λ₯λ ₯ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ μ 리ν κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€.μ 1 μ₯ Introduction 1
μ 2 μ₯ Materials and methods 3
μ 1 μ Stent preparation 3
μ 2 μ In vitro test 4
μ 3 μ In vivo test 7
μ 3 μ₯ Results 10
μ 1 μ Surface characterization 10
μ 2 μ In vitro test 11
μ 3 μ In vivo test 13
μ 4 μ₯ Discussion 16
μ 5 μ₯ Conclusion 24
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 26
μ΄λ‘ 32
Table λͺ©μ°¨
[Table 1] 34
[Table 2] 35
Figure λͺ©μ°¨
[Figure 1] 36
[Figure 2] 37
[Figure 3] 38
[Figure 4] 39
[Figure 5] 40
[Figure 6] 41
[Figure 7] 43
[Figure 8] 44
[Figure 9] 45
[Figure 10] 46
[Figure 11] 47
[Figure 12] 49
[Figure 13] 51
[Figure 14] 53
[Figure 15] 54
[Figure 16] 55
[Figure 17] 58
[Figure 18] 60
[Figure 19] 62
[Figure 20] 64
[Figure 21] 65
[Figure 22] 66
[Figure 23] 67λ°
Design and Implementation of SPAM Filtering System Using User Action and Incremental Machine Learning
With rapidly developing Internet applications, an e-mail has been considered as one of the most popular methods for exchanging information because of easy usage and low cost. The e-mail, however, has a serious problem that users can receive a lot of unwanted e-mails, what we called, SPAM mails, and then the user's mailbox can be grown exponentially. The users need for spending time to pick out the SPAM mails and give a great loss economically. To alleviate the problem, many researchers and companies proposed some filtering technologies.
On the other hand, in e-mail client systems, users do different actions according to usefulness of information on mails, and some classification and recommendation systems like GroupLens use the actions to improve the performance. This paper presents a mail filtering system using user actions and incremental machine learning. E-mail data and user actions are collected through some user interface implemented in CGI/Perl. Our proposed system makes use of two models: One is anaction inference model to draw a user action from an e-mail and the other is a mail classification model to decide if an e-mail is SPAM or not. All the two models are derived using incremental learning, of which an algorithm is IB2 of TiMBL.
To evaluate our proposed system, we collect 10,000 mails of 12 persons from Hanmail (www.hanmail.net), which is one of the most popular e-mail service providers in Korea. The accuracy is 81 ~ 93% according to each person. Our proposed system outperforms a system that does not use any information about user actions. Consequently, we have shown that information about user actions is useful for e-mail filteringAbstract = β
΄
μ 1 μ₯ μλ‘ = 1
μ 2 μ₯ κ΄λ ¨ μ°κ΅¬ = 3
2.1 μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ°¨λ¨μ μν κΈ°μ μ λμ λ°©λ² = 3
2.1.1 νΈμ§ μ£Όμ μμ§ μ°¨λ¨ κΈ°μ = 3
2.1.2 λλ μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ λ°μ‘ λμ κΈ°μ = 4
2.1.3 μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ λ°μ‘μ μ μ νμΈ κΈ°μ = 5
2.1.4 μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό κΈ°μ = 6
2.2 κΈ°κ³νμ΅μ μ΄μ©ν μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό = 7
2.2.1 λ² μ΄μ§μ λΆλ₯λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό = 8
2.2.2 μ§μ§λ²‘ν°λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό = 9
2.2.3 μ¬λ‘κΈ°λ° νμ΅μ μ΄μ©ν μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό = 10
2.3 묡μμ νΌλλ°± = 12
2.4 νΈμ§ νμ΅ λ§λμΉ = 14
μ 3 μ₯ μ¬μ©μ νλκ³Ό μ μ§μ κΈ°κ³νμ΅μ μ΄μ©ν μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό μμ€ν
μ μ€κ³ λ° κ΅¬ν = 16
3.1 νμ΅ λ§λμΉ κ΅¬μΆ κ³Όμ = 17
3.1.1 μ μ²λ¦¬ κ³Όμ = 17
3.1.2 μ¬μ μμ± = 19
3.1.3 μ¬μ©μ μΈν°νμ΄μ€λ₯Ό ν΅ν νλ μ 보 μμ§ = 20
3.2 νμ΅ κ³Όμ = 22
3.2.1 λͺ¨λΈ ꡬμΆμ μν μμ§ μΆμΆ = 22
3.2.2 νμ΅μ μ΄μ©ν λͺ¨λΈ μμ± = 23
3.3 λΆλ₯ κ³Όμ = 26
μ 4 μ₯ μ€ν λ° νκ° = 27
4.1 μ€ν λ§λμΉ = 27
4.2 μ±λ₯ νκ° λ°©λ² = 28
4.3 λΆλ₯ μ νλ νκ°μ λΆμ = 29
4.3.1 νμ΅ λ°μ΄ν° μμ λ°λ₯Έ λΆλ₯ μ νλ = 29
4.3.2 μ¬μ©μλ³ λΆλ₯ κ²°κ³Ό μ°¨μ΄ λΆμ = 30
4.3.3 μ΅μ μ λΆλ₯ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λνλ΄λ νμ΅ λ°μ΄ν° μ = 31
4.4 λΆλ₯μ μ¦κ±°λ‘ μ¬μ©λλ νλ ν¨ν΄ λΆμ = 32
4.5 μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Όμμ
μμ νλ μ 보μ μ μ©μ± μ¬λΆ νκ° = 33
4.6 κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°λ κΈ° νΈμ§ μ¬κ³Ό μμ€ν
κ³Όμ λΉκ΅ = 34
μ 5 μ₯ κ²°λ‘ λ° ν₯ν μ°κ΅¬κ³Όμ = 36
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν = 3
Analysis of Ocean Discharges of Municipal Water and its Near-Field Mixing Characteristics
Analysis of Ocean Discharges of Municipal Water and its Near-Field Mixing Characteristics
Due to the growth of population and industrial development at the coastal cities, there have been much increase in necessity to effective disposal of the wastewater. The amount of municipal water has been increased rapidly and it is necessary to treat and dispose the wastewater effectively. The recent trend, in terms of disposal of it, is discharge through diffusers into the ocean, either at the coastline or at the deep water, or between these two.
For this end, we need to predict near-field characteristics of discharged water. We adopted CORMIX model for the analysis of the near-field behavior of discharged water and made certain comparison with the existing experimental results.
We found the early dilution is important, especially for the numerical simulation by a depth averaged hydrodynamic model of diffusion mechanism at the existing flow field.
We also applied it to the Pusan Jungang Effluent Outfall System, which is planned to be in the Gamchun harbour and will be completed in 2011. The model output showed the trajectoral variation of dilution and mixing behavior for three cases of outfall system. Dilution differences have been simulated and found the highest dilution condition under the different displacement of outfall system. On the basis of these outputs it will be proposed the optimum outfall system type and location.
Through the case study, dilution is dependent on the discharge depth, the ambient velocity and total flow rate. This approach might contribute to deal with serious water quality problems caused by the ocean discharge
A Study on Correlation Analysis of Environmental Factors and Prediction of Topographic Change in the Estuary of Nakdong River
It is very important to understand the mechanism of estuary topographic change for setting up estuary management and treatment methods. In this study, the effects from the land side such as rainfall, river discharge, sediment discharge and the sea side such as tide, tidal current, wave, bottom material(surface sediments) related to the topographic changes of the Nakdong river estuary were investigated and analyzed. Based on the analyzed data, hydrodynamic modeling, topographic modeling, and wave induced current modeling were performed to understand the variation patterns from past to present.
As the results of the topographic changes on the Nakdong river estuary, the deltas of the group of alluvial island such as Sinhodo, Myeonghodo, and Eulsukdo formed before 1916 year, were formed by sediment discharge at a location where a slow current velocity occurred in the middle of the river. Jinudo, Daemadeung, and Maenggeummeorideung in front of these are called the first sandbar group. Jangjado and Baekhapdeung the second sandbar group. Sinjado and Doyodeung the third sandbar group. Especially, the construction of river estuary barrage has affected the sediment environment caused the change of sediment supply and transport in the river estuary. In other words, It is considered that the construction of the river estuary barrage has not only slowed the deposition of sediments by slowing down the sediment supply but also accelerated the topographic changes due to the hydraulic effects such as wave and tide.
The average annual discharge through the river estuary barrage for the last 13years is 19,274.56Γ106γ₯. According to the discharge, the annual average suspended load is 3,153,995γ₯/yr, and the bed load 30,410γ₯/yr, which is 1.0% of the suspended load.
The sandy contents of surface sediments has been increasing since the construction of river estuary barrage. These results indicate that river sediments were discharged to the offshore on the flood time and the muddy sediments of offshore were moved and sorted by tidal current on ordinary time before construction of the estuary barrage. In addition, it is considered that the sandy sediments moved in front of the sandbar group, the muddy sediments moved to the offshore by tidal current.
The mixing branch point before the construction of the river estuary barrage was the front of the Daemadeung, but it was found that the effects of fresh water appears up to the Sinjado and Baekhapdeung. The seawater circulation is governed by the behavior of the river discharge rather than by tidal current. It was confirmed that the flow moved repeatedly upward and downward along the main waterway without being completely mixed, because the freshwater and seawater were stratified.
From the analysis of the wave observations of the wave buoys in Geojedo from 2008 to 2017, the ENE series of winter has the highest rate of occurrence by 2008 and 2009, the SW series of summer has the highest rate from 2010 to 2017. This result seems to be related to recent seawater temperature rise. It suggests that the trend of hydraulic impact on the estuaries due to the wave will increase according to recent research results.
As the results of analysis of environmental factors correlation related to topographic changes in the river estuary, the river discharge and sediment discharge are directly proportional to the change of sandbar area. The results of surface sediment analysis shows that the high content of sand is distributed at the region far away from the estuary mouth. It seems that high resistance to the external force due to the instantaneous discharge through river estuary barrage and increase of incident wave height due to the gradual increase of the mean sea level and extreme highest tide level. As per the tidal current observations, the currents is also controlled by the river discharge and wave of the external environmental factors. The ebb time is more prevalent than the flood time, and the overall change of current is shown by the discharge through the river estuary barrage. These results are considered to be dominant in the topographic change of the rear side of the sandbar. As the result of the analysis of wave for the last 10 years, the ENE series in winter has the highest occurrence rate in 2008 and 2009, but the SW series in summer has the highest occurrence rate from 2010 to 2017. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the summer S series wave.
The change of currents after construction of river estuary barrage was analyzed for the pre-post construction of Busan new port. Simulation results show that the current velocity decreases widely nearby the sea side of the Sinjado, Jangjado, Baekhapdeung, and Doyodeung and increases nearby the waterway Sinjado, Janjado, and Dadeadeung.
As per the results of the topographic change, the river estuary showed a general deposition dominant phenomenon. These results are influenced by the decrease of the current velocity in ordinary time without the influence of the wave, sediment discharge due to summer river rainfall, the appearance of the Doyodeung, and the wave from offshore in summer and winter rough time. As the result, it is expected that new sandbar will appear on the offshore, and deposition will be strengthened in the tideland near Jinudo and Sinjado, and in Dadaepo and its north side coast.
It is also inferred that there will be development in the east-west direction of Jinudo and Sinjado, and littoral movement to the waterway and Dadeapo beach. It is considered that the topographic development of the south side and the east-west side of on the barrier island will be continued.
Generally, the contribution analysis shows that i) the increase in current velocity at the narrow waterway was greater than the decrease at the tideland; ii) river discharge was greater at the main waterway than at both the tideland and the front waters of the barrier islands; and iii) the wave impact was the largest in the winter with higher contribution to the erosion. Compared with deposition dominance, which is the result of the topographic change prediction, the impact of each external force condition gives larger erosion, but the combined impact of each external force condition shows deposition dominant. Therefore, the topographic changes of the Nakdong river estuary are considered to be the result of various complex external factors. Since the impact of each external force condition shows a different contribution to each area, above results should be considered when establishing the estuary management plan, but it must be understood as the result of complex interaction.ABSTRACT β
°
LIST OF TABLES β
·
LIST OF FIGURES β
Ή
1. μλ‘ 1
1.1 μ°κ΅¬ λ°°κ²½ 1
1.2 κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°κ΅¬ 3
1.2.1 λλκ° νκ΅Ώλ κ±΄μ€ μ΄μ 4
1.2.2 λλκ° νκ΅Ώλ κ±΄μ€ μ΄ν 4
1.3 μ°κ΅¬ λͺ©μ λ° λ°©λ² 6
2. λλκ° νꡬ μ¬μ£Ό μ§νλ³ν νΉμ± λΆμ 7
2.1 μ¬μ£Όμ κ°μμ§ 8
2.1.1 κ°μμ§ 10
2.1.2 μ¬μ£Ό 10
2.2 μ¬μ£Όμ μλμ λ³μ² 11
2.2.1 2000λ
μ΄μ μ§νλ³ν 11
2.2.2 2000λ
μ΄ν μ§νλ³ν 26
2.3 μ¬μ£Ό μ§νλ³ν μΆμ΄ λΆμ 34
2.3.1 μ¬μ£Ό μ§νλ³ν λΆμ 34
2.3.2 μ¬μ£Όλ³ μ§νλ³ν μΆμ΄ λΆμ 34
3. λλκ° νꡬ νκ²½μΈμ μκ΄κ΄κ³ λΆμ 41
3.1 λλκ° νκ΅Ώλ λ°©λ₯λ 40
3.1.1 λλκ° νκ΅Ώλ 40
3.1.2 νκ΅Ώλ λ°©λ₯ ν¨ν΄ 45
3.1.3 νκ΅Ώλ μ£Όλ³ κ°μλ 45
3.1.4 νκ΅Ώλ λ°©λ₯λ 49
3.2 λλκ° νκ΅Ώλ μ μ¬λ 66
3.2.1 μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ² 66
3.2.2 κ²°κ³Ό λΆμ 70
3.3 ν΄μ μ§(νμΈ΅ ν΄μ λ¬Ό) 74
3.3.1 μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ² 74
3.3.2 κ²°κ³Ό λΆμ 85
3.3.3 κΈ°μ‘΄μ°κ΅¬ λΆμ 88
3.4 μ‘°μ λ° μ‘°λ₯ 93
3.4.1 μ‘°μ 93
3.4.2 μ‘°λ₯ 96
3.5 νλ 131
3.5.1 νλνΉμ± 131
3.5.2 κΈ°μ‘΄μ°κ΅¬ λΆμ 133
3.6 λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 139
4. λλκ° νꡬ μ§νλ³ν μμΈ‘ λ°
μΈλ ₯쑰건μ λ°λ₯Έ κΈ°μ¬λ λΆμ 141
4.1 κΈ°μ‘΄μ°κ΅¬ λΆμ 142
4.2 μμΈ‘ λͺ¨λΈμ κ°μ λ° κ΅¬μ± 143
4.2.1 μ μ©λͺ¨νμ κ°μ 143
4.2.2 λͺ¨νμ κ΅¬μ± 171
4.2.3 μ μ© λͺ¨νμ κ²μ¦ 183
4.3 μ§νλ³ν μ€νμ κ²°κ³Ό λΆμ 188
4.3.1 ν΄μμ λ 188
4.3.2 μ§νλ³ν 191
4.3.3 ν΄λΉλ₯ 200
4.4 μΈλ ₯쑰건μ μ§νλ³ν κΈ°μ¬λ λΆμ 226
4.4.1 μ‘°μ 226
4.4.2 νμ² μ μΆλ 226
4.4.3 νλ 227
4.4.4 κ²°κ³Ό λΆμ 227
5. κ²°λ‘ λ° μ μΈ 233
5.1 κ²°λ‘ 233
5.1.1 νκ²½μΈμ μ‘°μ¬ λ° λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 233
5.1.2 νκ²½μΈμ μκ΄κ΄κ³ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 235
5.1.3 μ§νλ³ν μμΈ‘μ€ν κ²°κ³Ό 236
5.1.4 μΈλ ₯쑰건μ μ§νλ³ν κΈ°μ¬λ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 237
5.2 μ μΈ 239
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 240Docto
Revisiting the Art of Pen Varlen (1916-1990): The Migrant Identity of a Korean-Soviet Artist
This thesis examines Pen Varlen (1916-1990), a migrant artist who sought his place in Soviet mainstream culture. Pen was a Korean-Soviet painter during the 1940s to the 1980s at the Ilya Repin Leningrad Institute for Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (Leningrad Academy of Fine Arts). His works were inspired by his migration and the multi-layered identity formed by the experience. Moreover, he served as a communication channel between Soviet authorities and North Korea to gain a foothold in Soviet society. He also pursued cosmopolitanism, which suited Soviet ideology and its contemporary political aims.
Previous scholarship on Pen is mostly focused on his Korean identity, thereby neglecting the assimilative efforts made by the artist. While this thesis acknowledges that Pen retained his Korean identity to a certain degree, it attempts to depart from the conventional interpretations of his works which associate the artistβs entire oeuvre solely with his Korean heritage and nostalgia.
Born in a Korean village in the Primorsky region of Russia, Pen studied in Sverdlovsk, and later in Leningrad for higher education in art. Coincidentally, this migration prevented him from being deported to Central Asia along with other Koreans from his hometown in 1937. He continued his studies at the Leningrad Academy of Fine Arts and became an associate professor there. In 1953, when the Korean peninsula was just recovering from the aftermath of the Korean War (June 25, 1950 - July 27, 1953), Pen was dispatched to Pyeongyang as an adviser to the nascent Pyeongyang Institute of Fine Arts. However, after his brief return to Leningrad in 1954, Pen was blocked by the North Korean authorities from revisiting the country. His refusal to become naturalized as a North Korean citizen, along with the purge of Soviet-aligned personnel in North Korea, had worked against him. He developed a complex and multi-layered migrant identity through repeated contact with and estrangement from Korean society.
The discrepancy between his ethnicity (Korean) and legal citizenship (Soviet) left Pen in a position tangential to both cultures. To survive in the central stage of the Soviet art world, he assumed the role of a βmodel minorityβ citizen by maintaining his Korean identity while pledging allegiance to the Soviet ideology. His frequent depiction of North Korean subjects, as well as his use of Korean inscriptions, can be seen as a survival strategy. He also painted a large portrait of a Korean-Soviet βSocialist Labor Heroβ Alexandra Han to praise the virtue of model minorities and assert his position in the Soviet Union. That Pen used his cultural background to meet the expectations of Soviet viewers is also evident from his etchings in the 1970s, peppered with βOrientalβ elements.
Pen created numerous works of a βcosmopolitanβ nature, such as People of Our Time (1969-1973), the Pushkin Festival series (1975), and images of black people. Simultaneously, with the advent of the high dΓ©tente (1970-1975), the Soviet Union sought to expand its influence in the developing world. This shift in international affairs coincided with Penβs personal desire to find a place for himself in the world. If his host culture encompassed the world, he could consider himself a global citizen, instead of an outsider.
Two major trends stand out in Penβs works from the 1980s: first, works that feature masterpieces of the Western art tradition or scenes from his trip to Western countries; second, artworks reminiscent of his hometown in Primorsky or North Korea. The former show that the alleviation of political tension in Soviet society let him focus more on his artistic creation than on propagating state ideology. This shift in the social milieu can be held accountable for the Korean-related works in the mid-1980s. Until then, he had kept the use of his Korean-ness in artworks limited. Thus, along with the development of a cosmopolitan attitude during the 1970s and the heightened sense of security following his promotion to full professor, the changed circumstances of the 1980s helped Pen create art that displayed his Korean identity to a level hitherto unseen.λ³μ룑(Pen Varlen, 1916-1990)μ νκ΅κ³ μλ ¨μΈ νκ°λ‘, 1940-80λ
λμ λ λκ·ΈλΌλ λ―Έμ μμΉ΄λ°λ―Έμμ μννκ³ νλνμλ€. λ³μ룑μ μνμΈκ³λ μ΄μ£Όλ‘ μΈν΄ λ€λ©΄νλ κ·Έμ μ 체μ±κ³Ό μλ ¨μμμ μΆμ κ°μ²νκΈ° μν κ·Έμ μ λ΅μ λ°μνλ€. κ·Έλ λ λκ·ΈλΌλμμ μμ μ μ
μ§λ₯Ό ν보νκ³ μ νμΈ μ¬νμ μλ ¨μ κ°κ΅ μν μ μννμμΌλ©°, μλ ¨μ μ΄λ°μ¬λ‘κΈ° λ° λμλ μ μ±
μ λΆν©νλ μΈκ³μλ―Όμ£Όμλ₯Ό μΆκ΅¬νμλ€. κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°κ΅¬μμλ λ³μλ£‘μ΄ νμΈμ΄λΌλ μ μ΄ κ°μ‘°λ λ° λΉν΄ μλ ¨μ λνλκΈ° μν κ·Έμ λ
Έλ ₯μ μλΉ λΆλΆ κ°κ³Όλμλ€. νμλ λ³μ룑μκ² νμΈμΌλ‘μμ μμμμ΄ λ¨μμμμμ μΈμ νλ, κ·Έμ μνμΈκ³ μ 체λ₯Ό κ³ κ΅μ λν ν₯μμ κ²°λΆμν€λ κΈ°μ‘΄ ν΄μμΌλ‘λΆν° λ²μ΄λκ³ μ νμλ€.
λ³μ룑μ μ°ν΄μ£Ό νμΈ λ§μμμ νμ΄λ¬μΌλ 1937λ
κ°μ μ΄μ£Ό λμ μ νκΈΈμ μ¬λμΌλ©°, λ¬μμ λλμμμ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘μ λ§μΉκ³ μλ ¨ μλ¦¬νΈ μ¬νμ μ§μ
νμλ€. κ·Έλ νμ
μ μ§μνμ¬ λͺ¨κ΅μΈ λ λκ·ΈλΌλ λ―Έμ μμΉ΄λ°λ―Έμμ κ΅μλ‘ νλνμλ€. λ³μ룑μ 1953λ
μ ν λΆν λ―Έμ κ³μ μ¬κ±΄ λ° μλ ¨ λ―Έμ μ λμ μ μλ₯Ό λͺ©μ μΌλ‘ νμμΌλ‘ ν견λμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ 1954λ
μλ ¨μΌλ‘ λμμ¨ μ΄ν λ³μ룑μ βλ―Όμ‘±μ λ°°μ μβλ‘ λμΈμ°ν λ λ² λ€μ λΆν λ
μ λ°μ§ λͺ»νμλ€. κ·Έλ μ€μμμμ κ°μ μ΄μ£Όλ₯Ό μ§μ κ²½ννμ§λ μμμ§λ§, νμΈ μ¬νμμ μ μ΄κ³Ό λΆλ¦¬λ₯Ό κ±°λνλ©° κ·Έμ μ 체μ±μ 볡μ‘ν μ±κ²©μ λ κ² λμλ€.
λ³μ룑μ λ―Όμ‘±κ³Ό κ΅μ μ λΆμΌμΉλ‘ μΈν΄ νμΈ μ§λ¨κ³Ό λ¬μμμΈ μ§λ¨ μμͺ½μμ μ£Όλ³μ μμΉμ λμ¬ μμλ€. κ·Έκ° μλ ¨ μ€μ¬λΆμ μ리 μ‘κ³ νλνκΈ° μν΄μλ μ λ΅μ λͺ¨μν΄μΌ νλ€. λ³μ룑μ μ°μ νμΈ μ 체μ±μ μ μ§νλ©΄μλ μλ ¨μ κ΅κ° μ΄λ°μ¬λ‘κΈ°μ μΆ©μ±νλ βλͺ¨λΈ λ§μ΄λ리ν°(model minority)β μλ―Όμ μν μ μμ²νμλ€. κ·Έ μΌνμΌλ‘ λ³μ룑μ (1958), (1960)κ³Ό κ°μ΄ λΆν ν
λ§μ μνμ μ μνκ³ νκΈ ν
μ€νΈλ₯Ό μ¬μ©νμλ€. ννΈ, μ¬ν λ¦° νμΈμΌλ‘μ βμ¬νμ£Όμ λ
Έλ μμ
β μΉνΈλ₯Ό λ°μ νμλΌμ λν μ΄μνλ₯Ό κ·Έλ¦ΌμΌλ‘μ¨ μλ ¨ λ΄ λͺ¨λΈ λ§μ΄λ리ν°μ κΈμ μ μν μ κ°μ‘°νκΈ°λ νλ€. κ·Έ λ°μ λ³μλ£‘μ΄ μλ ¨μ κΈ°λμ λΆμνκΈ° μν΄ μμ μ λ―Όμ‘±μ λ°°κ²½μ νμ©ν μ¬λ‘λ‘λ λμνμ μμλ₯Ό μ°¨μ©ν 1970λ
λμ ννλ€μ΄ μλ€.
1970λ
λλ κ΅μ μ μΈμ λ³νκ° λ³μ룑μ κ°μΈμ κ΄μ¬μ¬μ λ§λ¬Όλ € μΈκ³μλ―Όμ£Όμμ μνλ€μ΄ μ μλ μκΈ°μ΄λ€. 1970-75λ
κ° μ μ μ μ΄λ£¬ λ―Έμ λ°ννΈ μκΈ°, μλ ¨μ βννλ‘μ΄ κ³΅μ‘΄βμ μ¬λ‘건μ λ΄κ±Έκ³ μ 3μΈκ³λ‘μ μΈλ ₯κΆ νμ₯μ μλνμλ€. (1969-1973)μλ λ λ μκΈ°μ ꡬμΆλ κ΅μ μ£Όμμ μ΄μκ³Ό λ¬μμ λ¬Ένκ° μΈκ³λ₯Ό ν¬μνλ€λ 70λ
λ μλ ¨μ μΌλ§μ΄ κ²°ν©λμ΄ μλ€. μλ ¨μ μ΄λ¬ν νλλ λ³μ룑μ μ
μ₯μμλ μΉνΈν λ§ν κ²μ΄μλ€. λ³μλ£‘μ΄ κ±°μ£Όνλ λ¬μμμ λ¬Ένκ° μΈκ³ κ°μ§μ λ―Όμ‘±λ€μ μμ°λ₯Έλ€λ©΄ κ·Έ μμ λ 무μμμ λ λμ΄κ° μλλΌ βμΈκ³ μλ―Όβμ΄ λ μ μμκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. λ³μλ£‘μ΄ μ μν νμΈ μ΄λ―Έμ§μμλ μλ ¨μ μ μΉμ μꡬμ μΈκ³μλ―Όμ£Όμμ λ°μμ κ²°ν©μ΄ λλ¬λλ€.
λ³μ룑μ 1980λ
λ μνμμλ ν¬κ² λ κ°μ§ κ²½ν₯μ΄ λμ λλ€. 첫째λ ν΄μΈμ¬νμμ μκ°μ λ°κ±°λ μμλ―Έμ μ ν΅κ³Όμ μ μ μ κ°μ‘°νλ μνλ€, λμ§Έλ 20μ¬ λ
λ§μ μ¬λΆμν λΆν ν
λ§ λ° (1985)μ΄λ€. 1980λ
λμ ν΄μΈμ¬ν μνλ€μ λΉμ μ¬νμ λΆμκΈ°κ° μνλ¨μ λ°λΌ λ³μ룑λ νλ‘νκ°λ€λ³΄λ€λ μμ μ°½μμ λͺ°λνκ² λμμμ 보μ¬μ€λ€. ννΈ, λ³μ룑μ 1980λ
λ μ€λ°μ μ΄λ₯΄λ¬ μ λ
κΈ° λ° λΆν λ°©λ¬ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό νμνλ μνλ€μ λ€μ μ μνμλ€. μ΄μ κΉμ§ κ·Έλ μμ μ νμΈ μ 체μ±μ μ νμ μΌλ‘λ§ λλ¬λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ 1980λ
λμλ μνλ μ¬νμ λΆμκΈ°, μΈκ³μλ―Όμ£Όμμ νλ, μμΉ΄λ°λ―Έ μ κ΅μλΌλ κ·Έμ μ§μ λ±μ΄ λ§λ¬Όλ € λ³μ룑μ νμΈ μ 체μ±μ΄ λλλ¬μ§λ μνμ μ μν μ μμλ€.β
. μλ‘ 1
β
‘. λͺ¨λΈ λ§μ΄λ리ν°μ λ¬Ένλ²μ 12
1. λΆνκ³Όμ μ°κ²° ν΅λ‘ 12
2. λͺ¨λΈ λ§μ΄λ리ν°μ μ΄μ: νμλΌ 24
3. νμΈ μ μ²΄μ± λ° λμμ λͺ¨ν°νμ νμ© 31
β
’. μλ ¨μ μΈμ’
, λ―Όμ‘± νλ‘νκ°λ€μ μΈκ³μλ―Όμ£Όμ 38
1. μΈκ³μλ―Όμ£Όμμ μ΄μ 38
2. νμΈ μ΄μν 41
3. νΈμν¨ μΆμ 53
β
₯. 1980λ
λμ λ³ν 59
1. ν΄μΈμ¬νκ³Ό μμλ―Έμ μ ν΅μ νμ© 59
2. μ΄λ¨Έλμ λΆν μνλ€ 67
β
€. κ²°λ‘ 74
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 77
λν λͺ©λ‘ 84
λν 91
Abstract 116μ
(A)New control method of distributed generation using active droop control in islanded system
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) --μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μ κΈ°. μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ, 2009.2.Maste
μ²μ ν΄λ³μ νκ΄μ’ μ 보쑴μ μΉλ£
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μνκ³Ό, 2012. 2. κΉνμ§.Introduction
There have been many reports about surgical results of spinal cord cavernous angiomas. But it is not well known the natural history of disease when it was conservatively treated. So we analyzed the result of conservative management of spinal cord cavernous angiomas to provide proper treatment strategy.
Materials and Methods
The patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital for 11 years (2000 β 2010) were investigated. Spinal cord cavernous angiomas were diagnosed by spine MRI. Twenty-four patients treated conservatively were enrolled in this study. Medical records and radiological images were reviewed retrospectively. Neurologic status of patients was classified by McCormick grade and clinical presentation of patients was classified into 4 categories (Type A, B, C, D). Each type A, B, C and D represented asymptomatic, pain only, sensory symptom and motor symptom, respectively.
Results
Mean age of enrolled patients was 51.1 years old (21 β 68). Numbers of male and female patients were 13 and 11, respectively. Clinical follow-up duration was 52.4 months (6 β 99) and MRI follow-up duration was 32.6 months (3 - 90). Level of spinal cord cavernous angiomas was cervical level in 12 patients, thoracic level in 2 and multiple spine level in 2. Except only one intradural-extramedullary location, all other cavernous angiomas are intramedullary type. Multiple cavernous angiomas were found in 5 patients (20.8%). Among them, 2 patients had family history of cavernous angioma. Nineteen patients (79%) were McCormick grade I, 4 patients (17%) were grade II and one patient (4%) was grade IV. Type A, B, C and D included 5, 5, 7 and 7 patients, respectively. Annual recurrent hemorrhage rate was 1% in this study. Except one patient who was clinically suspected of recurrent hemorrhage, there were no patients who presented with newly-developed neurologic deficits by spinal cord cavernous angiomas during follow-up period.
Conclusion
In conservatively managed group, recurrent hemorrhage was rare (1%) and clinical outcome was acceptable. Conservative management can be a reasonable treatment strategy, if spinal cord cavernous angiomas are presented with type A, B, C or type D with McCormick grade I or II.μλ‘ : μ§κΈκΉμ§ λ§μ μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ μμ μ μΉλ£ κ²°κ³Όμ λν λ§μ μ°κ΅¬κ° μμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ 보쑴μ μΌλ‘ μΉλ£νμμ λ μμ°κ²½κ³Όλ μ μμ§ λͺ»νλ μνμ΄λ€. λ°λΌμ μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ 보쑴μ μΉλ£ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λΆμνμ¬ μμ°κ²½κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ν΄ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μΉλ£ κ³ν μ립μ λμμ μ£Όκ³ μ νλ€.
μ°κ΅¬μ¬λ£ λ° λ°©λ²: μμΈλνκ΅λ³μκ³Ό λΆλΉμμΈλνκ΅λ³μμμ 2000λ
λΆν° 2011λ
κΉμ§, μ΄ 11λ
κ° μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ§λ¨μ λ°μ νμλ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μννμλ€. μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ MRIλ‘ νμ§ λμμΌλ©° 보쑴μ μΉλ£λ₯Ό λ°μ 24λͺ
μ νμκ° μ΄λ² μ°κ΅¬μ ν¬ν¨λμλ€. μλ¬΄κΈ°λ‘ λ° λ°©μ¬μ μμμ νν₯μ μΌλ‘ μ‘°μ¬νμλ€. μ κ²½νμ μνλ McCormick gradeμ λ°λΌ λΆλ₯νμκ³ μμ μμμ 4κ°μ§ λ²μ£Όλ‘ (type A, B, C, D) λΆλ₯ νμλ€. κ°κ°μ type A, B, C, Dλ 무μ¦μ, ν΅μ¦λ§ μλ κ²½μ°, κ°κ° μ¦μλ§ μλ κ²½μ° μ΄λμ¦μλ§ μλ κ²½μ°μ ν΄λΉνμλ€.
μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό: νμμ νκ· μ°λ Ήμ 51.1μΈ (21-68μΈ)μκ³ , λ¨:μ¬μ λΉμ¨μ 13:11 μ΄μλ€. μμμ μΆμ κ΄μ°° κΈ°κ°μ νκ· 52.4κ°μ (6-99κ°μ)μ΄μμΌλ©° MRI μΆμ κ΄μ°° κΈ°κ°μ νκ· 32.6κ°μ (3-90κ°μ)μ΄μλ€. μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ μμΉλ κ²½μΆλΆ 12λͺ
, νμΆλΆ 2λͺ
, λ€λ°μ±(κ²½μΆ, νμΆ, μμΆλΆ) 2λͺ
μ΄μλ€. μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ κ²½λ§λ΄μμ§μΈμ μμΉν ν λͺ
μ μ μΈνκ³ λλ¨Έμ§ λͺ¨λ μμ§λ΄μ μμΉν΄ μμλ€. λ€λ°μ± ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ΄ 5λͺ
μ νμμμ λ°κ²¬μ΄ λμκ³ (20.8%), κ·Έμ€ 2λͺ
μμ κ°μ‘±λ ₯μ΄ νμΈλμλ€. 19λͺ
(79%)μ McCormick grade I, 3λͺ
(17%)μ grade II, 1λͺ
(4%)μ grade IVμλ€. Type A, B, C, Dμλ κ°κ° 5λͺ
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, 7λͺ
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μ νμκ° ν΄λΉλμλ€. μ°κ° μ¬μΆνμ¨μ 1%μλ€. μμμ μΌλ‘ μ¬μΆνμ΄ μμ¬λμλ 1λͺ
μ μ μΈνλ©΄, μΆμ κ΄μ°° κΈ°κ° λμ μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ μν΄ μλ‘μ΄ μ κ²½νμ μ¦μμ΄ λ°μν νμλ μμλ€.
κ²°λ‘ : 보쑴μ μΌλ‘ μΉλ£λ₯Ό ν κ΅°μμ μ¬μΆνμ λλ¬Όλ©° (1%) μμμ κ²°κ³Όλ μ’μλ€. μ²μ ν΄λ©΄μ νκ΄μ’
μ΄ type A, B, C λλ McCormick grade I, II μνμ type Dλ‘ λ°κ²¬λλ€λ©΄ 보쑴μ μΉλ£κ° ν©λ¦¬μ μΈ μΉλ£ λ°©μΉ¨μ΄ λ μ μλ€.Maste