15 research outputs found
PART I. μ μ΄ κΈμ μ΄λ§€ ν μΉνλ νλνΈλ ν©μ± PART II. κ΅μ°¨ 볡λΆν΄ λ°μμ μ΄μ©ν λΆν¬ν μ²μ°λ¬Όμ μ΄μ€ κ²°ν© μμΉ κ²°μ
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Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ½νλν μ½νκ³Ό, 2016. 2. κΉμν¬.PART I. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Phenanthrenes
Yongseok Kwon
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Major
College of Pharmacy
Graduate School of Seoul National University
Phenanthrenes are important structural motifs in medicinal chemistry and materials science. A number of synthetic strategies have been developed for the construction of the phenanthrene skeleton. Among these approaches, transition metal-catalyzed cycloisomerization of o-alkynylbiaryls has attracted much attention because it has the potential to allow efficient access to extensive structural variations. However, this strategy necessarily possesses regioselectivity problems6-endo-dig vs 5-exo-dig depending on the metal catalyst and the substituents on the alkyne terminus.
Therefore, transition metal-catalyzed cyclizations of o-propargylbiaryls and biaryl propargyl alcohols have been developed to provide an alternative and selective path for the synthesis of highly substituted phenanthrenes. A catalytic amount of indium salt (III) induced the hydroarylation of o-propargylbiaryls and subsequent exo-endo double bond isomerization to afford substituted phenanthrenes. The cyclization of biaryl propargyl alcohols effectively proceeds in the presence of platinum salt to construct phenanthrene skeletons with carbene functionality. The complete regioselectivity of both cyclization processes for six over seven membered rings has been achieved.
PART II. Determination of Double-Bond Positions in Unsaturated Natural Products by Cross-Metathesis
Yongseok Kwon
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Major
College of Pharmacy
Graduate School of Seoul National University
Accurate identification of the double bond positions in long-chain olefins remains a challenge. The current analytical approaches for solving this problem depend on the use of mass spectrometry (MS). Conventional MS is inherently unreliable primarily due to rapid isomerization of the molecular ions. One solution to this problem involves the prior chemical derivatization of the analyte. This method has been commonly used by laboratories that do not specialize in MS. However, this approach suffers from several drawbacks including the need for a second derivatization step and possible interference from other functional groups on the analyte during derivatization.
Therefore, a new chemical derivatization method for the determination of the double-bond positions in long-chain olefins has been developed. This method is based on a cross-metathesis (CM) reaction between the target compound and a simple olefin. Depending on the CM partner used, the resulting fragments possess distinctive physicochemical properties that are appropriate for LC/MS and GC/MS analysis. The position of the double bond can be deduced simply by comparing the changes in molecular mass. Both of the presented methods for LC/MS and GC/MS are equally reliable and applicable at a sub-milligram scale.PART I. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Phenanthrenes 1
I. Introduction 2
1. Cycloisomerization of o-Propargylbiaryls 2
2. Cyclization of Biaryl Propargyl Alcohols 5
II. Results and Discussion 8
1. Cycloisomerization of o-Propargylbiaryls 8
2. Cyclization of Biaryl Propargyl Alcohols 14
III. Conclusion 23
IV. Experimental Section 24
1. Cycloisomerization of o-Propargylbiaryls 25
1.1. Preparation of the Starting Materials 24
1.2. Cycloisomerization of o-Propargylbiaryls 44
2. Cyclization of Biaryl Propargyl Alcohols 55
2.1. Preparation of the Starting Materials 55
2.2. Cyclization of Biaryl Propargyl Alcohols 75
2.3. Total Synthesis of Antofine 90
V. References 98
PART II. Determination of Double-Bond Positions in Unsaturated Natural Products by Cross-Metathesis 104
I. Introduction 105
II. Results and Discussion 109
III. Conclusion 119
IV. Experimental Section 120
1. Synthesis of CM Products 6 and 7 121
2. Analytical Methods for LC/MS and GC/MS 123
V. References 124
Appendix A 126
Appendix B 213
Appendix C 216
Abstract in Korean 239Docto
Contract Termination and Claim Assigners Obligation to Restitute
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : λ²νμ λ¬Έλνμ λ²νκ³Ό, 2023. 2. κΆμμ€.μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μ±λ¬΄μκ° μ±κΆμμμΈμ λνμ¬ κΈλΆλ₯Ό λ§μΉ λ€ κΈ°λ³Έκ³μ½μ΄ ν΄μ λ μν©μμ μμν볡μ무μ 주체λ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λ€λ£¬λ€. κ·Έκ° μ΄ μ£Όμ μ κ΄ν μ νμ°κ΅¬λ€μ λκ° κ³μ½ν΄μ μ μμν볡μ무μ λ³Έμ§μ΄ λΆλΉμ΄λλ°νμ무λΌλ μ μ μ°©μνμ¬, μΌκ°κ΄κ³μμμ λΆλΉμ΄λλ°ν λ¬Έμ μ μΌμ’
μΌλ‘μ μ¬μμ λΆμνμλ€. κ·Έ λλ¬Έμ κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ£Όλ‘ μ§μμ·¨λκ³Ό μ±κΆμλλ₯Ό ν΅ν κΈλΆ μ¬μ΄μ ꡬ쑰μ μ μ¬μ±μ΄ μμ μ΄ λμ΄μμΌλ©°, κ³μ½μ 무μλ ₯μν λ°°λΆμ΄λ μμν볡μ무μ λμμ΄νκ΄κ³μ κ°μ΄ κ³μ½λΉμ¬μ μ¬μ΄μ μ²μ°μ μΌλμ λ μμν볡μ무μ νΉμ§μ΄ μΆ©λΆν κ³ λ €λκΈ° μ΄λ €μ λ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ λ―Όλ² μ 548μ‘° μ 1νμ΄ κ³μ½ν΄μ μ μμν볡μ무μ 주체λ₯Ό κ³μ½μ κ° λΉμ¬μλ‘ κ·μ νκ³ μλ€λ μ , ν΄μ λ 무ν¨Β·μ·¨μμ λ¬λ¦¬ νλ°μ μ¬μ λ‘λ§ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§κ³ λΉμ¬μλ€μ ν©μμ μνμ¬λ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§ μ μμ΄ κ³μ½μλλ°© μ ν μμ 무μλ ₯ μνλ°°λΆμ΄ λμ± μ‘΄μ€λ νμκ° μλ€λ μ , ν΄μ λ μ λμ μ°νμ μ½μ ν΄μ μμ κΈ°μνλ€λ μ , ν΄μ μ ν¨κ³Όλ‘μ κ³μ½μ μκΈΒ·λ¬΄ν¨λ 무ν¨Β·μ·¨μμ λ¬λ¦¬ κ·Έ λ²μ λ° ν¨κ³Όκ° νμ μ μ΄λΌλ μ λ±μ κ³ λ €νλ©΄, μμν볡μλ¬΄κ° λΆλΉμ΄λλ°νμ무λ₯Ό λ³Έμ§λ‘ νλ€λ ν΅μ€μ μ¬κ²ν λ νμκ° μλ€.
μ΄λ λ― μμν볡μ무λ₯Ό λΆλΉμ΄λλ°νμ무μ λ
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νκ² λλ©΄, μ’
μ μ λͺ©μ λ‘ μ κΈλΆκ°λ
μ ꡬμ λ°μ§ μκ³ λ―Όλ² μ 548μ‘° μ 1νμ ν΄μμ λ°λΌ μμν볡μ무μλ₯Ό κ²°μ ν μ μλ€. λ§μ½ μμμΈμκ² μμν볡μ무λ₯Ό λΆλ΄μν¬ κ²½μ°, μ±λ¬΄μλ‘μλ μμ μ΄ κ°μ
ν μ μλ μ±κΆμλκ³μ½μ μνμ¬ μμμΈμ 무μλ ₯μνμ κ°μν΄μΌ νλ€λ μ μμ κ³μ½λ²μ κΈ°λ³Έμλ¦¬μΈ κ³μ½μμ μ μμΉ, κ·Έμ€μμλ κ³μ½μλλ°© μ νμ μμ λΌλ μ΄λ
μ λ°νλ κ²°κ³Όκ° λμΆλλ€. κΈλΆλΆλΉμ΄λλ²μ κ³μ½λ²μ 보좩κ·λ²μ΄λ―λ‘ μ΄ κ²½μ°μλ κ³μ½λ²μ κΈ°λ³Έμ리μ λ°λΌ μλμΈμ΄ μμν볡μ무λ₯Ό λΆλ΄νλ κ²μ΄ νλΉνλ€. μ΄λ¬ν ν΄μμ κ³μ½λΉμ¬μλ€μ μμν볡μ무μ μ£Όμ²΄λ‘ κ·μ νκ³ μλ λ―Όλ² μ 548μ‘° μ 1νμ λ¬ΈμΈμλ ν©μΉνκ³ , λ―Όλ² μ 549μ‘°μμ κ·μ νκ³ μλ λμμ΄νκ΄κ³λ κ°λͺ
νκ² ν΄κ²°ν μ μμ΄ κ³μ½λ²μ κ·μ μ μΆ©μ€ν ν΄μμ΄λ€. λμκ° μ±λ¬΄μ 보νΈλΌλ ꡬ체μ νλΉμ±μ μΈ‘λ©΄μμλ λ λμ κ²°κ³Όκ° λλ€λ μ , κ³μ½λΉμ¬μ κ° κ³μ½μ ν΅ν μνλ°°λΆμ μ‘΄μ€νλ κ²μ΄ ννμ λΆν©νλ€λ μ , λΆνμν μ²μ°κ³Όμ μ λ°λ³΅ν νμκ° μλ€λ μ , λΉκ΅λ²μ κ΄μ μμλ μλμΈ λ°νμ€μ΄ λ³΄λ€ λ리 μ§μ§λκ³ μλ€λ μ λ±μ΄ μΆκ°μ μΈ κ·Όκ±°λ‘ μ μλ μ μλ€.Who takes the responsibility to restitute when the underlying contract for assignment of claim is terminated after the payment has been completed? Conventionally, this topic has been treated as a matter of unjust enrichment among 3-parties relationships. This approach assumes that the legal nature of restitution followed by contract termination is a type of unjust enrichment.
I propose that restitution should be redefined as an independent legal duty imposed on contracting parties. It accords with the textual interpretation of Article 548 (1) of the Korean Civil Code which defines the subject of the obligation to restitute as "each party" of the contract when it is terminated. As such, the debtor's profit is not an inevitable requirement for restitution, which is a distinctive feature of restitution compared to unjust enrichment.
This redefined concept has significant implications for resolving claim assignment cases. If the assignee bears the obligation to restitute, it is contrary to the basic principle of the contract law in that the debtor must bear the risk of insolvency of the assignee, who he/she did not choose as a counterpart of the contract.
Since the rule of unjust enrichment by performance is a supplementary norm for the contract law, it is reasonable that the assigner bears the obligation to restitute not as a recipient of the debtors payment, but as a contractual partner of the debtor. It also conforms to the text of Article 548 (1) of the Korean Civil Code, which stipulates each contracting party to bear the obligation to restitution. In this way, it is not only a faithful interpretation of the basic principles of the contract law but also provides a simple resolution for the simultaneous performance relationship stipulated in Article 549 of the Civil Code in the context of contract termination. Furthermore, it leads to sound conclusions in several aspects such as the protection of the debtor, risk allocation between contractual partners, and reduction of the transaction cost. It is also supported in the perspective of comparative law of recent years.μ 1 μ₯ μλ‘ 1
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Abstract 106μ
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel analogues of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids as potential antitumor agent
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Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ½νκ³Ό, 2011.2. κΉμν¬.Maste
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