Die Problematik des Gesetzentwurfs fur die Schlichtung der arztlichen Konflikt

보건복지부는 의료사고로 인하여 야기되는 의사측과 환자측의 분쟁을 신속하고 공정하게 해결하기 위하여 의료분쟁조정제도를 도입하기로 하고, 몇 차례의 논의를 거쳐서 의료분쟁조정법안을 마련하여 발표한 바 있다. 그런데 이 법안에는 그간의 노력에도 불구하고 아직도 해결되지 않는 많은 문제점들이 포함되어 있기 때문에, 이 글에서는 먼저 이 법안의 내용을 간략하게 살펴 본 다음에, 이 법안이 가지고 있는 문제점을 진단하고 그 해결책을 모색함으로써, 바람직한 의료분쟁조정제도의 도입과 그 제도의 조속한 정착에 기여해 보려고 한다

Fair Trade Law in the Electricity Industry

In every industrialized country it has been normal practice for governments to involve themselves in the energy business, and especially in the activities of the electricity industry. In Korea the government has not only engaged in the electricity industry, but also regulated the industry since 1960. Although the government has endeavored to restructure and deregulate the electricity industry since 1980, the industry is still owned by public enterprises and remains as regulated industry. The electricity industry is still in the process of restructuring and transforming from regulated industry to competitive one. On the other hands, Korea enacted the fair trade laws such as Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act in 1981 and Fair Subcontract Transactions Act in 1986 and Adhesion Contract Regulation Act in 1987 to ensure free competition and fair trade in the markets. However, the fair trade laws have been not applied to the electricity industry until 1986. Fair Trade Commission began to apply the laws to the electricity industry, after the government encouraged to restructure public enterprises and deregulate electricity industry in 1990. This paper aims to analyse the various cases which the Fair Trade Commission and the Supreme Court applied the fair trade laws to the activities of electricity industry. For this purpose the paper started to describe the characteristics of electricity industry and then explained briefly the outlines of fair trade laws. This paper recognized that most of decisions and judgements of the Commission and the Supreme Court are focused on the abuse of market dominant position and unfair trade practices, unfair conditions of contract by the...이 논문은 서울대학교 법학발전재단 출연 법학연구소 기금의 2004학년도 학술연구비 의 보조를 받아 작성되었음

Dissolution of Japanese Zaibatsu and Its Implication in Korean Chaebol Policy

The Japanese economy before and during the second world war was dominated by the Zaibatsu - a few powerful families, wedded for mutual protection and advantage with influential elements of Japanese society - who controlled the major part of the industry, mining, finance and commerce of Japan, and in large part, livelihood of the people of Japan. Independent enterprises and free competition existed, but only in minor segments of the economy. Characteristically, Japan was a land of private internal economic empires featured by international and domestic cartel arrangements; pyramids of operating and holding companies reaching their apexes in top family holding companies; monopolies of basic resources, key services and strategic equipment; and control over major banking and insurance institutions. In order to reorganize Japan on a peaceful basis, it was essential to depose the Zaibatsu, break their stranglehold on economic enterprise, and give the ordinary businessman a stake in a democratic nation. Dissolution of the Zaibatsu was undertaken by the Allied Command. The objective was to build a competitive, private enterprise economy, established on the base of a widely distributed ownership. Application of the dissolution program would occur in two stages. The first was thought of as a surgical operation that would break up the combines and establish their various company units as independent competitive enterprises. Zaibatsu owners would be compensated for transferred securities, which would be sold widely to the public. If the surgical operation was to be effective, it would also have to reckon with the close-knit personnel relations of the combine's managerial staffs. For the..

Study on Asian Laws: The Past, Present and Future

이 글은 2011년 9월 23일 서울대학교 아시아․태평양법연구소의 창립을 기념하는 국제학술대회에서 기조연설(Keynote Speech)로 발표했던 것을 수정, 보완한 것이다.아시아법 연구를 최초로 시작한 나라는 미국이다. 미국에서는 1950년대와 60년대에 법과 개발의 관점에서 아시아법을 연구하기 시작하였으며, 아시아에서는 일본이 최초로 아시아법에 대한 연구를 하기 시작하였다. 한국에서는 2000년대에 들어와서 비로소 아시아법에 대한 연구가 시작되었기 때문에 아직 그 성과가 아주 미미한 상태이다. 아시아법 연구에 접근하는 방식에는 두 가지, 즉 서구법의 관점에서 접근하는 방식과 아시아법의 주체적인 관점에서 접근하는 방식이 있는데, 전자의 주류는 법과 개발의 이론이고, 후자의 주류는 다원적 법체제론의 입장이라고 할 수 있다. 아시아법은 아시아 각국의 법과 인도법, 이슬람법 및 극동법으로 구성되는 광역법으로 구성되어 있으며, 실체적으로는 고유법, 계수법, 개발법 등으로 구성되어 있다. 그런데 아시아 각국의 법은 계수법과 개발법이 그들의 고유법과 조화를 이루지 못하여 그 실효성이 높지 않다는 문제점을 안고 있다. 따라서 아시아법에 대한 체계적인 연구는 한편으로는 아시아법의 실효성을 제고하기 위하여, 다른 한편으로는 아시아(경제)공동체의 형성을 위한 법적 기초를 마련하기 위하여 절실히 필요하다. 그리고 그 접근방법은 서구법의 입장에서 접근하는 방식과 아시아법의 주체적인 입장에 서 접근하는 방식을 모두 동원하여 서로의 연구 성과를 서로 보완해 나가도록 하는 것이 바람직할 것이다

Enforcement System of Competition and Fair Trade Law in Korea

우리나라는 시장경제를 경제질서의 기본으로 삼고 있는데, 시장경제가 정상적으로 기능하기 위해서는 시장에 자유롭고 공정한 경쟁이 유지되고 있어야 한다. 따라서 국가는 자유롭고 공정한 경쟁을 유지, 촉진하기 위하여 1980년에 독점규제 및 공정거래에 관한 법률을 제정하여 시장지배적 사업자의 지위남용행위, 기업결합, 부당한 공동행위 및 불공정거래행위를 금지 또는 제한하고 있다. 그리고 사업자 상호간의 거래나 사업자와 소비자간의 거래에서 나타나는 불공정한 거래를 시정하여 공정한 거래질서를 확립하기 위하여 국가는 하도급거래나 가맹점 거래는 물론이고 약관규제나 할부거래 등과 같은 특수한 거래에 대한 규제도 하고 있다. 그런데 현행법상 자유로운 경쟁과 공정한 거래 및 소비자보호를 규제들은 공정거래위원회에 의한 행정적 규제와 아울러 당사자들의 사적구제를 통하여 실현되게 되어 있지만, 실제로는 사적 구제는 활발하게 이루어지지 않고 주로 공정거래위원회의 행정적 규제에 의하여 실현되고 있다. 그러나 공정한 거래나 소비자보호를 위한 규제가 지나치게 행정적 규제에 의존하고 있는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 따라서 공정한 거래질서의 확립이나 소비자보호를 위한 제도의 실효성을 확보하기 위해서는 공정 거래 및 소비자보호 관련법의 집행시스템을 개선할 필요가 있다. 그 구체적인 방안으로는 당사자간의 사적 분쟁의 성격이 강한 불공정거래행위나 소비자거래에 대하여는 행정적 규제를 완화하는 대신에 경쟁자나 소비자가 법원에 스스로 구제를 청 구하는 사적구제를 활성화하기 위하여 금지청구권을 도입하는 동시에 징벌적 배상제도와 집단소송제도를 도입하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.이 논문은 서울대학교 법학발전재단 출연 법학연구소 기금의 2010학년도 학술지원비 지원을 받았음

Consumer Law and Policy in Korea

In Korea, the Consumer Protection Act was enacted in 1981. The Act declares that a consumer has seven fundamental rights, it provides the roles of consumer and consumer organizations, and the duties of state and government to realize consumer rights and to promote consumer benefits. The most important duties of state and government are to enact consumer laws and to develop and enforce consumer protection policies. The Act establishes the Korean Consumer Protection Board to drive consumer protection policies effectively and to set up the Consumer Mediation Committee in the Korean Consumer Protection Board for mediating consumer disputes. There are various problems that are related to consumer protection, but this paper will focus only on two major problems: one is the unfair clause of standard form contracts, and the other is the product liability. In Korea, unfair clauses are controlled in three stages by the Act of Regulating Standard Form Contract. First, the clauses are not stated plainly or explained by the proposing party are excluded from the content of the contract by another party. Second, the clauses of standard form contracts shall be fairly interpreted by the faith and fidelity rule. Third, unfair clauses of contracts that are contrary to the faith and fidelity rule are invalid. The Act prohibits certain undertakings from using unfair clauses that are against the Act. It also gives the Fair Trade Commission the power to judge the unfairness of clauses and to command the undertaking which uses unfair clauses to eliminate or to correct the unfair clauses. Although the Act has, in the meantime, considerably contributed to improve the practices of consumer transaction, it encounters criticisms as follows; First, the criteria which the Act provides to estimate the unfairness of clauses are not detailed and concrete enough to be applied to concrete cases

Die vertragsrechtliche Bildung des Verbraucherschutzes und ihre Grenze

Der Ausdruck von Mainrad Dreher, „Der Verbraucher ist das Phantom in den opera des europa¨ischen und deutschen Rechts, symbolisiert die Unklarheit des Begriffs des Verbrauchers, die Schwierigkeit des Verbrauchersproblems und die Verwirrung der Rechtspolitik die diese Umsta¨nde bewirken kö nnten. Trotzdem ist das Verbrauchersproblem die wichtige Ursache zur Rechtsreformierung geworden, und vertretet heute noch den unwiderruflichen Geist der Zeit. Die Unklarheit des Verbrauchersbegriffs, worum Dreher sich gesorgt hat, ist noch nicht ü berwunden worden, aber die Bedeutung dieses Begriffs kann immer noch nicht ü bersehen werden, wenn der Versuch, den Verbraucher zu definieren, noch den engen Zusammenhang mit dem aktuellen Verkehr und dem Zweck der ihn regelenden Normen hat. In der Hinsicht auf dem Verbraucherschutz haben die in Deutschland und Japan neusten Privatrechtsreformierungen die besondere Bedeutung, und die Richtung und die Methode dieser Reformierungen bietet uns den Ansatz fü r unsere Reform. In Deutschland ist trotz dem wesentlichen Bedenken schon der Gesichtspunkt des Verbraucherschutzes in BGB eingefü hrt worden, und davon kö nnen wir den Grund finden, in dem harten Privatrechtsgedenken uns nicht niederlassen zu kö nnen. Es kö nnte jedenfalls nicht geeignet sein, die letzte Modernisierung des Schuldrechts an den Abschied von der Privatautonomie anzuknü pfen. Bei der Verbesserung des Rechtsinstitutes fü r den Verbraucherschutz kö nnten wir daher von Anfang die Erfassung des gesamten Privatrechtssystems nicht ausklammern

Erhohnungsmoglichkeit der Wirkung des AGB-Gesetz

약관의 규제에 관한 법률(이하 약관규제법이라고 약칭한다)은 불공정한 내용의 약관을 규제하기 위하여, 제6조에서 신의성실의 원칙에 반하여 공정을 잃은 조항은 무효라고 규정하여 약관의 공정성 통제에 관한 일반원칙을 선언하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 제7조 내지 제14조에서 그 구체적인 판단기준을 제시하고 있다. 그리고 불공정한 약관의 사용을 방지하기 위하여 일정한 사업자에 대하여는 불공정한 약관조항을 계약의 내용으로 하지 못하도록 하고(법 17조), 이에 위반하는 사업자에 대하여는 공정거래위원회가 당해약관조항의 삭제·수정 등 시정에 필요한 조치를 명하거나 권고할 수 있도록 하고 있으며(법 17조의2 1항, 2항), 행정관청의 인가를 받은 약관이나 금융기관의 약관에 대하여는 감독관청에 그 사실을 통보하고 그 시정에 필요한 조치를 요청하거나 권고할 수 있도록 하고 있다(법 18조). 그런데 동법은 시정명령을 하는 경우와 시정권고를 하는 경우를 구별하는 기준을 명확하게 제시하지 못하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 특히 공정거래위원회의 시정권고 또는 감독관청에 대한 시정조치의 요청이나 권고에 대해서는 그 이행을 확보할 수 있는 수단을 마련해 놓지 않고 있다

Suggestion to Amend Korean Antitrust Law

The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act(hereafter Korean Antitrust Act or the Act) has been amended 8 times since its enactment in 1981. Despite the continual efforts of Korean Fair Trade Commission(hereafter KFTC or the Commission) to implement the Act for past 19 years, the principles of a market economy have not been realized and the unfair business practices have not been eliminated in Korea. This paper aims to analyse the key problems of Korean Antitrust Act and to suggest its comprehensive solutions. First, although many industries have been monopolised or oligopolised even before the adoption of the Act, the Commission has focused primarily on controlling cartels and unfair business practices until 1996. Such limited focus has undermined the effectiveness of this Act, which strives to promote free and fair competition through the conversion of a monopolised or oligipolised market structure into a competitive one. Second, the Act has adopted the presumption of acquiring market dominant position and of the substantial restraint of competition to enhance the effectiveness of control against the abuse of market dominant position and against the concentration of market power by merger. But this presumptions have not contributed to enhance the effectiveness of the control, because the standards are reasonably high and complicated. To enhance the effectiveness of these control, the standards of presumption should be modified as the level of former German law. Third, in implementing the Act, the Commission has exercised unbridled discretion and has chosen to pursue cases an ad hoc basis instead of developing a coherent and ..

International Legal Order and Domestic Law ; Tasks of Competition Law for Establishing an Economic Community in East Asia

After China introduced the market economy, the volume of economic exchange and cooperation in East Asia grew more rapidly. In order to promote this cooperation, one could also expect to establish a common market in East Asia also, similar to EEC and NAFTA. However, there are many obstacles that prevent the establishment of the common market in this area. Therefore it is highly recommended for the legal professionals to join in research to remove these obstacles. This paper, in order to promote this effort, focused on conducting research only in competition law. Most countries in East Asia have introduced competition law, in order to maintain the proper function of the market economy. Japan was the first country in Asia to introduce a competition law, followed by Korea and Taiwan. China is still in the process of legislation since joining the WTO. In general, competition laws prohibit or regulate monopolies and oligopolies, mergers, collaborative acts and unfair trade practices in order to maintain or promote free and fair competition; in this aspect, the competition laws of East Asian countries are the same. The competition law of each country, however, shows substantial differences in specific content and regulatory procedure. The countries in East Asia need to develop their institutions to meet the global standard by means of comparing and examining their institutions and experiences with those of Europe and the United States at the same time as verifying the characteristics of Asian competition law and overcoming the limitations of these through their mutual comparison and research. In order to...이 논문은 서울대학교 법학발전재단 출연 법학연구소 기금의 2005학년도 학술연구비 의 보조를 받았음