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    Modern female subject and the problem of maternity in Chae Man-sik's fictions

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๋ฐฉ๋ฏผํ˜ธ.This study illuminates repetitive appearance of female characters who pursue their desires without sacrificing for their children in Chae Man-siks fictions. Women in Chae Man-siks fictions do not give up their lives and desires for their children, nor are they condemned, retaliated, or punished to be unethical throughout the narration. This study aims to analyze these characters in order to find solutions on the dilemma of feminism, which is the gap between sacrificial motherhood and independent women, and to investigate the significance and potential of male writes materializing feminine issues through fiction. It is important to investigate how female characters are reenacted in Chae Man-siks fictions, because Korean literature thus far has achieved progressive reenactment of femininity relatively easily by separating mother and woman, while it has repetitively reproduced narration of punishment on female characters who do not comply with the ideology of motherhood. Literary works which plainly follow the ideology of motherhood played the function of warning female readers, ultimately solidifying the patriarchal ideology throughout the Korean society. Chae Man-sik sought to depict the violence and paradox that women in colonial Joseon faced using methods of reenactment which were different from other writers of the time. This study closely examines how women in his fiction, who are interpellated as mother by the motherhood ideology, creates rupture in the relationship mediated by motherhood. To do this, it referred to Louis Althussers concept of ideological interpellation, as well as Slavoj ลฝiลพeks theories that point out the subject before interpellation and the dimension beyond interpellation. Discovering female characters who rebel against the motherhood ideology in Chae Man-siks works is significant in that it discovers female subjects who are interpellated by the motherhood ideology. Unlike the male writers at the time who presumed obviousness of motherhood when depicting female subjects who were created by interpellation of the motherhood ideology, Chae Man-sik depicts female subjects in his fiction who fit ลฝiลพeks process of interpellation as willful delegation rather than that of Althusser in that they reject their intrinsic maternal love and show confusion or lack of confidence in their role as mothers. Chae Man-sik noticed the fact that patriarchy and the motherhood ideology combined with capitalism as well as imperialism to work as multi-layered repression and violence on women in colonial Joseon. Consequently, he closely depicted female characters who are exposed to various circumstances of repression in individual works, while materializing the strong resistance and subversive energy performed by each female character. Chae Man-sik searched for the idea of modern female subject in a post-modern manner while deferring to give a direct answer on the conditions of modern female subject. It is interesting that he not only dealt with the lives of mothers as married women who assume motherhood, but also those of various women including unmarried women, women who raise their children on their own, and divorced women. Chapter 2 of this study discusses ใ€ŽOut of A Dolls Houseใ€, which is Chae Man-Siks first full-length novel, where he presents Nora to challenge that an escape from the existing ideology of the motherhood ideology is critical in establishing the modern female subject. Chapter 3 analyzes Chobong, the female protagonist of ใ€ŽTakryuใ€, which is considered to be Chae Man-siks major work, to capture the scene where Chobong, who used to remain as a victim of violence on women, transforms into a modern female subject by acquiring her own language and behavior. Chobong, who is a victim of sexual violence and domestic violence, changes from an object to a subject by murdering the assailant man with her own hands. Chobong disturbs the patriarchal order through such resistance, and Chae Man-Sik proclaims that this is the beginning point of his female narration by titling the last chapter of ใ€ŽTakryuใ€ as Prelude. His subsequent works, such as ใ€ŒJutใ€, ใ€ŒBanjeomใ€, ใ€ŒMosekใ€, and ใ€ŒIreon Nammaeใ€ commonly show the motif of women without motherhood. By reproducing the narration where other writers reproduce narrations that punish women who prioritize their desires over motherhood, Chae Man-sik rebels against the tradition that disciplined womens desires and uses the character of nanny in ใ€ŒJutใ€ to promote the restoration of self-gaze and desire on womens body. This is significant that it challenges the historical facts surrounding womens body, such as repressive mechanisms targeting the mothers body to rectify and repress it. As such, Chae Man-sik refuses to stay as a safe observer when reenacting the repressive circumstances of contemporary women as a male writer, but continues to deliberate on the ethics of reenactment, while dismantling the boundary between mother, who are fixated by the motherhood ideology, and women who are outside the boundary. Chapter 4 interprets ใ€ŽLifetime of Womanใ€, ใ€ŽA Biography of a Womanใ€ series, and ใ€ŒShim-Bong-Saใ€ as works that describes Chae Man-siks continued interest on repressive circumstances and motherhood of women in colonial Joseon, rejecting a separated interpretation on Chae Man-siks fictions to be cooperating to colonial Japan and noticing the internal continuity of such works. Chae Man-sik depicts the struggles of maternal characters who took charge of their families due to the absence of male patriarchs under the historical conditions of the late colonial period, where empiricism and patriarchism were tightly related. It is interesting that they show reenactment of an alternative motherhood without being slanted into an ideology of militarist motherhood. By depicting the process where widows who deviated from existing patriarchism and the motherhood ideology acquire a new position as matriarch in a generational manner, Chae Man-sik shows that motherhood is not something that is intrinsic, fixated, nor certain and simultaneously presents the concept of performative motherhood. The rupture of the motherhood ideology through performative motherhood is created by the parody where Shim Hak-gyu, the protagonist of ใ€ŽShim-Bong-Saใ€-a rewrite of The Tale of Shim Chong- performs a mothering role. The analysis in this chapter referred to Judith Butlers performativity theory. In conclusion, the female characters in Chae Man-siks fictions rebels against the motherhood ideology using various strategies, such as escape from house, legitimate murder of an assailant of sexual violence, jouissance of desire, matriarchy, and performative motherhood. Through such process of resistance, Chae Man-sik sought to explore and materialize the complex and multidimensional aspects of modern female subject. The conservative trend of Korean literature on motherhood among female symbols, which continue to this day, is attributable to the dynamics of female literature in the 1920s and 1930s which chose to make an indirect, rather than direct, denial of the motherhood ideology after Na Hye-sok. Despite Chae Man-siks position as a male writer may be a limitation in adequately exposing womens experiences, the fact that the idea of Chae Man-sik, a male writer, resonated with the Ideology of Na Hye-sok at such time suggests an advantage in narrating these experiences as fictions for issues that are internalized and forced as a taboo for female writers, such as the discourse on motherhood. As long as the process of narrating the history of literature has significance on its own, capturing and recording these scenes into the history of female literature will make it richer and more elaborate.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ์†์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”, ์ž์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ์† ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์š•๋ง์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์„œ์‚ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์†์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋„๋•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‘์ง•ยท ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ์ƒ์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Œ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์„ค๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜์˜์™€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹ ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์— ํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ชจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์—ญํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ต์Šตํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ํ†ต๋…์„ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌํƒ€์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์žฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ, ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ ํ˜ธ๋ช…(interpellation)๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งบ์Œ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ํ˜ธ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์ด ์•ŒํŠ€์„ธ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๋ช… ์ด์ „์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ํ˜ธ๋ช… ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ผ๋ณด์˜ˆ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์— ์žฌํ˜„๋œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์—ญํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์€ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒ๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ช…์„ฑ(obviousness)์„ ์ „์ œํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ์† ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋“์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์•ŒํŠ€์„ธ๋ฅด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž์˜์  ์œ„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ช… ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ์™€ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์ธต์ ์ธ ์–ต์••๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ต์••์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒ„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํญ๋ ฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ „๋ณต์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ‰๋‹ต์„ ์œ ๋ณดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ(่ฑก)์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์„ ์ „์ œํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„ํ˜ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ํ˜ผ์ž ์•„์ด ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์ดํ˜ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์•  ๊ธฐํš์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ์—ญ์‹œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์ ์ด๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค์ธ ใ€Ž์ธํ˜•์˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜์™€์„œใ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ใ€Žํƒ๋ฅ˜ใ€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์ดˆ๋ด‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ดˆ๋ด‰์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ํ–‰์œ„์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜€๋˜ ์ดˆ๋ด‰์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ด‰์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ž€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ใ€Žํƒ๋ฅ˜ใ€์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ์„œ๊ณก(ๅบๆ›ฒ)์ด๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„œ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ใ€Œ์ –ใ€, ใ€Œ๋ฐ˜์ ใ€, ใ€Œ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ใ€, ใ€Œ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚จ๋งคใ€ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ์—ฌํƒ€์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ์•ž์„ธ์šด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ํ›ˆ์œกํ•ด์˜จ ๊ด€ํ–‰์— ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ใ€Œ์ –ใ€์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์‘์‹œ์™€ ์š•๋ง์˜ ๋ณต์›์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ์–ต์••๊ธฐ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋žต์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์ œํ•ด์˜จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์–ต์••์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์žฌํ˜„์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌํš๋œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”ใ€Ž์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ผ์ƒใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์—ฌ์ธ์ „๊ธฐใ€ ์—ฐ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ใ€Œ์‹ฌ๋ด‰์‚ฌใ€๋ฅผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์–ต์••์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ผํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์  ํ•ด์„๋ก ์„ ์ง€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด์  ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ผ์ œ ๋ง๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฐ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒดํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ์™€ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ชจ์žฅ(matriarch)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ๋“์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋„, ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด์€ ์‹ฌ์ฒญ์ „์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ด ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Ž์‹ฌ๋ด‰์‚ฌใ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ์‹ฌํ•™๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญํ• (mothering)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ฃผ๋””์Šค ๋ฒ„ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹ ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํƒˆ๊ฐ€(่„ซๅฎถ), ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น๋ฐฉ์œ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ดํ•ด, ์š•๋ง์˜ ํ–ฅ์œ (jouissance), ๊ฐ€๋ชจ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋„ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™ ์† ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ‘œ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋… ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ์—๋Š”, ๋‚˜ํ˜œ์„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์  ๋ถ€์ •๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐํšŒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ 1920-1930๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์žฅ์˜ ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚˜ํ˜œ์„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ์„ฑ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์„คํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  11 1. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  11 2. ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  17 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ฑ„๋งŒ์‹ ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ 1920~1930๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 29 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธํ˜•์˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์—ฐ์œ ๋กœ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 33 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด ๊ธฐํš 47 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํƒ๋ฅ˜์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋Œ๋ณด๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋ด‰์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์„ฑ 47 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ –๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ ๋“ฑ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ‘œ์ƒ 69 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 87 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ผ์ œ ๋ง ๋Œ€์ผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 91 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋Œ€์ผํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฐ€๋ชจ์žฅ(ๅฎถๆฏ้•ท)์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„ 93 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์ธ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹ฌ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ๋ชจ์„ฑ 102 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  108 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 115 Abstract 125Maste
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