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    폐암 세포 유래 인터루킨-23에 μ˜ν•œ μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 1ν˜•μ—μ„œ 3ν˜•μœΌλ‘œμ˜ λ³€ν™˜μ΄ μ’…μ–‘ μ„±μž₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό,2019. 8. 김지은.Due to the recent success of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, there has been a growing interest in the role of immune cells in tumor microenvironment (TME). Innate lymphoid cell (ILC) is one kind of immune subsets which might contribute to the TME yet relatively unexplored. ILC has three subsets classified according to their transcription factor and cytokine expression, however, the plasticity between ILC subsets has been reported in the inflammatory bowel disease by in vitro experiments. Up to now, the effect of ILC subsets and their plasticity with changes in cytokines on TME has not been fully investigated. This study aimed to reveal the role of ILC plasticity and significance for potential therapeutic target in human lung TME. ILC subsets and cytokine expression profiles were evaluated in 80 cases of NSCLC each consisting of 40 squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and 40 adenocarcinoma (ADC) with matched normal lung tissue, which were freshly collected in Seoul National University Hospital. Experimental conversion of ILC1 into ILC3 under co-culture with lung cancer cells was explored. The contribution of IL-23 on tumor growth and regulation of immune components in TME was investigated using in vivo mouse tumor model. Verification and prognostic effects of converted ILC3 and related pathways were evaluated by tissue microarray from retrospective cohort composed of 875 lung cancer patients. As a result, IL-17RA expression on tumor cells and IL-17A expression on immune cells from TME were significantly higher in SqCC than ADC, which suggests that IL-17 has pro-tumoral effects in pulmonary SqCC. Among IL-17+ cells, the percentages of ILCs were higher in SqCC than ADCs, and also ILC3s were more frequent that ILC1s in SqCC in contrast to ADC or normal lung tissue. Among cytokines which were involved in plasticity of ILC1 and ILC3, only IL-23 mRNA or protein expression from tumor cells was significantly correlated with the number of ILC1 and ILC3. And the percentage of ILC3 was associated with IL-23 expression in tumor cells but not immune cells. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the conversion of ILC1 from ILC3 in TME could be caused by IL-23 expression from tumor cells. The polarization of ILC1 into ILC3 was observed in experiment of in vitro co-culture model using sorted-ILC1 or total ILCs and SqCC which expresses high level of IL-23, but not in co-culture of sorted ILC1 or total ILCs and ADCs. In in vivo murine tumor model, tumor growth was dependent on IL-23 expression from tumor cells via IL-17 from converted ILC3 from ILC1. In retrospective cohort using immunohistochemistry on TMA, the numbers of CD3-RORΞ³t+ ILC3, IL-17 expression level, and IL-23- or IL-17RA-expressing tumor cells were more frequently observed in SqCC. These factors were also associated with short survival of patients with SqCC but not ADC. In conclusion, these results indicate that IL-23 produced by tumor cells drives differentiation ILC1 toward ILC3 and the interaction of IL-17 expression from ILC3 and IL-17R on tumor cells promotes tumor proliferation. Therefore, the IL-23 – ILC3 – IL-17 axis affects to poor prognosis in lung cancer patients, this axis may suggest potential immunotherapy targets for patients with IL-23-producing lung cancers.졜근 PD-1을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ λ©΄μ—­ μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ 쒋은 λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄λ©΄μ„œ μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 면역세포에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해가 κ·Έ μ–΄λŠ λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€ μ€‘μš”ν•΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ„ μ²œμ„± λ©΄μ—­ 세포에 κ°€κΉμ§€λ§Œ 도움 T세포에 μƒμ‘ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ„ 가진 비ꡐ적 μ΅œκ·Όμ— λ°ν˜€μ§„ 세포ꡰ이닀. μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 각 λ°œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” μ „μ‚¬μΈμž 및 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” 사이토카인을 톡해 3가지 μ•„ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰œλ‹€. μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 μ•„ν˜• κ°„ ν˜•μ§ˆ μ „ν™˜μ€ λŒ€μž₯μ—Ό μ‹€ν—˜ λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ 보고된 λ°” μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ μ’…μ–‘μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ λ°ν˜€μ§„ λ‚΄μš©μ΄ μ—†κ³ , μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ•„ν˜•λ³„ μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œμ˜ 역할에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ μ •λ¦½λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 3ν˜•μ„ λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 세포가 λΆ„λΉ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 물질 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ 인터루킨-17이 쒅양에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ—°κ΅¬λ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄ μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ 더 λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 이번 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포가 폐암 쑰직 내에 쑴재 및 ν˜•μ§ˆ μ „ν™˜ λ°œμƒ μ—¬λΆ€, μ’…μ–‘ λ‚΄μ—μ„œμ˜ 역할을 νŒŒμ•…ν•΄ λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ©΄μ—­ 치료 νƒ€κ²Ÿμ„ λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜κ³ μž κ³„νšν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 2015λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2017λ…„κΉŒμ§€ μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ λΉ„μ†Œμ„Έν¬νμ•”μœΌλ‘œ μ ˆμ œμˆ μ„ 받은 ν™˜μž 80λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ μ„  μƒνƒœμ˜ μ’…μ–‘κ³Ό 정상 폐 쑰직을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 각 쑰직 λ‚΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λ©΄μ—­ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 뢄포 및 λ°œν˜„ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ‹ μ„  μ’…μ–‘ μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œ μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포λ₯Ό 얻은 λ’€ λΉ„μ†Œμ„Έν¬ 폐암 세포주 ν˜Ήμ€ ν™˜μž μ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 얻은 μ’…μ–‘ 세포와 ν•¨κ»˜ λ°°μ–‘ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 마우슀 μ’…μ–‘ λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜μ—¬ 생체 λ‚΄μ—μ„œμ˜ μ’…μ–‘ μ„±μž₯ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 2001λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2012λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 동일 κΈ°κ΄€μ—μ„œ λΉ„μ†Œμ„Έν¬νμ•”μœΌλ‘œ 폐엽 μ ˆμ œμˆ μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ νŒŒλΌν•€ λΈ”λ‘μ—μ„œ μ’…μ–‘ λΆ€μœ„λ§Œμ„ νšλ“ν•˜μ—¬ 쑰직 λ―Έμ„Έλ°°μ—΄ 블둝을 μ œμž‘ 및 면역쑰직화학 염색을 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ μž„μƒ μ§€ν‘œμ™€μ˜ μ—°κ΄€μ„± 및 생쑴 뢄석을 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μš°μ„  μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œμ˜ 인터루킨-17수용체 λ°œν˜„κ³Ό μ£Όλ³€ λ©΄μ—­ μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ 인터루킨-17의 λ°œν˜„μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ 선암에 λΉ„ν•΄ νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬μ•”μ—μ„œ 두 인자 λͺ¨λ‘ λ†’κ²Œ λ°œν˜„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 인터루킨-17을 λΆ„λΉ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ λ©΄μ—­ 세포ꡰ μ€‘μ—μ„œλŠ” μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 3ν˜•μ΄ 폐 νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬μ•”μ—μ„œ μ„ μ•”μ΄λ‚˜ 정상 폐 쑰직에 λΉ„ν•΄ 많이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€κ³  μ„ μ²œμ„± λ¦Όν”„μˆ˜ 세포 μ•„ν˜•μ˜ 뢄포λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬μ•”μ—μ„œ 3ν˜•μ΄ 1ν˜•λ³΄λ‹€ μ’…μ–‘ 내에 많이 λΆ„ν¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ μ„ μ•”μ—μ„œλŠ” 정상 쑰직과 큰 차이λ₯Ό 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λΆ„ν¬μ˜ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ•„ν˜•λ³„ μ „ν™˜μ„ μœ λ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 사이토카인 뢄비에 μ˜ν•  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ°€μ • ν•˜μ— 사이토카인 뢄비와 μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 1ν˜•, 3ν˜•κ³Όμ˜ 연관성을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ 쀑 μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λ°œν˜„λ˜λŠ” 인터루킨-23이 μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 1ν˜•κ³Ό 역상관관계λ₯Ό, 3 ν˜• κ³Ό 정상관관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 곡생배양 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬μ•” 세포와 μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 전체 ν˜Ήμ€ 1 ν˜•μ„ ν•¨κ»˜ λ°°μ–‘ν•œ κ²½μš°μ— 3 ν˜• 의 증가λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€κ³ , μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 증식 증가λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ 마우슀 및 마우슀 νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬μ•” 세포주λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œμ—λ„ 인터루킨-23 κ³Όλ°œν˜„ μ’…μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό νˆ¬μ—¬ν•œ λ§ˆμš°μŠ€μ—μ„œ μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 증식 증가 및 μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 1 ν˜• 이 3 ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒκ³Ό 인터루킨-17의 증가λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ—¬ 생체 λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ„ 같은 ν˜„μƒμ„ λ³΄μž„μ„ 증λͺ…ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ’…μ–‘ μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œ 면역쑰직화학염색을 톡해 μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λΆ„λΉ„λ˜λŠ” 인터루킨-23의 λ°œν˜„ 증가와 μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 3 ν˜• 의 증가가 νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ•”μ—μ„œ 관찰됨을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ•” ν™˜μžμ—μ„œλ§Œ 생쑴 λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ 두 인자 λͺ¨λ‘ λΆˆλŸ‰ν•œ μ˜ˆν›„μ™€ 연관됨을 ν™•μΈν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 쒅양이 μžκ°€ 생쑴 및 μ„±μž₯을 μœ„ν•΄ μ£Όλ³€ 면역세포, κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν˜•μ§ˆ μ „ν™˜μ„ μœ λ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μžκ°€ 증식에 μ΄μš©ν•¨μ„ 졜초둜 λ³΄κ³ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 결둠적으둜 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μžλŠ” νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬νμ•”μ—μ„œ λ°œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 인터루킨-23이 μ’…μ–‘ λ‚΄ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 1 ν˜•μ„ 3 ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜μ‹œμΌœ μ’…μ–‘ λ‚΄ 인터루킨-17 μΆ•μ μ˜ 증가λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•˜κ³ , 이둜 인해 인터루킨-17 기전에 μ˜ν•œ μ’…μ–‘ μ„±μž₯ 촉진이 ν™˜μžμ˜ λΆˆλŸ‰ν•œ μ˜ˆν›„λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ°ν˜”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 생쑴 μ „λž΅μ„ 규λͺ…ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 폐암, κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ νŽΈν‰μƒν”Όμ„Έν¬μ•”κ³Ό 같이 인터루킨-23을 많이 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” 쒅양에 λŒ€ν•΄ 인터루킨-23/ μ„ μ²œμ„± 림프ꡬ 세포 3/ 인터루킨-17 μΆ•μ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄을 μ°¨λ‹¨ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν™˜μžμ˜ 생쑴λ₯  ν–₯상이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 치료 νƒ€κ²Ÿμ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” 근거둜 μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€.Contents List of Tables List of Figures 1. Introduction 1.1 Different two subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer 1.2 Various strategies for tumor survival 1.3 IL-17 pathway in tumor microenvironment 1.4 Innate lymphoid cells and regulation of tumor immunity 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The cohorts of patients with NSCLC 2.2 Preparation of fresh tissues obtained from NSCLC patients and tissue microarray 2.3 Human and mouse lung cancer cell lines 2.4 Antibodies for immune subset analysis using flow cytometry 2.5 Cell sorting 2.6 Lentiviral transduction and transfection study 2.7 Mice and tumor inoculation in vivo 2.8 Immunohistochemistry 2.9 Immunofluorescence 2.10 Quantitative real-time PCR 2.11 Proliferation assay 2.12 In vitro culture of ILCs 2.13 Co-culture experiments using ILCs 2.14 RNAseq analysis 2.15 TCGA data analysis 2.16 Statistics 3. Results 3.1 The IL-17- IL-17 receptor axis is enhanced in pulmonary SqCCs but not ADCs 3.2 IL-17-IL-17R axis is associated with short survival of SqCC patients 3.3 Higher numbers of ILC3 among IL-17-producing immune cells in SqCCs 3.4 SqCC exhibit an inverse correlation between ILC1 and ILC3 compared to ADCs 3.5 Conversion from ILC1 into ILC3 is promoted by IL-23-producing SqCCs, rather than immune cells, in the TME 3.6 SqCCs rather than ADCs drive the conversion from ILC1 into ILC3 subsets by producing IL-23 3.7 IL-23-producing SqCCs promote tumor growth by inducing ILC3-mediated IL-17 production in in vitro 3.8 IL-23-producing SqCCs promote tumor growth by inducing ILC3-mediated IL-17 production in in vivo 3.9 ILC3 contributes to the poor prognosis of patients with SqCC 4. Discussion 4.1 The conversion of ILC1 into ILC3 by tumor cells exists in TME 4.2 IL-23 mediated novel tumor survival strategy 4.3 IL-23/ILC3/IL-17 axis: a critical pathway of tumor progression in SqCCs 4.4 Conclusive remarks Bibliography ꡭ문초둝Docto
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