47 research outputs found

    ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณต์žก์œ ์ฒด์˜ ๋™์ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ๋ณ€ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์•ˆ๊ฒฝํ˜„.When stress or strain is applied to the complex fluids, they exhibit unusual mechanical responses due to the geometrical hindrances that the phase coexistence induces. Their rheological properties can be attributed to characteristics such as highly disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales. With it, the dynamics of complex fluids receives attentions as its deeply related to the microstructure and rheological property. To supplement the conventional rheometry, we suggest particle tracking microrheology using direct visualization as an alternative. Using this method, we can observe the local viscoelastic behavior of materials as well as the dynamics on micron length scale. As a first step, we verify the experimental setup of microrheology with totally homogeneous materials such as various polymer solutions by comparing with the results from conventional rheometer. Then, as a second step, we try to control a step of developing mechanism of biofilms by measuring rheological properties of biofilms. It composed with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacterial cells which have been known to show viscoelastic behavior and have heterogeneous microstructures. From measuring the mean square displacements (MSDs) on the micro-scale, the dynamical heterogeneities of the biofilms are evaluated using van Hove correlation function and non-Gaussian parameter. The dynamical heterogeneity of the biofilms decreased as the wall shear rate increased, analogizing the structural heterogeneity of the biofilms on the different wall shear rate. By determining the local G and G at the low wall shear rate, the structures of biofilms are characterized as void, loose and dense network structures respectively. These kinds of structural diversity in the biofilms give a strong dynamical heterogeneity at low wall shear rate. In contrast, the narrow distribution of MSDs at the high wall shear rate was caused by the dense structure of biofilms. This result clearly gives the strong point of particle tracking microrheology on localized measurement. Finally, as a third step, we modified the previous microrheological method to report the effect of dynamical heterogeneity on the theoretical modeling of nonlinear elastic modulus and Brownian stress of colloidal depletion gels that have undergone yielding in high-rate step strains by modifying previous tracking method on the open system. When we apply step strains to colloidal gels with short-ranged depletion attraction using simple shear equipment, we find the existence of a subpopulation of slow and fast particles. Within this flow regime, small aggregates of particles connected by weak bonds are broken, leaving behind a network consisting of slowly-diffusing particles. These slow clusters form rigid cores that contribute to the remnant stress supported by the sample. Based on this observation, we compare the measured rheology to the theoretical elastic modulus calculated only with the localization length of the slow clusters. We find that this approach produces a far better agreement between theory and experiment. In this thesis, the dynamical heterogeneity of complex fluids gives a vehicle to characterize the structural heterogeneity under varied shear stress. Finally, the findings in this study set the importance of dynamical heterogeneity in the rheology of complex fluids such as bacterial community biofilms and depleting colloidal gels.Abstract i List of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures x 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Microrheology 1 1.2. Controlling the bacterial biofilms 5 1.3. Dynamics of post-yielding colloidal gels 9 1.4. Outline of the thesis 12 2. Theory 16 3. Materials and methods 27 3.1. Polymer solutions 27 3.1.1. Materials preparations 27 3.1.2. Tracking process 29 3.1.3. Rotational rheometry 30 3.2. Bacterial community biofilms 31 3.2.1. Model bacterial strain 31 3.2.2. Experimental setup for measuring bacterial motion on the surface 31 3.2.3. Additional data processing on the bacterial motion 36 3.2.4. Experimental setup for measuring viscoelastic property of biofilms 38 3.2.5. Measurement 3D structure of biofilms using CLSM 40 3.3. Depleting attractive colloidal gels 42 3.3.1. Preparation of colloidal gels 42 3.3.2. Static and dynamic error 46 3.3.3. Experimental setup and procedures 49 3.3.4. Correction of drift velocity 50 4. Verification of the particle tracking microrheology 56 4.1. The slope of the MSD curves 56 4.2. Dynamic moduli 62 5. Controlling and removal of the bacterial community biofilm 71 5.1. The dynamics of bacteria on the anodic electrode 71 5.1.1. Effect of current density on bacterial displacement 71 5.1.2. Effect of ionic strength on displacement of PAO1s 83 5.1.3. Applicability for biofilm control 86 5.2. The local viscoelastic behavior of biofilms 90 5.2.1. Effect of applied during developing phase on the dynamical heterogeneities in biofilms 90 5.2.2. The local dynamics at low shear rate (88.9/s) 95 5.2.3. The local dynamics at high shear rate (237.0/s) 103 6. Dynamics of post-yielding colloidal gels 110 6.1. The MSD curves of post-yielding colloidal gels110 6.2. Strain-induced dynamical heterogeneities in colloidal gels 113 6.3. Modulus-dynamics relationship 118 7. Conclusions 129 Bibliography 132 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝ 147 Curriculum Vitae 151Docto

    ๋™์ข… ์ด์‹ ๋ฉด์—ญ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ ˆ T cell ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Thesis(doctor`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Docto

    ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ Homocysteine์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    Validity and reliability of the Korean version of nurses' knowledge and practice scale about the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcer

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    ๋…ธ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” Pancorbo-Hidalgo ๋“ฑ(2007)์˜ Pressure Ulcers Prevention andTreatement : Knowledge and Practice Questionnaire(PUPT-KP)๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.Pancorbo-Hidalgo ๋“ฑ(2007)์˜ ์š•์ฐฝ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ(PUPT-KP)์˜ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์žฅ๋ฃจ์‹ค๊ธˆ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 2๋ช…์ด 36๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋œ PUPT-KP์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ 2๋ช…, ์ƒ์ฒ˜์žฅ๋ฃจ์‹ค๊ธˆ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 6๋ช…, ๋…ธ์ธ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 2๋ช…, ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ 5๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํŒ€์žฅ 2๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚ด์šฉ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์š•์ฐฝ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 36๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ชจ๋‘ CVI 0.83์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ PUPT-KP๋ฅผ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 10๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ „์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 36๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์†Œ์žฌ 70๊ฐœ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค181๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋œ PUPT-KP์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋œ PUPT-KP์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง€์‹๊ด€- vii -๋ จ RMR .039, ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ด€๋ จ RMR .035๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜(GFI, AGFI, CFI)๊ฐ€ 0.7๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์–ด ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๊ตฌ์˜์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋œ PUPT-KP์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ณ„ ์š”์ธ์ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰ 0.3๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์„ ์žฌ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์‹ 10๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 18๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ PUPT-KP์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ˆ˜์ •๋œ PUPT-KP์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ํ™•์ธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ จ RMR .007, GFI .957,AGFI .931, CFI .963, RMSEA 0.42์œผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ด€๋ จRMR .022, GFI .844, AGFI .802, RMSEA .084์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒPUPT-KP์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ Cronbach's alpha๊ฐ’์€ .521โˆผ.743๋กœํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Pancorbo-Hidalgo ๋“ฑ(2007)์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์š•์ฐฝ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ(PUPT-KP)์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ PUPT-KP๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์š•์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์š•์ฐฝ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋“ฑ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.ope

    A Practice of In-depth Interview Method : With Reference to a Study of Power Elites in Chongju Community

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    ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(ํ‘œ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ)๊ณผ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘)์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž(ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์„์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถ€๋”ช์น˜๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํ™œ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์ ‘ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ „์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉด์ ‘ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ €์„œ,์—ฐ์„ค,๊ณต๋ฌธ์„œ ๋“ฑ 2์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ˆ™์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉด์ ‘์ž๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ‘์ƒํ™ฉ(๋ฉด์ ‘ ์ƒํ™ฉ,ํ˜ธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ)์„ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ฒญ์ฃผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ด์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์•ฝ์†์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…น์Œ ํ•ด๋…์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Although both quantitative(sample survey) and qualitative(interview) methods are available most studies of power elites utilize unstructured interview method as the number of power elites are very few. I would like to mention two problems faced by researchers who try to administer in-depth interviews with power elites. First, it is not easy to mate appointments with power elites. Basically the study can not he carried out without meeting and interviewing them. Secondly, prior to the interview researchers must perform a thorough preparatory study regarding the interviewee(the power elite) including secondary materials such as his/her writings and speeches, relevant public documents as well as interview schedule for the study. The researchers must record in detail interview situations such as general atmosphere and the attitudes of the interviewee about specific topics. Four researchers(Min Kyonghee, Kang Hee-Kyung, Bae Youngmok, and Choi Youngchul Choi) carried out unstructured in-depth interview with 39 power elites out of total 52 power elites in Chongju Community from Feb. 14th through July 17th of 1995. The researchers wanted to find out the following: the existence of core power elites in Chongju, internal structure and the characteristics of this elite group, mechanisms through which power is wielded, decision-making processes among power elites in relation to different subjects. The fact that all four researchers were from a university in the region

    Spinoza's Theory of Prophecy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ(์„œ์–‘์ฒ ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ๊น€์ƒํ™˜.Prophecy is deemed as a sort of the imagination but also as a sort of the certain knowledge which has the authority to the multitude in Spinozas Tractatus theologico-politicus(below TTP). Accordingly, Spinoza insists that the teachings which we are able to recognize as a common teaching of all prophets through the natural light which are given in common to all of us, for instance, the teaching that people can reach salvation only via the obedience can be and should be accepted with moral certainty. However, imagination is usually fluctuant and even in case that it is relatively stable, it has the absence of doubt at the utmost, not the certainty in a strict sense in Spinozas Ethics. In addition, salvation, as a synonym of liberty can be reached only via the true knowledge of God but not via the obedience in Spinozas Ethics. In other words, it is thoroughly affiliated to the intellect. How come Spinoza can admit the certainty of the prophecy in TTP even though he does not acknowledge the certainty of the imagination in Ethics? How come Spinoza can affirm the salvation only via the obedience in TTP even though he shows through the strict demonstration that the salvation can be reached only via the intellectual cognition in Ethics? Can we solve this contradiction between Ethics and TTP that both are Spinozas own writings? The theory of imagination in Ethics explores the possibility that the imagination can be a virtue of human mind although it turns the imagination against the intellect and does not back down from the critical and distrustful standpoint on the imagination. However, the good use of imagination cannot be explained in the way that the imagination is controlled by the intellect and used for the purpose of intellect. The reason for this is that Spinozas imagination, as a very comprehensive concept which covers dream & hallucination, sensory perception, memory, opinion, faith and so on, refers to the inadequate but inevitable manner of being for human beingit is in stark contrast to Aristotles imagination as a singular cognitive ability which is irreducible to the other abilities such as sensory perception and thought can function as the background of the intellect. Therefore the good use of imagination Spinoza can explain in Ethics is a possibility. Although the imaginations as the ideas of the affections of the human body which is determined by the fortuitous encounter with external bodies, commonly have the order which is external to our own nature, they can have the order which is explained only by our own nature in a condition that they are linked to each other in terms of common property between external bodies and our own body. However, this possibility that the order of imagination is transformed to a new order which does not disturb the formation of intelligent ideas and is in the accordance with the order of intellect is definitely slim whenever we perceive things from the common order of natureit can be enhanced only by the effort of the reason to enlarge its own puissance and modify both of our mind and body. It is requested that we comprehend the theory of prophecy in TTP based on this theory of imagination in Ethics. It is due to that as TTP shows based on the Bible, the prophecy is a cognition only through the imagination such as words and images, not a cognition through the mind, and also a product of prophets temperament and imagination as the idea of the affection of the human body, and finally an inadequate idea which coincides with the opinion of multitude. The prophecy Spinoza understand based on the reading of the Bible is the revelation of God but the one which is thoroughly adapted to the multitudes ability to think, not the intellect cognition of high thinking, neither supernatural cognition. Accordingly, Spinoza, unlike Maimonides, does not make the religion part of the philosophy through the attempt to mathematically prove the certainty of prophecy. Either, he, unlike Hobbes, does not make the religion part of the politics through the predication that it is impossible to have the certainty of faith. Spinoza agrees that the prophecy cannot have the internal certainty which is exclusive to the clear and distinct ideas and it cannot be proved by the reason. Nevertheless, he underlines that the authority of prophecy is founded not on the blind faith, but on the moral certainty, that is, a certainty of hypothetical truth which we have whenever we traverse the distinction between true and false on demand of practical purpose. The main concern of Spinozas theory of prophecy consists in understanding what the prophecy can teach us. It teaches us salvation via obedience, that is to say, salvation of all humans, which the reason cannot teach us and only the prophecy can teach us. However, this teaching of prophecy is not the subject of blind faith and meets the requirement of coherence as the epistemological requirement of hypothetical truth because it is not contradictory to the established philosophical truths and supported by a series of the testimonies provided by a great number of prophets. Therefore, we can understand salvation via obedience in TTP as a possibility, that is, a thing that does not appear to our intellect as the necessity nor the impossibility and can make an interpretation of it in a way that it is not contradictory to intelligent salvation in Ethics. It is impossible to demonstrate that we can reach salvation only via the obedience because the prophecy is a sort of imagination, not an intellectual cognition, The religion based on the prophecy can be corrupted to a superstition, cause the religious and political divide, and imprison the human being in ignorance. But also it can make most humans to form a integrated society, lead a moral life and, by extension, be a link in a chain of ethical project to reach the supreme good of human being, that is, the true love and knowledge of God. The realization of the possibility of the salvation via the obedience, in other words, the realization of the possibility that the prophecy becomes useful and necessary in our lives depends on whether in reality we can create the conditions of the realization.์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€์€ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€ 15์žฅ์—์„œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋น›์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์ž„์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ฐ€๋ น ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ตฌ์›์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์€ ๋„๋•์  ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ƒ์ƒ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋™์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€, ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์—์„œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์›์€ ์ž์œ ์™€ ๋™์˜์–ด๋กœ์„œ, ๋ณต์ข…์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ๋œ ์ธ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์ง€์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์„ฑ์  ์ธ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์›์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์›์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ๋‘ ์ €์„œ, ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์—์„œ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง€์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ƒ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ์ •์‹ ์˜ ๋•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์šฉ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ์ง€์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์šฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง€๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ํ™˜์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ์€ ๊ฟˆ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง€๊ฐ, ๊ธฐ์–ต, ์˜๊ฒฌ, ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์šฉ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ƒ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นจ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋˜์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์„ฑ์  ์ธ์‹๋“ค์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ํ•ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ์งˆ์„œ ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•ด์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€์ด ์„ฑ์„œ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์˜ˆ์–ธ์€ ์ •์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ค์ง ๋ง๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ธ์‹, ์ฆ‰ ์˜ค์ง ์ƒ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด๊ณ , ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์„œ ๋…ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์€ ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ„์‹œ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ๋งคํ•œ ์ง€์„ฑ์  ์ธ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ง„ ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ™‰์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ๋ช…์„ ํŒ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ด€๋…๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„๋•์  ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณต์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์›, ๊ณง ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์›์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์€ ์ด์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ค์ง ์˜ˆ์–ธ๋งŒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์€ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด, ๊ณง ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ใ€Ž์‹ ํ•™์ •์น˜๋ก ใ€์˜ ๋ณต์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์›์€ ใ€Ž์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€์˜ ์ง€์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์›๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์€ ์ง€์„ฑ์  ์ธ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์›์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ฆ๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•ด์„œ ์ข…๊ต์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์ง€์— ๊ฐ€๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋„๋•์  ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์„ , ์ฆ‰ ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ธ์‹์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐํš์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค.์„œ๋ก  1 1๋ถ€. ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์šฉ 8 1์žฅ. ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ ๊ฐœ๋… 9 1-1. ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์œ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ 9 (1) ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€: ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ 9 (2) ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„: ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ 18 (3) ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„: ์ฐธ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒ์ƒ 26 1-2. ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž: ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ 32 (1) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ: ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ 32 (2) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ: ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์™ธ์  ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นจ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” 39 (3) ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ: ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ด„์„ฑ 43 2์žฅ. ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์šฉ 53 2-1. ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ์ง€์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 55 (1) ์ •์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ 55 (2) ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 60 (3) ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์œ  64 2-2. ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 67 (1) ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 67 (2) ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ํž˜ 73 (3) ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ถ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์  ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ 77 2๋ถ€. ์ƒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ 83 1์žฅ. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™” 84 1-1. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ 85 (1) ์ƒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ: ์ •์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ง๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 85 (2) ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ: ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ 94 (3) ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ: ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์น˜ 105 1-2. ๋งˆ์ด๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ์Šค์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ ์ด๋ก  110 (1) ๋งˆ์ด๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ์Šค: ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์˜ ์ง€์„ฑ์  ์™„์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ 110 (2) ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ด๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž ์•ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 117 (3) ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž: ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์— ๋งž์ถ˜ ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ 125 2์žฅ. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ 134 2-1. ๋งˆ์ด๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ์Šค, ํ™‰์Šค์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์ด๋ก  135 (1) ๋งˆ์ด๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ์Šค: ์˜ˆ์–ธ๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ์•„ํฌ๋ฆฌ์•„ 136 (2) ํ™‰์Šค: ์˜ˆ์–ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ 149 (3) ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž: ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์„œ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 163 2-2. ๋ณต์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ๋„๋•์  ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ 186 (1) ๋ณต์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ฆ๋ช… ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ฑ 187 (2) ์‚ถ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ 197 (3) ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณต์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์› 205 ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  211 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 213Docto

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    Spinozas Metaethics

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    ์ž์—ฐ์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ํ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋„๋•์ฃผ์˜, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์  ์–ด๋„ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ํ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐธ๋œ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ž์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž์—ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‹ค. Spinozas metaethics has been asserted as an immoralism which does away with ethics or at least as an ethical relativism or subjectivism which does not acknowledge any objective ethics as it holds that Nature is necessitated and there is neither good nor evil in Nature. It does not aim at abrogating ethics, nor does it aim at disclaiming objective ethics, however. On the contrary, Spinoza constructs his own ethics that is relative to ourselves and the model of human nature which we propose for ourselves but that is plainly universal, objective and true. He only intends to say that his ethics is ethics for ourselves. It is the aim of Spinozas metaethics to eliminate the teleological illusion that we project the ethics we propose for ourselves onto Nature and that we desire of Nature what we desire of ourselves

    ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• -ใ€ˆ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ใ€‰์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ-

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    ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ดˆ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์‹์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ด ํ˜•์‹์ด๋ž€ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ฐธ๋จ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ฐธ๋จ์„ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ํ˜•์‹์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ทธ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ํ˜•์‹์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฉด์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค
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