The Attempts and Limits of “Defamilization” in Social Care for the Elderly : Based on the policy of long-term care insurance

본 연구에서는 이러한 장기요양보험이 실제로 가족 돌봄을 탈가족화시키며 향후 발생할 노인 돌봄의 공백을 대처할 수 있는 제도로 자리잡고 있는지 확인해보았다. 연구 목적을 위해 장기요양보험통계연보의 2008년과 2016년 자료에 나타나 있는 주거와 주수발자 현황을 비교했으며 제도의 이용 형태에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 요양등급(질병의 심각성), 수급자격(소득), 성별에 따라서도 변화가 발생했는지 살펴보았다. 자료 분석은 각 수급연도와 주거 혹은 주수발자 자료의 교차분석을 통해 2008년과 2016년 주거와 주수발자의 차이가 나타나는지 검증해 보았다. 그 후 나타난 결과를 토대로 주거와 주수발자의 변화가 한국의 가족 돌봄의 관점에서 어떤 의미를 지니고 있는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 첫째로 장기요양 수급자의 주거는 요양등급과 수급자격에 따라 유의미한 차이가 발생했는데 요양등급에 따라서는 두 해 모두, 수급자격에 따라서는 2008년에만 그 차이가 유의했다. 요양등급에 따라서는 3등급 수급자는 자택거주가, 1등급 수급자는 시설거주가 높았다. 2008년 수급자격에 따른 거주는 일반 수급자는 자택 거주가, 기초수급 수급자는 시설거주가 보다 높았다. 거주 시설에 있어서도 2008년 수급자격에 따른 차이만 유의미했는데 일반수급자는 요양병원, 노인요양시설 순으로, 기초수급 수급자는 노인요양시설, 요양병원 순으로 이용이 높았다. 둘째, 2008년과 2016년 장기요양수급자의 주거의 차이는 유의미했으며 주거의 변화는 자택 거주와 기타가 감소하고 시설거주가 증가하는 방향으로 이루어졌다. 이는 요양등급과 수급자격, 성별에 따라서도 유의미했다. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주거의 변화는 2016년이 2008년에 비해 시설 이용의 증가로 보다 탈가족화 된 모습을 보인다. 이러한 주거의 변화는 가족 돌봄의 관점에서 다음과 같은 의미를 지닌다. 먼저, 한국의 가족이 1인가구와 1세대 가구가 증가하고 세대 간 동거가 감소하는 변화가 나타난 것 처럼 장기요양 노인의 주거 또한 가족 밖의 영역으로 벗어남으로써 가족 내 돌봄이 감소하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 한편, 이러한 변화는 요양등급에 따라 차이가 나는데, 1등급과 2등급 수급자는 일상생활을 수행하는데 있어서 타인에 대한 의존도가 높고 시설급여를 제공받을 수 있기 때문에 시설이용이 높게 나타났으며 3등급 수급자는 제한적으로 시설급여를 제공받고 보다 독립적인 일상생활이 가능하기 때문에 자택 주거가 높게 나타났다. 또한 일반 수급자의 시설 주거 및 노인요양시설 이용이 증가한 것 또한 돌봄에 대한 수급자들의 태도가 변화한 것임을 간접적으로 알 수 있었다. 셋째로 주수발자의 경우 수급자격과 2008년의 성별에서만 그 차이가 유의미했다. 일반 수급자는 기초수급 수급자보다 가족 돌봄이 더 많이 이루어졌고 기초수급 수급자는 가족 외 수발자, 특히 간병인과 기타 항목에 의한 돌봄, 그리고 주수발자가 없는 경우가 일반 수급자에 비해 높았다. 성별에 따른 주수발자의 차이는 2008년에만 유효했으며 남성이 여성에 비해 가족 내 수발이 더 높았다. 가족 내 수발자의 차는 모든 기간 나타났는데 남성은 주로 배우자에 의한 세대 내 돌봄이, 여성은 자녀에 의한 세대 간 돌봄이 강하게 나타났다. 넷째로, 2008년과 2016년 사이에 주수발자 현황의 차이는 없었으며 이는 요양등급, 수급자격, 성별로 비교해 봤을 때에도 동일했다. 한편, 가족 수발자와 가족 외 수발자로 분류하여 비교한 결과 가족 외 수발자에서 유의미한 변화가 나타났다. 가족 외 수발자는 모든 변수조건에서 간병인의 비율이 감소하고 기타항목의 비율이 증가했다. 주수발자의 변화를 볼 때에는 장기요양보험제도가 가족 돌봄을 탈가족화시키는 결과를 가져오지 못했으며 다만 가족 외 돌봄이 개인적 차원의 시장 영역에서 제도적 혜택이 가능한 요양시설의 영역으로 변화를 일으킨 것이다. 특히, 요양서비스의 경우 노인장기요양보험제도가 도입되는 과정에서 복지다원주의의 영향으로 서비스 공급의 시장화가 이루어졌다. 결국 장기요양보험제도는 가족의 돌봄을 완전히 변화시키지 못할 뿐더러 공공성이 더욱 감소하면서 돌봄을 새로이 가족화한다는 한계를 지니고 있다.;In this study we looked at changes in residence and the primary care provider for the elderly long-term care insurance provider to see if the long-term care insurance system has resulted in changes in family care. For the purpose of the study, the data of 2008 and 2016 dwelling and main care giver of the long-term care insurance statistical report were compared. And the medical care grade(as expected to affect the type of use of the system), eligibilities for a benefit(as the indicator of income) and gender has been ste as control variable. Data analysis has practiced whether differences between the dwelling and the primary care provider in 2008 and 2016 are apparent through chi-square analysis. Based on the results after that, we looked at the meaning of housing and main care provider changes in terms of family care in Korea. As a result, the housing of long-term care recipients differed significantly depending on the care grade and the eligibility for benefit. For the eligibility for benefit, the difference were significant only in 2008. According to the medical care grade, the third-grade beneficiary had a high residence at home and the first-grade beneficiary had a higher residence at the facility. In 2008, housing was higher for general recipients and for recipient of basic living. In terms of residential facilities, the difference was significant only in 2008, the general beneficiaries were highly used in the order of nursing hospitals, nursing facilities for the elderly, and basic recipients in the order of nursing facilities for the senior citizens. Second, the housing differences among long-term care recipients were significant in 2008 and 2016, and the changes were made in the direction of the reduction of home and other residential units and the increase of facility housing. This was also significant depending on the medical care grade, eligibility for supply, and gender. The change of housing for long-term care insurance recipients shows that the year 2016 is becoming more defamilized due to the increase in facility use compared to 2008. This change in housing means the following in terms of family care. First of all, just as there has been a change in the number of single-generation households and the number of inter-generation housemates in Korea, the long-term care of the elderly can also be reduced. On the other hand, these changes differ depending on the level of care, as the first and second grade recipients were more dependent on others and were able to receive facility benefits in performing their daily lives. It was also indirectly noticed that the increase in the use of general recipients' facilities housing and elderly care facilities was a change in their attitude toward care. Third, the difference was significant only in terms of eligibility for benefit and gender in 2008. The general recipient had more family care than the basic recipient, and the basic recipient was higher than the general recipient in especially without caregivers and others. The majority care gap between male and female patients was only valid in 2008, and men were more cared by spouse than woman. The difference of family care showed up for every period of time, with men mainly cared by the intra-generation care which means their spouse, and women cared by the inter-generation care of which means their children. Fourth, there was no difference between 2008 and 2016 in the state of the primary care provider, even when compared to the nursing care grades, eligibility for benefit, and gender. On the other hand, the comparison between family members and non-family developers resulted in significant changes in the non-family developers. The proportion of caregivers in all non-family conditions decreased and the proportion of other items increased. Given the changes in the main care provider, the long-term care insurance system has not resulted in defamilizing care. And in particular, in the case of medical care services, the provision of services was marketized due to the effects of welfare pluralism in the introduction of the long-term care insurance system. In the end, the long-term care insurance system does not completely change the care of the family.Ⅰ. 연구의 필요성과 의의 1 Ⅱ. 이론적 논의 및 선행연구 고찰 7 A. 이론적 논의 7 1. 압축적 근대성과 가족동원의 정치적 자원으로서 가족주의 7 2. 노인부양부담 및 부양의식의 변화 13 3. 노인 돌봄 정책의 변화와 장기요양보험제도 19 B. 노인 부양의 변화와 장기요양보험제도에 관한 선행연구 27 Ⅲ. 연구내용 및 연구자료 32 A. 연구문제 및 대상 32 B. 분석자료 34 C. 분석방법 34 Ⅳ. 연구결과 39 A. 변수별 특징 39 B. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주거의 변화 43 1. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주거의 차이 43 2. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주거의 변화 46 C. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주수발자 변화 54 1. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주수발자의 차이 54 2. 장기요양보험 수급자의 주수발자의 변화 59 3 가족돌봄의 관점에서 본 주수발자의 변화의 의미 65 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 75 A. 연구결과 요약 75 B. 연구의 의미 79 C. 연구의 한계 및 제언 82 참고문헌 84 ABSTRACT 8

산화환원 반응 설계를 통한 전이금속 산화물의 산화상태 제어의 광전기화학적 에너지 변환 응용

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 재료공학부, 2018. 8. 주영창.Transition metals have various oxidation states because they have electrons in the d-orbital, which has small energy differences. Therefore, transition metals have the redox property that electrons can easily be lost and obtained. These metals can also bond with various anions, forming oxides, nitrides and sulfides with various compositions showing various material properties. Especially, transition metal oxides are widely used for photoelectrochemical catalyst because they show various band structures according to the oxidation states. The oxidation states in transition metal oxides is crucial for the selectivity and the activity of catalyst because they are related to the potential of photogenerated electrons, which is determined by the position of energy band. Among the photoelectrochemical energy conversion reactions, the CO2 reduction reaction is greatly affected by the electron potential of photogenerated electrons for its selectivity and efficiency. Because, in performing the reduction of CO2 in an aqueous condition, which is the requirement of mimicking natural photosynthesis process, the reduction of CO2 has to compete with the hydrogen evolution reaction. Making the CO2 reduction more dominant was difficult because the rate-determining step of CO2 reduction has a higher redox potential than that of hydrogen evolution reaction, which requires the precise control of active materials. The objective of this thesis is precisely controlling the oxidation state of transition metal oxide to selectively perform the photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction and designing the nanostructure to optimize the activity and stability of active materials. Firstly, 1-D nanostructured mono-phase Cu2O nanofiber photocathode for selective photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction was fabricated using electrospinning method and thermodynamically programmed calcination. The phase of Cu2O nanofiber should be precisely controlled to mono-phase without the impurity phase as CuO to selectively perform the photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction over hydrogen evolution reaction. Until now, the atmosphere during the calcination process was not precisely controlled either oxidative atmosphere by atmospheric pressure, or reductive atmosphere by Ar or H2 gas resulting mixing with CuO. The phase of copper oxide nanofibers was controlled by the nanoscale gas-solid reaction considering thermodynamics and kinetics. The driving force of the phase transformation between the different oxidation states of copper oxide is calculated by comparing the Gibbs free energy of each of the oxidation states. From the calculation, the kinetically processable window for the fabrication of Cu2O in which mono-phase Cu2O can be fabricated in a reasonable reaction time scale is discovered. Also, a hierarchical structure of Cu2O thin film underlayer and TiO2 passivation layer is developed to optimize the photoactivity and stability of Cu2O nanofiber electrode. By controlling the oxidation state of copper oxide nanofiber electrode and designing the appropriate nanostructure, a faradic efficiency of 93% for CO2 conversion to alcohol was achieved in an aqueous media. The second focus is to control oxidation state in nanostructured hematite (α-Fe2O3) and to develop hierarchically structured photoanode for effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is the counter reaction of photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction. One of the most important challenges of hematite photoanode for water oxidation is the improvement of the electrical conductivity. To date, the conventional approach to overcome the drawback has been to identify heterogeneous dopants. We systematically controlled oxygen vacancy as a new intrinsic dopant source and investigated the interplay with external dopant, such as tin (Sn). Based on this understanding, we demonstrate that controlled generation of oxygen vacancies can activate the photoactivity of hematite significantly. Also we developed hierarchical structure that consists of undoped Fe2O3 underlayer, Ti-doped Fe2O3 nanorod, β-FeOOH overlayer to optimize the photoactivity of hematite. Undoped hematite underlayer negatively shifted the onset potential by 40 mV (0.84 V vs. RHE) and β-FeOOH overlayer enhanced the photocurrent density to 1.83 mA cm-2 at 1.4 V vs. RHE. This study provides useful information for understanding the methodology to precisely control the oxidation state of transition metal oxide and rational design of nanostructured electrodes, and their effects on activity and selectivity of photoelectrochemical reactions.Table of Contents Abstract…………….……………………………………………….. i Table of contents……………………………………………………. iv List of Tables………………………………………………………... viii List of Figures………………………………………………………. ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Materials for photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction .................. 1 1.2. Phase and structural issues of photoelectrode materials ............. 6 1.2.1. Cu2O photocathodes for CO2 reduction .............................. 6 1.2.2. Fe2O3 photoanodes for water oxidation .............................. 12 1.3. Objective of the thesis ................................................................. 16 1.4. Organization of the thesis ............................................................ 20 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 2.1. Semiconductor phoelectrochemistry .................................... 21 2.1.1. Energy band and Fermi level ........................................... 21 2.1.2. Semiconductor/electrolyte interface .................................. 26 2.1.3. Potential distributions at the interface ........................... 30 2.1.4. Photoelectrochemical process ........................................ 38 2.1.5. Recombination of carriers ............................................. 44 2.2. Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction ........................... 50 2.2.1. Theory of photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction ............... 50 2.2.2. Summary of CO2 reduction catalyst and performances ..... 53 2.3. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation ..................................... 56 2.3.1. Theory of photoelectrochemical water oxidation ............ 56 2.3.2. Trends in water oxidation activity of catalyst ................. 60 Chapter 3. Experimental Procedures 3.1. Sample preparation ...................................................................... 63 3.1.1. Fabrication of Cu2O photocathode ................................... 63 3.1.2. Fabrication of Fe2O3 photoanode ................................... 65 3.2. Photoelectrochemical analysis .................................................. 68 3.3. Microstructural and chemical analysis ................................... 70 Chapter 4. Design and Fabrication of Cu2O Nanofiber Photocathode 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................. 71 4.2. Fabrication of mono-phase Cu2O nanofiber .............................. 75 4.2.1. Optimization of the electrospinning process .................... 75 4.2.2. Design of the reaction path ............................................. 81 4.2.3. Design of the reaction parameter ................................... 85 4.3. Fabrication of the hierarchical structure ................................ 94 4.3.1. Optimization of Cu2O thin film underlayer ...................... 95 4.3.3. Optimization of TiO2 passivation layer ........................... 98 4.4. Summary ..................................................................................... 107 Chapter 5. Photoelectrochemical performance of Cu2O photocathode 5.1. Introduction .............................................................................. 108 5.2. Photoelectrochemical performances ........................................... 109 5.2.1. Effects of Cu2O thin film underlayer ................................ 109 5.2.2. Effects of TiO2 passivation layer ..................................... 112 5.2.3. Effects of the phase of copper oxide ................................ 119 5.3. Summary ................................................................................... 128 Chapter 6. Generation of Oxygen Vacancies in Fe2O3 Photoanode 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................... 129 6.2. Characterization of spray-coated Fe2O3 films ............................ 132 6.2.1. Microstructure of Fe2O3 films ........................................... 132 6.2.2. Phase of Fe2O3 films during annealing ............................... 135 6.3. Effects of oxygen vacancy generation on photoactivity ............. 138 6.3.1. Generation of oxygen vacancy ...................................... 138 6.3.2. Interplay with the external dopant .................................... 140 6.3.3. Effects on photoeletrochemical performance ................... 144 6.4. Summary ...................................................................................... 156 Chapter 7. Development of Hierarchically Structured Fe2O3 Photoanode 7.1. Introduction ................................................................................. 157 7.2. Fabrication of hierarchically nanostructured Fe2O3 .................. 161 7.3. Effects of hierarchical structure on photocurrent density ........ 168 7.4. Effects of β-FeOOH on charge transfer kinetics ....................... 175 7.4.1. Investigation of the transient photocurrent ....................... 175 7.4.2. Analysis by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ...... 178 7.5. Summary ................................................................................... 181 Chapter 8. Conclusion 8.1. Summary of Results .................................................................... 182 8.2. Future work and suggested research ........................................ 185 References ............................................................................................... 186 Abstract (In Korean) ............................................................................ 206 Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................. 209Docto

제퍼슨 연구소에서의 포괄적 전자-양성자 산란을 이용한 이중 스핀 비대칭성 연구

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 물리·천문학부,2014. 8. 최선호.The spin structure of the proton has been investigated in the high Bjorken x and low momentum transfer Q^2 region. We used Jefferson Lab's polarized electron beam, a polarized target, and a spectrometer to get both the parallel and perpendicular spin asymmetries A_para and A_perp. These asymmetries produced the physics asymmetries A_1 and A_2 and spin structure functions g_1 and g_2. We found Q^2 dependences of the asymmetries at resonance region and higher-twist effects. Our result increases the available data on the proton spin structure, especially at resonance region with low Q^2. Moreover, A_2 and g_2 data show clear Q^2 evolution, comparing with RSS and SANE-BETA. Negative resonance in A_2 data needs to be examined by theory. It can be an indication of very negative transverse-longitudinal interference contribution at W ~ 1.3 GeV. Higher twist effect appears at the low Q^2 of 1.9 GeV^2, although it is less significant than lower Q^2 data of RSS. Twist-3 matrix element d_2 was calculated using our asymmetry fits evaluated at Q^2 = 1.9 GeV^2. d_2 = -0.0087 +- 0.0014 was obtained by integrating 0.47 <= x <= 0.87.Abstract i List of Figures xii List of Tables xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structure Functions and Asymmetries 3 1.2 Spin Structure 7 1.3 World Data 11 1.4 Motivation of the Experiment 17 2 Experimental Setup 23 2.0.1 Overview of the Setup 23 2.1 Electron Beam 25 2.1.1 Electron Source 25 2.1.2 Accelerator 27 2.2 Hall C Beamline 29 2.2.1 Beam Position Monitor 29 2.2.2 Beam Current Monitor 30 2.2.3 Beam Energy Measurement 31 2.2.4 Moeller Polarimeter 31 2.2.5 Raster 34 2.2.6 Chicane Magnet and Helium Bag 37 2.3 Target System 40 2.3.1 Target System 40 2.3.2 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 42 2.3.3 Target Polarization Measurement 45 2.4 Big Electron Telescope Array 48 2.5 High Momentum Spectrometer 48 2.5.1 Magnets 51 2.5.2 Slit System 52 2.5.3 Drift Chambers 53 2.5.4 Hodoscopes 55 2.5.5 Cherenkov 55 2.5.6 Calorimeter 58 2.6 Trigger and Data Acquisition 60 3 Data Analysis 63 3.1 Calibration and Reconstruction 64 3.2 Packing Fraction 67 3.3 Dilution Factor 73 3.4 Dead Time 77 3.5 Nitrogen Polarization 80 3.6 Asymmetry Calculation 81 3.7 Radiative Correction 82 3.8 Fitting and Error 85 3.9 Measured Asymmetries to Others 87 3.10 Systematic Uncertainty 88 4 Results and Discussions 101 4.1 Asymmetries 101 4.2 Spin Structure Functions 109 4.3 d2 Matrix Element 114 4.4 Summary 116 Appendices 119 A Asymmetry Extraction 121 B Fitting Functions 125 C Data Tables 127 Bibliography 138 요약(국문초록) 감사의 글(Acknowledgement)Docto

대장균 오탄당 오페론에 존재하는 새로운 대사산물 억제 기작

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 생물과학과, 1997.2, [ iv, 53 p. ]During the study on transcriptional regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 ribose (rbs) operon, it was observed that the operon is repressed by the presence of D-xylose. However, the other sugars examined except D-glucose had little effect on the expression of the rbs operon and the xylose(xyl) operon was not affected by the presence of D-ribose. Genetic analysis and β-galactosidase assay revealed that XylR, a regulator of the xylose operon, was responsible for the repression. {\it E.coli} cells also showed a diauxic growth, which is typical in the catabolite repression by D-glucose, in minimal medium containing D-xylose plus D-ribose. These results led us to the conclusion that there exists novel mechanism of catabolite repression in the rbs operon that is exerted by D-xylose through the action of XylR. Furthermore, it was shown that the xyl and rbs operon were repressed by the presence of L-arabinose whereas the arabinose operon was not affected by D-xylose or D-ribose, suggesting that there exists a mechanism determining the preference of pentose utilization at the level of transcription.한국과학기술원 : 생물과학과

분열효모 dna2+dna2^+ 의 유전학적 분석

학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 생물과학과, 2001.2, [ iii, 106 p. ]한국과학기술원 : 생물과학과

Classification of Archaebacteria and Bacteria using a Gene Content Tree Approach

유전자보유 유무에 따른 계통수와 16S rRNA에 의한 계통수를 염기서열 분석이 완료된 33종의 미생물에 대하여neighbor joining method와 bootstrap method(n=1,000)를 이용하여 상관관계를 분석하였다. 각 분류그룹에서 공통적으로 보존된 COG와 각 미생물이 보유하고 있는 ortholog 수에 대한 비율을 조사한 결과, Mezorhiaobium lot의 4.60% Mycoplasma genitalium의 56.57% 사이에 분포하는 것으로 파악되었다. 이는 미생물 종류에 따라서 공통 유전자의 보유정도가 차이를 보이는 것으로 독특한 유전자를 탐색할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하는 결과로 사료되었다. 그리고 같은 종 내에 서도 20% 이상의 ortholog가 서로 독립적인 것을 알 수 있었다. Archaeabacteria와 Proteobacteria 그리고 Firmicutes모두 유전자보유 계통수와 16S rRNA 계통수가 일치하는 부분과 일치하지 않는 부분으로 나뉘어진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 165 rDNA처림 보존적이지 않은 유전자까지 고려한 결과이거나 horizontal gene transfer에 의한 영향 등으로 사료되었다. COC에 기초한 유전자보유 계통수는 생화학 적 실험과 염기서열에 기초한 분류의 중간자적 입장에서 유용유전자 탐색에 이용될 수 있을 것이다. A Gene content phylogenetic tree and a 16s rRNA based phylogenetic tree were compared for 33 whole-genome sequenced procaryotes, neighbor joining and bootstrap methods (n=1,000). Ratio of conserved COG (clusters of orthologous groups of proteins) to orthologs revealed that they were within the range of 4.60% (Mezorhizobium loti) or 56.57% (Mycopiasma genitalium). This meant that the ratio was diverse among analyzed procaryotes and indicated the possibility of searching for useful genes. Over 20% of orthologs were independent among the same species. The gene content tree and the 16s rDNA tree showed coincidence and discordance in Archaeabacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. This might have resulted from non-conservative genes in the gene content phylogenetic tree and horizontal gene transfer. The COG based gene content tree could be regarded as a midway phylogeny based on biochemical tests and nucleotide sequences.22Nkc