곤충의 보호색 및 방어행동의 기능, 지각 메커니즘 및 진화

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생명과학부, 2014. 2. Piotr G. Jablonski.Cryptic color patterns in prey are classical examples of adaptations to avoid predation, but we still know little about behaviors that reinforce the match between animal body and the background. From observations of geometrid moths, Hypomecis roboraria and Jankowskia fuscaria, I determined that the positioning behavior, which consists of walking and turning the body while repeatedly lifting and lowering the wings, resulted in new resting spots and body orientations in J. fuscaria, and in new resting spots in H. roboraria. The body positioning behavior of the two species significantly decreased the probability of visual detection by humans, who viewed photos of the moths taken before and after the positioning behavior. This implies that body positioning significantly increases the camouflage effect provided by moths cryptic color pattern regardless of whether the behavior involves a new body orientation or not. However, this positioning behavior is not always performed: some moths stay put on the initial landing position. We hypothesized that the moths decision of whether or not to re-position itself is related to its crypticity at the landing spot. We determined the crypticity from a detection task experiment, in which human foragers searched for the moths in photos of moths at their landing spots. Moths that landed on the less cryptic positions were more likely to reposition themselves to the more cryptic positions. In contrast, moths that already landed on substantially cryptic positions were less likely to reposition themselves. Next I explored how a moth finds an appropriate resting position and orientation. Here, I used a geometrid moth Jankowskia fuscaria to examine i) whether a choice of resting orientation by moths depends on the properties of natural background, and ii) what sensory cues moths use. We studied moths behavior on natural (a tree log) and artificial backgrounds, each of which was designed to mimic one of the hypothetical cues that moths may perceive on a tree trunk (visual pattern, directional furrow structure, and curvature). We found that moths mainly used structural cues from the background when choosing their resting position and orientation. Then I tested through which sensory organs (which are directly related to sensory information types) moths perceive bark structures to find adaptive resting orientations. We amputated (or blocked) one of the hypothetical sensory organs from moths (antennae, forelegs, wings, and eyes) and tested whether they were still able to perceive bark structures properly. We found that moths use visual information from eyes and tactile information from wings to perceive bark structure and to adopt cryptic resting orientations. These studies collectively show how behavior mediates the camouflage of moths in nature and how moths perceive background information to find a cryptic spot. Next. I tackled the questions about a new strategy of chemically defended prey to show warning coloration to predators. Aposematic coloration in prey promotes its survival by conspicuously advertising unpalatability to predators. Although classical examples of aposematic signals involve constant presentation of a signal at a distance, some animals suddenly display warning colors only when they are attacked. Characteristics of body parts suddenly displayed, such as conspicuous coloration or eyespot pattern, may increase the survival of the prey by startling the predator, and/or by signaling unpalatability to the predators at the moment of attack. The adaptive value of such color patterns suddenly displayed by unpalatable prey has not been studied. We experimentally blackened the red patch in the conspicuous red-white-black hindwing pattern displayed by an unpalatable insect Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in response to predators attack. There was no evidence that the presence of the red patch increased prey survival over several weeks. Next I asked the adaptive significance of this hidden-warning coloration and explored the mechanistic question how it provides survival benefits to the bearer. The main advantage of aposematism is that it enhances learning by predators to avoid the prey. Using wild birds (Parus minor) and novel prey models, I tested whether hidden conspicuous display of defended prey accelerates the avoidance learning rate of predators and how does it compare with the typical conspicuous/non-conspicuous signal. We found the evidence that hidden aposematic signal indeed accelerates the avoidance learning rate of predators by two stages: i) enhancing the learning rate of the association between non-conspicuous (normal) state of the prey and prey defense, ii) promoting rejection after an attack has occurred by showing hidden conspicuous coloration. We show here the unique defensive coloration of prey which may provide dual benefits of crypsis and aposematism and highlight the specific mechanisms that hidden-aposematic signal provide the prey with survival benefits.List of figures 3 List of Tables 5 Chapter 1. Camouflage through an active choice of a resting spot and body orientation in moths 9 ABSTRACT 10 INTRODUCTION 11 MATERIALS AND METHODS 13 RESULTS 17 DISCUSSION 22 SUPPORTING INFORMATION 26 Chapter 2. Moths on tree trunks seek out more cryptic positions when their current crypticity is low 27 ABSTRACT 28 INTRODUCTION 29 MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 RESULTS 37 DISCUSSION 41 SUPPORTING INFORMATION 45 Chapter 3. Cryptically patterned moths perceive bark structure when choosing body orientations that match wing color pattern to the bark pattern 51 ABSTRACT 52 INTRODUCTION 53 MATERIALS AND METHODS 55 RESULTS 66 DISCUSSION 70 SUPPORTING INFORMATION 74 Chapter 4. Multimodal information use to adopt adaptive resting orientations in moths 81 ABSTRACT 82 INTRODUCTION 83 MATERIALS AND METHODS 84 RESULTS 88 DISCUSSION 91 SUPPORTING INFORMATION 93 Chapter 5. Effect of sex and bright coloration on survival and wing damage in an aposematic lantern fly with startle display 95 ABSTRACT 96 INTRODUCTION 97 MATERIALS AND METHODS 99 RESULTS 106 DISCUSSION 111 Chapter 6. Hidden conspicuous signals augment predators learning to avoid non-conspicuously colored defended prey 116 ABSTRACT 117 INTRODUCTION 118 MATERIALS AND METHODS 123 RESULTS 130 DISCUSSION 135 General Conclusion 140 References 142 List of published chapters (2014. 02) 157 국문초록 158 Acknowledgements 162Docto

Ship Detection Experiments Using RADARSAT/SAR Images

This paper introduces the experimental results ofship detection by both RADARSAT SAR imagery and landbasedRADAR data, operated by the local Authority of SouthKorea, so called vessel traffic system (VTS) radar. Two fineimagery of Ulsan Port were acquired on June 19 and August6, 2004 and are processed to detect ships automatically. Thecandidate target positions are compared with in-situ shipvalidation information collected field experiments. Ouranalysis for anchoring ships, above 62 m in length, with AISindicates a 100 % ship detection rate for the RADARSATsingle beam modes.1

A METHOD FOR GENERATING ENVIRONMENT-ADAPTIVE MULTI-CONTACT POSES OF HUMANOID OBJECTS

본 발명은 주어진 임의의 물체 또는 환경에 대한, 휴머노이드 로봇이나 가상 인간 캐릭터 등을 포함하는 인간형 객체의 다접촉 자세 생성 방법에 관한 것이다. 인간형 객체가 물체 또는 환경과 상호작용하는 자세 및 동작을 계획하는 일은 인간형 객체가 갖는 매우 높은 자유도로 인하여 많은 계산 시간 및 노력을 요구한다. 이러한 제약점을 극복하기 위하여 본 발명에 의한 방법은 사용자가 지정한 위치와 방향에 따라 적절한 인간형 객체의 환경/물체 접촉 자세들을 다수 생성하여, 사용자가 선택할 수 있도록 한다. 본 발명에 의한 방법은 전처리 단계와 실시간 단계로 나뉘는데, 전처리 단계에서는 자세들을 생성하기 위한 특징 점들을 생성하고, 실시간 단계에서는 입력된 물체에 적용 가능한 특징 점들을 선별하여 역기구학을 통해서 최종자세들을 만들어낸다. 후처리 과정은 고속으로 진행되기 때문에 입력된 물체에 대해 즉각적인 다접촉 자세 생성이 가능하다

14 MeV 중성자와 6/3 MeV X-선을 이용한 항공화물 검색기 물질분별능력 평가를 위한 전산모사

항공화물 검색기는 마약류, 폭발물과 같은 위험 물질을 수화물에서 빠른 속도로 구별해 내는 능력이 필 요하다. 하지만 현재 상용화된 항공화물 검색기 대부분은 X-선을 이용하고 있고, 이로 인해 수화물에서 마약류 폭발물과 같이 C, H, N, O 등으로 이루어진 물질들을 구별해내는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 중성 자와 X-선을 함께 사용하는 항공화물 검색기가 새로운 검색기의 대안으로 각광받고 있다. 중성자와 X선은 같은 물질에 대해서 다른 감쇠 길이를 가지는데, 이러한 차이를 이용해서 높은 원소로 이루어진 핵물질 또는 낮은 물질로 이루어진 마약류 등을 구별해내는 것이다. 본 논문에서는14 MeV 중성자와 6/3 MeV 이중 에너지 X-선을 이중 에너지 X-선을 이용한 항공화물 검색기 물질분별능을 전산모사를 통하여 검증하고자 한다.진 물질들을 구별해내는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 중성 자와 X-선을 함께 사용하는 항공화물 검색기가 새로운 검색기의 대안으로 각광받고 있다. 중성자와 X선은 같은 물질에 대해서 다른 감쇠 길이를 가지는데, 이러한 차이를 이용해서 높은 원소로 이루어진 핵물질 또는 낮은 물질로 이루어진 마약류 등을 구별해내는 것이다. 본 논문에서는14 MeV 중성자와 6/3 MeV 이중 에너지 X-선을 이중 에너지 X-선을 이용한 항공화물 검색기 물질분별능을 전산모사를 통하여 검증하고자 한다.2