4 research outputs found

    A Comparative Study on the Crash Properties of TRIP Steels between Computer Simulation and Crash Test Result

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    The light-weight and safe design of auto-body structures becomes an important challenging issue in the automotive industry in order to increase the fuel efficiency satisfying the emission-gas regulation of vehicles. The demand for high strength steels with excellent ductility is continually increasing in the automotive industry. So, TRIP steel which have both high strength and ductility have received increased attention. Recently, passenger safety has emerged as a major concern because of the light weight and faster speed of the vehicle. Collision characteristics must be accurately evaluated to ensure the safety of passengers in the vehicle. If a car runs at sixty kilometers per hour, arithmetical strain rate is a 67 per sec when considering a part of car with 250 millimeters. If a car runs at a hundred kilometers per hour, strain rate is 111 per sec. Therefore, tensile test carried out at 102 ~ 3 ร— 102 per sec strain rate is needed for crash analysis. But, in the past, the experimental results at quasi-static strain rate were applied to constitutive equation for evaluating crash properties. Recently, a test at the high strain rate can be carried out and test results can apply to constitutive equation. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the collision characteristics accurately. In this paper, the tensile testing of TRIP steel sheet for auto-body have been carried out to obtain flow stress-strain curves at the strain rate of 10-2/s to 4 ร— 102/s. Material constitutive equation is needed to represent the stress at the wide strain rate. The most typical material constitutive equation is Cowper-Symonds equation. And it's used for crash analysis using a computer. The software LS-DYNA for non-linear plasticity analysis was used for crash analysis. The simulation results, which had considered a strain rate influence, and the actual crash test results were compared, and the effectiveness of simulation considered a high speed deformation were evaluated.ABSTRACT =โ…  List of tables =โ…ก List of figures =โ…ข 1. ์„œ๋ก  = 1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ = 3 2.1 ๋ณ€ํƒœ์œ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฐ•ํŒ = 3 2.2 ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„ ์ œ์–ด ์ธ์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ = 4 2.2.1 TRIP๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ณ ์†์ธ์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ = 4 2.2.2 ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 4 2.2.3 ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ = 6 3. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 10 3.1 ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ ์ œ์กฐ = 10 3.2 ๊ณ ์†์ธ์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ = 12 3.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 15 3.3.1 ๊ณ ์†์ธ์žฅ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ = 15 3.3.2 Cowper-Symonds equation = 18 3.4 Crash test = 18 3.5 Computer simulation = 22 4. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ = 24 4.1 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์„ฑ์งˆ = 24 4.1.1 True stress-True strain curve = 24 4.1.2 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๊ฐ’ ๊ฒฐ์ • = 27 4.1.3 Strain rate sensitivity = 31 4.1.4 Absorbed energy = 33 4.2 Cowper-Symonds equation = 34 4.3 Crash test = 35 4.3.1 Experimental crash test = 35 4.3.2 Computer simulation of crash test = 35 4.3.3 ์‹ค์ œ ์ถฉ๋Œ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ computer simulation ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต = 41 4.4 ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ = 41 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  = 43 6. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ = 4

    ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ํ•œํฅ๋‚จ.Ceramic materials, which are inorganic compounds of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms bonded in ionic and covalent bonds, have been essential constituents in the construction, aerospace, automotive, optics, electronics industries due to their superior thermal, corrosion, optical, and electrical properties. However, its low ductility and brittle nature complicate the fabrication process and constantly cause concerns about mechanical reliability of the ceramic structural materials. In order to fabricate a ceramic structural material, complex processes such as glasswork or sintering in high temperature conditions should be involved. Furthermore, these fabrication processes are not suitable for fabricating complex geometries. In addition, flaws are spontaneously generated inside the material, which reduces the fracture strength and arouse an apprehension on the mechanical reliability. In the virtue of improvements in the fabrication technologies of structural materials, ceramic nanomaterials with superior physical properties also have attracted much attention in biomaterial, energy material, and advanced electronic devices. However, scientific and engineering issues related to the mechanical properties of the ceramic nanomaterials including the low ductility and the brittle fracture still remain unraveled and prevent a lively discussion on the practical applications. Recently, the size-related phenomenon of smaller is stronger in ceramic nanomaterials have been reported, but the nano-flaws inside the material are not considered in previous researches. In addition, the unprecedented ductile deformation of the amorphous silica under the high energy electron-beam irradiation have also been reported. Even though this behavior could be a breakthrough in the fabrication process of the brittle ceramic materials, rigorous study on the electron-beam induced deformation behavior of the ceramic nanomaterials including the crystalline and amorphous phase is still lacking. Therefore, this research investigates the fracture strength of the ceramic nanomaterials containing nano-flaws and the ductile deformation behavior of the ceramic nanomaterials induced by the electron-beam irradiation. Firstly, the fracture strength of the ceramic nanostructures containing multiple spherical nanopores was evaluated. A ceramic based hollow nanoshell structure have been proposed as an interlayer structure of the GaN LEDs as these structures are able to mitigate the residual thermal stress in GaN thin film and improve the efficiency of the device. However, questions are being asked regarding whether the nanoshell structure can guarantee the mechanical reliability when exposed to the residual thermal stress field in the GaN thin film. In order to address this question, the ฮฑ-alumina hollow nanoshell structures were fabricated through a series of processes. With an in-situ mechanical testing and finite element simulations, the high fracture strength of the nanoshell structure (16 GPa) which is four times higher than that of the conventional bulk ฮฑ-alumina was evaluated. This high fracture strength of the ฮฑ-alumina nanoshell structure can also be explained in terms of the conventional fracture mechanics where the concentrated stress near theoretical tensile strength is developed around the internal flaw at the moment of the crack formation. Based on the fundamental understanding of the fracture strength of the nanoshell structure, the applicability of the nanoshell structure as the interlayer of the GaN LEDs was investigated through the finite element simulation. From the computational analysis, the mitigation of the residual thermal stress of GaN thin film was confirmed when the nanoshell structure is applied as the interlayer of the GaN LEDs. Most importantly, the mechanical reliability of the nanoshell structure can be secured, with a factor of safety of about 10, owing to the high fracture strength. The mechanically robust nanoshell structure introduced GaN LEDs was successfully fabricated and exhibited an improved output power that is 2.2 times higher than that of conventional GaN LEDs. Secondly, the ductile deformation behavior of ceramic nanomaterials induced by the electron-beam irradiation was investigated. Rigorous research on the low energy electron-beam induced mechanical softening of the ceramic nanomaterials and its relationship with the electron-beam parameters, such as the acceleration voltage, the beam current, etc. was conducted. It was confirmed that the mechanical softening and plastic deformation of the amorphous silica are activated even under the low energy electron-beam of the SEM. Monte-carlo simulation on the interaction between the incident electrons and the material suggested that this electron-beam effect strongly depends on the interacting volume between the incident electrons and the material. Moreover, this electron-beam induced deformation behavior was also found in the other amorphous ceramic materials including Al2O3 and TiO2. Similarity between the electron-beam induced deformation behavior and the thermally activated homogeneous shear flow of the amorphous ceramic materials implied that the incident electrons into the material directly affect the interatomic bond nature, and a deformation behavior mimicking the thermally activated homogeneous shear flow operates under the electron-beam irradiation. In case of the crystalline ceramics, the SiO2 is the only ceramic material which exhibits the electron-beam induced deformation behavior, because of its unique atomic structure where the amorphization, phase transformation from crystalline to amorphous phase, occurs under pressure. The electron-beam affected deformation behavior of the crystalline SiO2 can be defined as the decrease in amorphization threshold pressure of the crystalline SiO2 and the mechanical softening of the amorphized SiO2. Surprising findings on the electron-beam induced deformation behavior allow of performing a glasswork, normally conducted at high temperature for bulk scale, inside the SEM by exerting forces on the ceramic materials with the electron-beam irradiation. The feasibility of the Nano-glasswork was demonstrated by forming the silica nanoshell sphere in three different ways. During simple uniaxial loading, multi-axial loading, and molding into the trench, the silica nanoshell spheres were successfully deformed into the desired shaped without any crack formation. From this research, fundamental understandings of the fracture strength and the deformation behavior of the ceramic nanomaterials were established. Through the comprehensive study on the fracture strength, it is expected that an invaluable baseline for the design of 3D ceramic nanostructures in advanced devices will be provided. Moreover, an in-depth understanding of the ductile deformation of the ceramic nanomaterials induced by the electron-beam irradiation will be a stepping stone for advanced manufacturing process for ceramic nanomaterials. It is believed that this research will provide a breakthrough in the research on the ceramic structural nanomaterials and pioneer new fields in the fabrication processes and the practical applications.์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†, ๋น„๊ธˆ์† ํ˜น์€ ์ค€๊ธˆ์† ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์˜จ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—ด, ๋ถ€์‹, ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค, ์šฐ์ฃผํ•ญ๊ณต, ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ๊ด‘ํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์ž์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•„์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ทจ์„ฑ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์— ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ทจ์„ฑ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ, ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” GaN๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ(LED) ๋‚ด GaN ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, LED์˜ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ GaN ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ฮฑ-์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , in-situ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์•ฝ 5%์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฒŒํฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€๋น„ 4๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” 16 GPa์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ํฌ๋ž™ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์—ญํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ฮฑ-์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ GaN LED์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ GaN ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅ์ด ์™„ํ™”๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋†’์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ GaN LED๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด GaN LED๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 2.2๋ฐฐ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „์ž๋น”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ €์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „์ž๋น” (์ˆ˜keV~ ์ˆ˜์‹ญkev)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ „์ž๋น” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ(๊ฐ€์† ์ „์••, ๋น” ์ „๋ฅ˜)์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด์— ์ž…์‚ฌํ•œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋™๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฌํ…Œ-์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ž๋น”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ž…์‚ฌ ์ „์ž์™€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „์ž๋น”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜(Al2O3) ๋ฐ ํƒ€์ดํƒ€๋‹ˆ์•„(TiO2)์—์„œ๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™์€ ์—ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ ํ๋ฆ„(thermally activated shear flow) ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. Thermally activated shear flow์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์›์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ SiO2์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์›์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์ž๋น”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์••์ถ• ์‘๋ ฅ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ SiO2์˜ ๋น„์ •์งˆํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ๋น„์ •์งˆํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„ ์‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๋น„์ •์งˆํ™”๋œ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ตฌ์กฐ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๊ณต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณต์ •์€ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌํ˜•์˜ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‰˜์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๊ณต ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์‹  ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „์ž๋น” ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ถง๋Œ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ง„์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ • ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Ceramic materials in nanoscale 1 1.2 Mechanical properties of ceramic materials 3 1.3 Motivations of the thesis 5 1.4 References 7 Chapter 2 Fracture behavior of ceramic nanomaterials with nano-flaws 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 ฮฑ-Alumina nanoshell structure 15 2.2.1 Specimen preparation 15 2.2.2 Structural characterization 19 2.3 Fracture strength of ฮฑ-Alumina nanoshell structure 24 2.3.1 Experimental results 25 2.3.2 Computational results 29 2.3.3 Fracture strength and fracture criteria of the ฮฑ-alumina nanoshell structure 35 2.4 Applicability of 3D ceramic nanostructure 42 2.4.1 Mechanical reliability of the nanoshell structure 43 2.4.2 GaN LEDs incorporated with the nanoshell structure 47 2.5 Conclusion 49 2.6 References 50 Chapter 3 Ductile deformation behavior of ceramic nanomaterials induced by electron-beam irradiation 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Materials and methods 56 3.2.1 Specimen preparation 56 3.2.2 Experimental methods 59 3.3 Electron-beam effect on deformation behavior of amorphous ceramics 61 3.3.1 E-beam effect on deformation behavior of amorphous silica 61 3.3.2 Interaction between the incident electrons and the amorphous silica sphere 71 3.3.3 E-beam effect on deformation behavior of other amorphous ceramics 85 3.4 Electron-beam effect on deformation behavior of crystalline ceramics 88 3.4.1 E-beam effect on deformation behavior of crystalline ceramics 89 3.4.2 Correlation between E-beam affected deformation behavior and atomic structure of crystalline ceramics 99 3.5 Nano-glasswork of ceramic nanomaterials utilizing Electron-beam irradiation 104 3.6 Conclusion 107 3.7 References 109 Chapter 4 Total conclusion 113Docto
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