Identification of three new Prorocentrum species (Dinophyceae) isolated in Taiwan

摘要 本研究針對由臺灣沿海各地所採集、建立的原甲藻藻株，利用傳統分類的形態特徵包括細胞大小、形狀及殼片結構、鞭毛複合體區域以及中間帶等超微細結構，配合脂肪酸及prorocentrolide系列次級代謝物組成的化學分類為輔進行種類的確定。將現有培養中各藻株歸納為三大類包括一個已知種及三個新種： 第一類的特徵與文獻中Prorocentrum lima的描述近似，細胞長32.2-37.3Abstract Prorocentrum lima and three new species of Prorocentrum were identified according to their external features of cells, such as, shape and size, and ultrastructures of thecal plate ornamentation, intercalary band and architecture of the periflagellar area and grouped into three categoryies. Specimens identified in this research were previousely cloned from samples collected from the coastal area of Taiwan. Idnetification of these pecimens was further supported by their fatty acid and prorocentrolide compositions as chemotaxonomic characters. Clones of the first group were identified as P. lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge. They have the typical features of cell, oval in valve view, 32.2-37.3 μm long and 22.8-26.8 μm wide, with the body length/width ratio of 1.4. Major fatty acids that count to 50% or more of total fatty acids were found to be 16:0 (27.5-41.27%), 18:1 (n-9) (9.3-15.4%), 20:5(n-3) (9.4-11.5%), and 22:6 (n-3) (8.3-16.3%). All three known macrolides, prorocentrolide 、4-hydroxyprorocentrolide and 14-O-acetyl-4-hydroxyprorocentrolide were found in clones of this group. This is the first record of this species in Taiwan. Cells among clones of the second group were oblong in valve view, 33.3-36.5 μm long and 26.8-28.5 μm wide, with a length/width ratio of 1.3. Cell size and shape were close to P. lima. Marginal pores on the valve were oblong with trichocysts, were not observed among the published species. Major fatty acids of this species were C16:0 (38.2-39%) and C18:1 (n-7) (13.3-14.1%), lack in PUFA. Prorocentrolide was the only one of the three idenfiable macrolide in this species. So, this species was named as P. taiwan sp. nov., a new species of Prorocentrum. Cells of the third Prorocentrum group were smaller than the other two. Clones the third group could be further separated into two subgroups, one group contained 3 clones isolated from Tainan aquaculture pond and the other one, 8 clones from Donggang aquaculture pond. Clones from Tainan were oblong in valve view, 8.2-8.8 μm long, 6.2-6.6 μm wide, and a length/width ratio of 1.3, delicate and smooth theca surface. The periflagellar area of Tainan clones had an oblong appearance, and two periflagellar pores, of which the flagellar pore was larger than the auxiliary pore. Fatty acid composition was found to be close to P. lima, with a major part in C16:0 (21.5-25.2%), C18:0 (13.2-13.5%), C20:5 (n-3) (17.6-19.2%) and C22:6 (n-3) (14-18.2%). These clones were named P. tainan sp. nov., another new species identified to contain prorocentrolide. Cells of Donggang isolates were also oblong in valve view, but slightly smaller in size. They were 7.5-8.5 μm long, 5.2-6.5 μm wide, and had a length/width ratio over 1.3. The periflagellar area was trapezoid-shaped, and the two periflagellar pores, the flagellar and auxiliary, were similar in size. The major fatty acids of these clones, C16:0 (31-36.4%), C20:3 (n-3) (15.3-15.8%), and C20:5 (n-3) (12.4-15.1%) and the lack of prorocentrolide pointed these clones were different from P. tainan and named P. donggang sp. nov., another new benthic Prorocentrum species.目錄 中文摘要……………………………………………………….1 英文摘要……………………………………………………….3 一、前言………………………………………………………...5 二、文獻回顧…………………………………………………..8 三、材料與方法………………………………………………16 1.儀器及藥品……………………………………………..16 　 2.藻細胞的採集、單離與培養……………………………17 3.細胞形態的觀察………………………………………..17 4.化學組成分析…………………………………………..18 四、結果………………………………………………………22 五、討論 ……………………………………………………..33 六、參考文獻………………………………………………….40 附表…………………………………………………………...51 附圖…………………………………………………………...58 附錄…………………………………………………………...7

Improving the precision rate of the Two-stage Decision Model in the context of tourism decision-making via exploring Decision Tree, Multi-staged Binary Tree and Back Propagation of Error Neural Network

The two-stage data mining technique for classifications in tourism recommendation system is necessary to connect user perception, decision criteria and decision purpose. In existed literature, hybrid data mining method combining Decision Tree and K-nearest neighbour approaches (DTKNN) were proposed. It has a high precision rate of approximately 80% in K-nearest Neighbour (KNN) but a much lower rate in the first stage using Decision Tree (Fu & Tu, 2011). It included two potential improvements on two-stage technique. To improve the first stage of DTKNN in precision rate and the efficiency, the amount of questions is decreased when users search for the desired recommendation on the system. In this paper, the researcher investigates the way to improve the first stage of DTKNN for full questionnaires and also determines the suitability of dynamic questionnaire based on its precision rate in future tourism recommendation system. Firstly, this study compared and chose the highest precision rate among Decision Tree, Multi-staged Binary Tree and Back Propagation of Error Neural Network (BPNN). The chosen method is then combined with KNN to propose a new methodology. Secondly, the study compared and deter¬mined the suitability of dynamic questionnaires for all three classification methods by decreasing the number of attributes. The suitable dynamic questionnaire is based on the least amount of attributes used with an appropriate precision rate. Tourism recommendation system is selected as the target to apply and analyse the usefulness of the algorithm as tourism selection is a two-stage example. Tourism selection is to determine expected goal and experience before going on a tour at the first stage and to choose the tour that best matches stage one. The result indicates that Multi-staged Bi¬nary Tree has the highest precision rate of 74.167% comparing to Decision Tree with 73.33% then BPNN with 65.47% for full questionnaire. This new approach will improve the effectiveness of the system by improving the precision rate of first stage under the current DTKNN method. For dynamic questionnaire, the result has shown that Decision Tree is the most suitable method given that it resulted in the least difference of 1.33% in precision rate comparing to full questionnaire, as opposed to 1.48% for BPNN and 4% for Multi-staged Binary Tree. Thus, dynamic questionnaire will also improve the efficiency by decreasing the amount of questions which users are required to fill in when searching for the desired recommendation on the system. It provides users with the option to not answer some questions. It also increases the practicality of non-dynamic questionnaire and, therefore, affects the ultimate precision rate

The Design and Application of a Chatbot in Clinical Nursing Education

[[abstract]]隨著資通訊科技的蓬勃發展，臨床護理教育應用行動學習之經驗有長足的進步。行動學習讓學習者使用網際網路與行動裝置，隨時隨地獲得便利性與立即性學習，藉以實現無所不在的學習。智慧型手機已成為人們日常生活中不可或缺的通訊工具，而以智慧型手機搭載聊天機器人（chatbot）作為行動學習載具，其不受時空限制、即時回覆，以及人性化互動之特性，正好能滿足新世代護理人員的學習需求。本文即以行動學習為基礎，探討聊天機器人運用於教學之優點、限制及建議。另分享筆者於社群媒體LINE上創建聊天機器人之教學方案設計，期使護理教育者能將科技融入臨床教學，開發多元創新教材，打造寓教於樂的學習環境，促進護理人員的專業學習與自我成長。 隨著資通訊科技的蓬勃發展，臨床護理教育應用行動學習之經驗有長足的進步。行動學習讓學習者使用網際網路與行動裝置，隨時隨地獲得便利性與立即性學習，藉以實現無所不在的學習。智慧型手機已成為人們日常生活中不可或缺的通訊工具，而以智慧型手機搭載聊天機器人（chatbot）作為行動學習載具，其不受時空限制、即時回覆，以及人性化互動之特性，正好能滿足新世代護理人員的學習需求。本文即以行動學習為基礎，探討聊天機器人運用於教學之優點、限制及建議。另分享筆者於社群媒體LINE上創建聊天機器人之教學方案設計，期使護理教育者能將科技融入臨床教學，開發多元創新教材，打造寓教於樂的學習環境，促進護理人員的專業學習與自我成長

The study of current trend on drug abuse behaviour in Hong Kong

This research aims to address three notable aspects of the current trend of Drug abuse behaviour in Hong Kong. Glancing at the latest figures from the Central Registry for Drug Abuse(CRDA)released on March 27, 2014, our group noticed the following: First, there was a decreasing trend on the reported drug abuse population, meaning that less people were taking drugs. Second, the median time for abusers to be discovered by the CRDA reporting agencies has been increasing, meaning that it is taking longer for law enforcement agencies to detect the drug abuser. Regarding the pattern of use, the figures revealed that the majority of drug abusers took drugs at home or at a friend’s home, makingit more difficult to be detected. Last but not least, in view of the increasingly hidden nature of drug abuse, the CRDA has proposed the introduction of the RESCUE Drug Testing(RDT)Scheme. Its purpose is not for prosecution, but to identify drug abusers as early as possible and refer them to counseling and treatment in a timely manner. In view of such, our group target pursued answers to the following research questions: 1. What factors caused drug abusers to quit their drug habit? 2. What factors caused the increased median time for drug abusers to be discovered? 3. Does the introduction of the RESCUE Drug Testing (RDT) Scheme result in a change in the hidden nature of drug use in Hong Kong? This research highlights the reasons that drug abusers quit. It could be useful to circulate these successful cases to other persons who are still thinking about quitting. In addition, the research findings on the causes of the hidden nature of the problem and the former drug abusers’ views on the RDT Scheme could be helpful for other relevant organizations in formulating new policies.published_or_final_versionCriminologyMasterMaster of Social Science

憲法上婚姻家庭之制度性保障不應排除同性伴侶及其家庭，拒絕同性伴侶締結婚姻有害同性家庭子女之權益--法律學者法庭之友意見書

[[notice]]補正完