發光二極體之製造方法

I609503TWN1H01L-033/00(2010.01);B32B-007/06(2006.01)103100793[[abstract]]本發明係有關於一種發光二極體之製造方法，其包含下列步驟：取一基板，於該基板上生長一無摻雜氮化鎵磊晶層，以蝕刻法蝕刻該無摻雜氮化鎵磊晶層而形成一多孔性結構層，於該多孔性結構層上再形成氮化鎵磊晶層、金屬層以及矽基板，最後以機械方式將磊晶層自該基板上剝離並置換至另一基板上，其中該多孔性結構層之微米或奈米柱結構配合機械式剝離可以達到一次性且快速的剝離效果，並不需另外再使用其他剝離方式。[[notice]]補正完

Survey, Exploitation and Application of Biocontrol

本計畫的目的在於： 1. 植物傷口癒合防護劑之研發與應用-篩選有益傷口癒合防護之微生物與拮抗菌,開發評估平台並合成傷口癒合防護劑。 2. 釋放捕食性天敵防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲及其效果評估-了解生物天敵雙色出尾蟲捕食能力，做為釋放天敵數量之依據。大量飼養蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之生物天敵雙色出尾蟲以建立蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲生物天敵族群，適合野外蘇鐵之生物防治模式，減少未來每年為防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲為害所付出之成本以完成蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之綜合防治模式，使全國各地之蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲疫情得以控制，避免台東蘇鐵林滅絕。 3. 芒果單爪葉蟎(Oligonychus mangiferus)為芒果重要的害蟲之ㄧ，同時危害荔枝、葡萄、梨與桃等多種作物。卵形捕植蟎(Amblyseius ovalis)於熱帶果樹分布廣泛，且可以捕食大量單爪葉蟎，值得評估其生物防治利用價值。本研究擬研發與現行蟲害管理系統相容之監測與生物防治技術，供擬定芒果防疫對策之參考。 建立循序與二項分布取樣法可應用於田間觀測，且具省時、省力、準確估計芒果單爪葉蟎族群密度等特性，利於監測芒果單爪葉蟎族群終年發生頻度。 利用捕植蟎施用密度與數量反應與捕植蟎施用時間與葉蟎族群壓制力，可有效擬訂施用生物防治的適當時機與施用密度。捕植蟎擴散與控制能力研究結果，有助捕植蟎之田間利用與施用方法之改進，進而提供今後生物防治芒果單爪葉蟎之技術開發，落實非農藥防治及生物技術之利用，提高農友經濟收益，促進產品外銷及提昇我國農產品競爭力。 4. 豆莢螟幼蟲喜暱食於嫩芽、花器及豆莢，藥液常難觸及，容易增加用藥次數及用量；而豆類蔬菜生長快速，採收期長，用藥不可不慎，為提升豆類蔬菜之品質，減少農藥用藥用量及殘留量，擬綜合運用微生物、生物防治及性費洛蒙等防治技術，共同防治豆莢螟。本年度計畫之工作重點為： (1) 搭建可拆卸式網室，種植長豇豆，釋放豆莢螟及寄生蠅，評估寄生蜂及寄生蠅於網室長豇豆之寄生防治效果，此試驗於春、秋兩季節進行。 (2) 搭建可拆卸式網室，評估性費洛蒙於長豇豆試驗田，對田間豆莢螟之干擾交尾與產卵效果。 (3) 單獨使用豆莢螟核多角體病毒(BA)、或與蘇力菌、苦楝油、寄生蜂混用，於長豇豆及鵲豆試驗田，評估對豆莢螟之綜合防治效果，此試驗亦於春、秋兩季進行試驗。 5. 目前在植物病害的防治上多依賴化學農藥，長期大量的使用不僅加劇環境污染，更直接危害人類健康。如何以非農藥防治方法，降低對化學農藥之使用，提高我國重要農產之競爭力，是當今病害防治工作的重要方向。本計畫將收集並評估可以防治植物寄生性線蟲及抑制芒果、木瓜、蓮霧、草莓之重要病原真菌的植物種類；在殺線蟲劑的測試使用先前初步試驗有效果之天人菊，以不同施用量與型態(生鮮植體碎片、乾燥碎片)處理感染根瘤線蟲的蕹菜，測試其防治效果；並觀察對於蕹菜、番茄、絲瓜等作物的生長是否有影響。且蒐集其它有毒或無毒的觀賞植物，使用水溶性粗萃取液處理南方根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne incognita)，亦處理危害芒果、木瓜、蓮霧、草莓之病原微生物；評估不同植物抽出物與化學藥劑防治病害之效果差異。作為開發防治之生物農藥，減少劇毒性殺線蟲劑之使用，降低線蟲或病原真菌產生抗藥性速率及生態環境之破壞。 6. 臘狀芽孢桿菌C1菌株分離自百合根圈，已知其施用於百合根圈可增加植株對灰黴病之抵抗性，本計畫擬應用所分離之臘狀芽孢桿菌C1菌株進行其在他種作物病害之防治試驗，瞭解其應用潛力；針對玉米葉枯病進行試驗，測試其施用方式，進行田間試驗及瞭解其使農藥減量之效果，以評估C1菌株與殺菌劑共同使用之可行性。 7. 利用拮抗細菌(Bacillus subtilis LB5)之液態培養稀釋液、木黴菌(Trichoderma sp.)固態發酵液、蘇力菌、印楝素、印楝油及無患子油從蓮霧生長期中，每隔10-14天噴施地上部及地下部落葉，配合中果期之套袋，期以獲得蓮霧病蟲害之非農藥防治效果之技術。調查蓮霧生長期之葉部枝條病菌害蟲及土壤枯枝落葉病菌及空中病菌密度，以了解非農藥處理之田間病菌及害蟲變動情形。 8. 由於番石榴粉介殼蟲在台灣危害寄主作物甚廣，超過250種。包括番石榴、柑桔、玉米和葡萄等重要作物。因此番石榴粉介殼蟲的防治相當重要。為了要避免因使用農藥來防治，所產生的不良副作用，改選用無毒性的性費洛蒙來誘捕是一有效且可行的防治方法。最近番石榴粉介殼蟲之性費洛蒙已被分離、鑑定為(E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate。因此本計畫乃要研發一新簡便的合成方法來合成此費洛蒙並提供作田間誘捕和監測之用，以有效防治此蟲。The purposes of the study are to 1. Development of bioprotective agent for healing plant wounds. 2. Releases and evaluation of the effectiveness of a predtor, Cybocephalus binotatus, in controlling the cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui - In order to establish a natural enemy population as the biological control on the field, the mass propagation of C. japonicus will be conducted. In addition, the capture ability of C. japonicus to A. yasumatsui will be studied as the reference for mass release. The results will provide a completed pest manage model and reduce the total cost of controlling A. yasumatsui, benefiting the whole nation and avoiding the extinction of Cycad forest in Taitung. 3. 4. The legume pod borer (LPB), Maruca vitrata (F.) (syn. M. testulalis) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important pest affecting vegetable and grain legumes in Taiwan. As the LPB larvae feed on tender shoots, flowers and pods by concealing inside, it is very difficult to control them adopting a single approach. At present, farmers rely exclusively on the application of chemical insecticides to combat LPB, especially on vegetable legumes. The over reliance on chemical insecticides has posed insecticide residues in the fresh vegetables because they are harvested in short intervals of two or three days. Therefore, an integrated approach, based on bio-pesticides, natural enemies and sex pheromones, is proposed. Major activities and implementation approaches include (i) testing the individual and combined effectiveness of parasitoids Nemorilla maculosa and Apanteles taragamae against LPB larvae in yard-long bean field during spring and autumn season, (ii) testing the mating and oviposition disruption of the LPB sex pheromones in yard-long bean field, (iii) testing the effectiveness of MaviMNPV formulations alone and in combination with Bt, neem and parasitoids, and (iv) testing the IPM strategy with parasitoids, MaviMNPV, neem and Bt in field experiments with yard-long bean and lablab bean. Thus, this proposal aimed to exploit the bio-control based IPM strategy to combat the LPB in vegetable legumes, which would not only reduce the insecticide use but also enhance the efficiency of natural enemies in field conditions. 5. Pesticides are the most relied on control tactic, but they had great draw backs on environmental safety and human health. One of the goals of disease management is to integrate non-chemical control tactics to lower pesticides usage and increase the revenue of farm products. Natural herb would be collected and tested for the nemacidal and fungicidal efficacy. Gaillardia plucella had good nemacidal efficacy in the preliminary tests and its different formulation as well as quantity of application would be further tested in this project on root-knot infected water spinach. The Gaillardia plucella formula would also be tested for its effect on tomato and gourd growth. Natural herbs are collected and their extraction would be twsted against fungal pathogens on mango, papaya, wax apple and strawberry and compared with the efficacy of conventional fungicides. The purpose of the research is to lower the amount of pesticides used in the future and the risk of pathoges to develop pesiticide-resistance. 6.7. Bacillus cereus C1 was isolated from the rhizosphere of lily plants. When the bacterial suspension was applied to the plant rhizosphere, the incidence of Botrytis leaf blight was decreased. The goal of this project is to test the efficacy of B. cereus C1 on the control of other plant diseases. Corn leaf blight is the disease target. The application method, field trials, the reduction efficiency on fungicide usage will be examined to evaluate the efficacy of C1 application and the feasibility of application combination with fungicide. 8. For developing the non-pesticide control techniques for management of plant diseases and pests of waxapple, the antagonistic bacterium(Bacillus subtilis LB5) and fungi (Trichoderma sp.), commercial biopesticide Bt, azadirachtin are sprayed at 10-14 days interval in waxapple orchard during growing stage , and then integrated with fruit bagging after fruitlet stage. The fungal pathogens and insect pests are investigated preharvest and postharvest to evaluate the control efficiency of the non-pesticide method. 9. Due to the passionvine mealybug, Planococcus minor (Maskell), is a serious pest of more than 250 host plants, including major agricultural crops as diverse as guava, citrus, corn, grapes and tree fruits in Taiwan, the effective control of this pest is very important and has attracted considerable attention. To avoid the side effects occurring by using pesticides, the nontoxic sex pheromone of the passionvine mealybug is chosen instead. Recently, the sex pheromone of this insect has been identified as (E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate. The purpose of this project is to develop a new convenient method to synthesize this sex pheromone and provide it for the mass trapping and monitoring of this pest. Accordingly, the effective control of this pest will be successfully achieved in the near future

Survey, Exploitation and Application of Biocontrol Agent Resources for Management of Plant Pests

本計畫的目的在於： 1. 植物傷口癒合防護劑之研發與應用-篩選有益傷口癒合防護之微生物與拮抗菌,開發評估平台並合成傷口癒合防護劑。 2. 利用枯草桿菌生物製劑防治芒果及木瓜炭疽病可行性之探討-研究目標將以實驗室篩選出之本土優良拮抗枯草桿菌BS-99菌株，進行芒果及木瓜炭疽病的田間防治試驗。 3. 利用有益微生物與熱能防治外銷花卉根部病害之研究-利用熱能及本土性之微生物來減少洋秸梗病害及降低化學藥劑之使用。 4. 利用土壤添加物及拮抗微生物防治長豇豆萎凋病-以拮抗微生物配合土壤添加物，嘗試配合種子粉衣、剪胚軸接種或育苗介質混菌等方法，將拮抗微生物導入長豇豆幼苗，供作田間防治之用。 5. 益生性枯草桿菌在柑橘潰瘍病綜合防治管理之應用-完成預期可建立完成可專利化之「枯草桿菌生物殺菌劑泛用性FNF產製與應用」智財權技術，其推廣應用後除可強化我國農業生產之國際競爭力，並將加速永續農業政策推動之全面落實。 6. 植物病害防治用廣效性微生物製劑之研發與應用-發展螢光假單胞菌製劑來防治細菌性病害。 7. 利用有毒植物萃取液防治作物線蟲病害-評估有毒植物萃取液對不同植物寄生性線蟲之影響與應用於溫室之防治植物寄生性線蟲效果。 8. 利用產氰細菌防治作物線蟲病害之效果評估。 9. 芒果單爪葉蟎生物防治天敵效能評估-捕植蟎捕食芒果單爪葉蟎之功能反應之結果有助捕植蟎之田間利用，進而提供今後生物防治芒果單爪葉蟎之技術開發，落實非農藥防治及生物技術之利用，提高農友經濟收益，促進產品外銷及我國農產品競爭力。 10. 豆莢螟綜合防治技術之研究與開發(亞洲蔬菜中心-施瑞霖) (1) 開發豆莢螟寄生蜂Apanteles taragamae之大量飼養技術，及探討其生物學特性，包括最適寄生之寄主齡期、最適寄主密度、對溫度的敏感度等。 (2) 測試豆莢螟性費洛蒙之效果。 (3) 搭建可拆卸式網室，種植長豇豆，釋放豆莢螟及寄生蠅，並評估寄生蠅於網室長豇豆之寄生效果。 (4) 利用殺蟲效果較佳之豆莢螟核多角體病毒製劑BA與BH，單獨使用或與其他生物性藥劑(如蘇力菌、苦楝油)混用，評估豆莢螟核多角體於田間之防治效果。 (5) 綜合豆莢螟寄生蠅或寄生蜂、豆莢螟核多角體病毒、蘇力菌及性費洛蒙等防治技術，應用於長豇豆試驗田，並評估對豆莢螟之防治效果。 11. 釋放捕食性天敵防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲及其效果評估-了解生物天敵雙色出尾蟲捕食能力，做為釋放天敵數量之依據。大量飼養蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之生物天敵雙色出尾蟲以建立蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲生物天敵族群，適合野外蘇鐵之生物防治模式，減少未來每年為防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲為害所付出之成本以完成蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之綜合防治模式，使全國各地之蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲疫情得以控制，避免台東蘇鐵林滅絕。The purposes of the study are to 1.Development of bioprotective agent for healing plant wounds. 2.A study on microbial formulation of Bacillus subtilis for biological control of mango and papaya anthracnose diseases by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.- The objectives of this study are to evaluate the disease control potential of Bacillus subtilis BS-99 strain against anthracnose disease causing by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, on mango and papaya under field conditions. 3.Root disease control of export flowers by heat and effective microorganisms- In order to reduce crop diseases and reduction of chemical pesticide, the study in this project will conduct to use the steam with 70℃ and antagonists to control nematodes and root rot disease of export flowers. 4.Studies on soil amendments and antagonists for controlling Fusarium wilt of asparagus bean- Seeds and seedlings of asparagus bean will be treated with the potential biocontrol agents and planted into the pathogen-infested soils in the greenhouse and in the field. Based on the results obtained, we try to formulate a soil amendment with antagonists for controlling Fusarium wilt of asparagus bean in the field. 5. Application of probiotic Bacillus subtilis biofungicide in intergrated management of citrus canker disease- The completion of the project should provide a patentable proprietary technology for producing FNF from available B. subtilis biofungicides useful for sustainable agricultural production. 6.Development and application of broad-spectrum microbial agents for controlling of plant diseases- develop formulations of fluorescent Pseudomonas to control plant bacterial diseases. 7.Application of extracts of poisonous plant for control of nematode disease- Effective ingredients would be tested under greenhouse condition for its potential for future application. 8.Studies on the management of plant-parasitic nematode disease by using of cyanogenic bacteria. 9. 10. Developing sustainable IPM strategy for the control of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata in vegetable legumes-(1) developing and standardizing reproducible mass culturing techniques for A. taragamae, (2) laboratory and greenhouse studies on the nature and extent of the parasitism by A. taragamae on LPB larvae viz., the most suitable host larval stage, effect of host larval population density on parasitism and effect of temperature, to optimize the conditions for field release, (3) testing the individual and combined effectiveness of N. maculosa and A. taragamae against LPB larvae field conditions, (4) testing the mating disruption and mass trapping potential of the LPB sex pheromones under controlled and open environment conditions using new pheromone formulations, (5) testing the effectiveness of MaviMNPV formulations alone and in combination with Bt and neem and (6) developing and testing the IPM with parasitoids, MaviMNPV, neem, Bt and sex pheromones in field experiments with yard-long bean. Thus, this proposal aimed to exploit the bio-control based IPM strategy to combat the LPB in vegetable legumes, which would not only reduce the insecticide use but also enhance the efficiency of natural enemies in field conditions. 11. Releases and evaluation of the effectiveness of a predtor, Cybocephalus binotatus, in controlling the cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui- In order to establish a natural enemy population as the biological control on the field, the mass propagation of C. japonicus will be conducted. In addition, the capture ability of C. japonicus to A. yasumatsui will be studied as the reference for mass release. The results will provide a completed pest manage model and reduce the total cost of controlling A. yasumatsui, benefiting the whole nation and avoiding the extinction of Cycad forest in Taitung

加強生物防治資源調查開發利用研究

The purposes of the study are to 1. Development of bioprotective agent for healing plant wounds. 2. Releases and evaluation of the effectiveness of a predtor, Cybocephalus binotatus, in controlling the cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui - In order to establish a natural enemy population as the biological control on the field, the mass propagation of C. japonicus will be conducted. In addition, the capture ability of C. japonicus to A. yasumatsui will be studied as the reference for mass release. The results will provide a completed pest manage model and reduce the total cost of controlling A. yasumatsui, benefiting the whole nation and avoiding the extinction of Cycad forest in Taitung. 3. 4. The legume pod borer (LPB), Maruca vitrata (F.) (syn. M. testulalis) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important pest affecting vegetable and grain legumes in Taiwan. As the LPB larvae feed on tender shoots, flowers and pods by concealing inside, it is very difficult to control them adopting a single approach. At present, farmers rely exclusively on the application of chemical insecticides to combat LPB, especially on vegetable legumes. The over reliance on chemical insecticides has posed insecticide residues in the fresh vegetables because they are harvested in short intervals of two or three days. Therefore, an integrated approach, based on bio-pesticides, natural enemies and sex pheromones, is proposed. Major activities and implementation approaches include (i) testing the individual and combined effectiveness of parasitoids Nemorilla maculosa and Apanteles taragamae against LPB larvae in yard-long bean field during spring and autumn season, (ii) testing the mating and oviposition disruption of the LPB sex pheromones in yard-long bean field, (iii) testing the effectiveness of MaviMNPV formulations alone and in combination with Bt, neem and parasitoids, and (iv) testing the IPM strategy with parasitoids, MaviMNPV, neem and Bt in field experiments with yard-long bean and lablab bean. Thus, this proposal aimed to exploit the bio-control based IPM strategy to combat the LPB in vegetable legumes, which would not only reduce the insecticide use but also enhance the efficiency of natural enemies in field conditions. 5. Pesticides are the most relied on control tactic, but they had great draw backs on environmental safety and human health. One of the goals of disease management is to integrate non-chemical control tactics to lower pesticides usage and increase the revenue of farm products. Natural herb would be collected and tested for the nemacidal and fungicidal efficacy. Gaillardia plucella had good nemacidal efficacy in the preliminary tests and its different formulation as well as quantity of application would be further tested in this project on root-knot infected water spinach. The Gaillardia plucella formula would also be tested for its effect on tomato and gourd growth. Natural herbs are collected and their extraction would be twsted against fungal pathogens on mango, papaya, wax apple and strawberry and compared with the efficacy of conventional fungicides. The purpose of the research is to lower the amount of pesticides used in the future and the risk of pathoges to develop pesiticide-resistance. 6.7. Bacillus cereus C1 was isolated from the rhizosphere of lily plants. When the bacterial suspension was applied to the plant rhizosphere, the incidence of Botrytis leaf blight was decreased. The goal of this project is to test the efficacy of B. cereus C1 on the control of other plant diseases. Corn leaf blight is the disease target. The application method, field trials, the reduction efficiency on fungicide usage will be examined to evaluate the efficacy of C1 application and the feasibility of application combination with fungicide. 8. For developing the non-pesticide control techniques for management of plant diseases and pests of waxapple, the antagonistic bacterium(Bacillus subtilis LB5) and fungi (Trichoderma sp.), commercial biopesticide Bt, azadirachtin are sprayed at 10-14 days interval in waxapple orchard during growing stage , and then integrated with fruit bagging after fruitlet stage. The fungal pathogens and insect pests are investigated preharvest and postharvest to evaluate the control efficiency of the non-pesticide method. 9. Due to the passionvine mealybug, Planococcus minor (Maskell), is a serious pest of more than 250 host plants, including major agricultural crops as diverse as guava, citrus, corn, grapes and tree fruits in Taiwan, the effective control of this pest is very important and has attracted considerable attention. To avoid the side effects occurring by using pesticides, the nontoxic sex pheromone of the passionvine mealybug is chosen instead. Recently, the sex pheromone of this insect has been identified as (E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate. The purpose of this project is to develop a new convenient method to synthesize this sex pheromone and provide it for the mass trapping and monitoring of this pest. Accordingly, the effective control of this pest will be successfully achieved in the near future.本計畫的目的在於： 1. 植物傷口癒合防護劑之研發與應用-篩選有益傷口癒合防護之微生物與拮抗菌,開發評估平台並合成傷口癒合防護劑。 2. 釋放捕食性天敵防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲及其效果評估-了解生物天敵雙色出尾蟲捕食能力，做為釋放天敵數量之依據。大量飼養蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之生物天敵雙色出尾蟲以建立蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲生物天敵族群，適合野外蘇鐵之生物防治模式，減少未來每年為防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲為害所付出之成本以完成蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之綜合防治模式，使全國各地之蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲疫情得以控制，避免台東蘇鐵林滅絕。 3. 芒果單爪葉蟎(Oligonychus mangiferus)為芒果重要的害蟲之ㄧ，同時危害荔枝、葡萄、梨與桃等多種作物。卵形捕植蟎(Amblyseius ovalis)於熱帶果樹分布廣泛，且可以捕食大量單爪葉蟎，值得評估其生物防治利用價值。本研究擬研發與現行蟲害管理系統相容之監測與生物防治技術，供擬定芒果防疫對策之參考。 建立循序與二項分布取樣法可應用於田間觀測，且具省時、省力、準確估計芒果單爪葉蟎族群密度等特性，利於監測芒果單爪葉蟎族群終年發生頻度。 利用捕植蟎施用密度與數量反應與捕植蟎施用時間與葉蟎族群壓制力，可有效擬訂施用生物防治的適當時機與施用密度。捕植蟎擴散與控制能力研究結果，有助捕植蟎之田間利用與施用方法之改進，進而提供今後生物防治芒果單爪葉蟎之技術開發，落實非農藥防治及生物技術之利用，提高農友經濟收益，促進產品外銷及提昇我國農產品競爭力。 4. 豆莢螟幼蟲喜暱食於嫩芽、花器及豆莢，藥液常難觸及，容易增加用藥次數及用量；而豆類蔬菜生長快速，採收期長，用藥不可不慎，為提升豆類蔬菜之品質，減少農藥用藥用量及殘留量，擬綜合運用微生物、生物防治及性費洛蒙等防治技術，共同防治豆莢螟。本年度計畫之工作重點為： (1) 搭建可拆卸式網室，種植長豇豆，釋放豆莢螟及寄生蠅，評估寄生蜂及寄生蠅於網室長豇豆之寄生防治效果，此試驗於春、秋兩季節進行。 (2) 搭建可拆卸式網室，評估性費洛蒙於長豇豆試驗田，對田間豆莢螟之干擾交尾與產卵效果。 (3) 單獨使用豆莢螟核多角體病毒(BA)、或與蘇力菌、苦楝油、寄生蜂混用，於長豇豆及鵲豆試驗田，評估對豆莢螟之綜合防治效果，此試驗亦於春、秋兩季進行試驗。 5. 目前在植物病害的防治上多依賴化學農藥，長期大量的使用不僅加劇環境污染，更直接危害人類健康。如何以非農藥防治方法，降低對化學農藥之使用，提高我國重要農產之競爭力，是當今病害防治工作的重要方向。本計畫將收集並評估可以防治植物寄生性線蟲及抑制芒果、木瓜、蓮霧、草莓之重要病原真菌的植物種類；在殺線蟲劑的測試使用先前初步試驗有效果之天人菊，以不同施用量與型態(生鮮植體碎片、乾燥碎片)處理感染根瘤線蟲的蕹菜，測試其防治效果；並觀察對於蕹菜、番茄、絲瓜等作物的生長是否有影響。且蒐集其它有毒或無毒的觀賞植物，使用水溶性粗萃取液處理南方根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne incognita)，亦處理危害芒果、木瓜、蓮霧、草莓之病原微生物；評估不同植物抽出物與化學藥劑防治病害之效果差異。作為開發防治之生物農藥，減少劇毒性殺線蟲劑之使用，降低線蟲或病原真菌產生抗藥性速率及生態環境之破壞。 6. 臘狀芽孢桿菌C1菌株分離自百合根圈，已知其施用於百合根圈可增加植株對灰黴病之抵抗性，本計畫擬應用所分離之臘狀芽孢桿菌C1菌株進行其在他種作物病害之防治試驗，瞭解其應用潛力；針對玉米葉枯病進行試驗，測試其施用方式，進行田間試驗及瞭解其使農藥減量之效果，以評估C1菌株與殺菌劑共同使用之可行性。 7. 利用拮抗細菌(Bacillus subtilis LB5)之液態培養稀釋液、木黴菌(Trichoderma sp.)固態發酵液、蘇力菌、印楝素、印楝油及無患子油從蓮霧生長期中，每隔10-14天噴施地上部及地下部落葉，配合中果期之套袋，期以獲得蓮霧病蟲害之非農藥防治效果之技術。調查蓮霧生長期之葉部枝條病菌害蟲及土壤枯枝落葉病菌及空中病菌密度，以了解非農藥處理之田間病菌及害蟲變動情形。 8. 由於番石榴粉介殼蟲在台灣危害寄主作物甚廣，超過250種。包括番石榴、柑桔、玉米和葡萄等重要作物。因此番石榴粉介殼蟲的防治相當重要。為了要避免因使用農藥來防治，所產生的不良副作用，改選用無毒性的性費洛蒙來誘捕是一有效且可行的防治方法。最近番石榴粉介殼蟲之性費洛蒙已被分離、鑑定為(E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate。因此本計畫乃要研發一新簡便的合成方法來合成此費洛蒙並提供作田間誘捕和監測之用，以有效防治此蟲

加強生物防治資源調查、開發利用研究

The purposes of the study are to 1.Development of bioprotective agent for healing plant wounds. 2.A study on microbial formulation of Bacillus subtilis for biological control of mango and papaya anthracnose diseases by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.- The objectives of this study are to evaluate the disease control potential of Bacillus subtilis BS-99 strain against anthracnose disease causing by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, on mango and papaya under field conditions. 3.Root disease control of export flowers by heat and effective microorganisms- In order to reduce crop diseases and reduction of chemical pesticide, the study in this project will conduct to use the steam with 70℃ and antagonists to control nematodes and root rot disease of export flowers. 4.Studies on soil amendments and antagonists for controlling Fusarium wilt of asparagus bean- Seeds and seedlings of asparagus bean will be treated with the potential biocontrol agents and planted into the pathogen-infested soils in the greenhouse and in the field. Based on the results obtained, we try to formulate a soil amendment with antagonists for controlling Fusarium wilt of asparagus bean in the field. 5. Application of probiotic Bacillus subtilis biofungicide in intergrated management of citrus canker disease- The completion of the project should provide a patentable proprietary technology for producing FNF from available B. subtilis biofungicides useful for sustainable agricultural production. 6.Development and application of broad-spectrum microbial agents for controlling of plant diseases- develop formulations of fluorescent Pseudomonas to control plant bacterial diseases. 7.Application of extracts of poisonous plant for control of nematode disease- Effective ingredients would be tested under greenhouse condition for its potential for future application. 8.Studies on the management of plant-parasitic nematode disease by using of cyanogenic bacteria. 9. 10. Developing sustainable IPM strategy for the control of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata in vegetable legumes-(1) developing and standardizing reproducible mass culturing techniques for A. taragamae, (2) laboratory and greenhouse studies on the nature and extent of the parasitism by A. taragamae on LPB larvae viz., the most suitable host larval stage, effect of host larval population density on parasitism and effect of temperature, to optimize the conditions for field release, (3) testing the individual and combined effectiveness of N. maculosa and A. taragamae against LPB larvae field conditions, (4) testing the mating disruption and mass trapping potential of the LPB sex pheromones under controlled and open environment conditions using new pheromone formulations, (5) testing the effectiveness of MaviMNPV formulations alone and in combination with Bt and neem and (6) developing and testing the IPM with parasitoids, MaviMNPV, neem, Bt and sex pheromones in field experiments with yard-long bean. Thus, this proposal aimed to exploit the bio-control based IPM strategy to combat the LPB in vegetable legumes, which would not only reduce the insecticide use but also enhance the efficiency of natural enemies in field conditions. 11. Releases and evaluation of the effectiveness of a predtor, Cybocephalus binotatus, in controlling the cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui- In order to establish a natural enemy population as the biological control on the field, the mass propagation of C. japonicus will be conducted. In addition, the capture ability of C. japonicus to A. yasumatsui will be studied as the reference for mass release. The results will provide a completed pest manage model and reduce the total cost of controlling A. yasumatsui, benefiting the whole nation and avoiding the extinction of Cycad forest in Taitung.本計畫的目的在於： 1. 植物傷口癒合防護劑之研發與應用-篩選有益傷口癒合防護之微生物與拮抗菌,開發評估平台並合成傷口癒合防護劑。 2. 利用枯草桿菌生物製劑防治芒果及木瓜炭疽病可行性之探討-研究目標將以實驗室篩選出之本土優良拮抗枯草桿菌BS-99菌株，進行芒果及木瓜炭疽病的田間防治試驗。 3. 利用有益微生物與熱能防治外銷花卉根部病害之研究-利用熱能及本土性之微生物來減少洋秸梗病害及降低化學藥劑之使用。 4. 利用土壤添加物及拮抗微生物防治長豇豆萎凋病-以拮抗微生物配合土壤添加物，嘗試配合種子粉衣、剪胚軸接種或育苗介質混菌等方法，將拮抗微生物導入長豇豆幼苗，供作田間防治之用。 5. 益生性枯草桿菌在柑橘潰瘍病綜合防治管理之應用-完成預期可建立完成可專利化之「枯草桿菌生物殺菌劑泛用性FNF產製與應用」智財權技術，其推廣應用後除可強化我國農業生產之國際競爭力，並將加速永續農業政策推動之全面落實。 6. 植物病害防治用廣效性微生物製劑之研發與應用-發展螢光假單胞菌製劑來防治細菌性病害。 7. 利用有毒植物萃取液防治作物線蟲病害-評估有毒植物萃取液對不同植物寄生性線蟲之影響與應用於溫室之防治植物寄生性線蟲效果。 8. 利用產氰細菌防治作物線蟲病害之效果評估。 9. 芒果單爪葉蟎生物防治天敵效能評估-捕植蟎捕食芒果單爪葉蟎之功能反應之結果有助捕植蟎之田間利用，進而提供今後生物防治芒果單爪葉蟎之技術開發，落實非農藥防治及生物技術之利用，提高農友經濟收益，促進產品外銷及我國農產品競爭力。 10. 豆莢螟綜合防治技術之研究與開發(亞洲蔬菜中心-施瑞霖) (1) 開發豆莢螟寄生蜂Apanteles taragamae之大量飼養技術，及探討其生物學特性，包括最適寄生之寄主齡期、最適寄主密度、對溫度的敏感度等。 (2) 測試豆莢螟性費洛蒙之效果。 (3) 搭建可拆卸式網室，種植長豇豆，釋放豆莢螟及寄生蠅，並評估寄生蠅於網室長豇豆之寄生效果。 (4) 利用殺蟲效果較佳之豆莢螟核多角體病毒製劑BA與BH，單獨使用或與其他生物性藥劑(如蘇力菌、苦楝油)混用，評估豆莢螟核多角體於田間之防治效果。 (5) 綜合豆莢螟寄生蠅或寄生蜂、豆莢螟核多角體病毒、蘇力菌及性費洛蒙等防治技術，應用於長豇豆試驗田，並評估對豆莢螟之防治效果。 11. 釋放捕食性天敵防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲及其效果評估-了解生物天敵雙色出尾蟲捕食能力，做為釋放天敵數量之依據。大量飼養蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之生物天敵雙色出尾蟲以建立蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲生物天敵族群，適合野外蘇鐵之生物防治模式，減少未來每年為防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲為害所付出之成本以完成蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之綜合防治模式，使全國各地之蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲疫情得以控制，避免台東蘇鐵林滅絕

Technical Development and Research Improvement in Biological Control of Plant Pests (II)

環保意識的抬頭與人類對食品安全的關注,使得農作物病蟲害的生物防治工作受到社會大眾的重視,因此,本計畫目的在於研發作物病蟲害生物防治策略,以便能有效在農業生態體系中推展應用.本計畫涵蓋有九個子計畫,它們個別的工作目標如下:即 (1) 由夏威夷引進銀葉粉蝨的天敵Encarsia pergandiella, E. hispida及E. mineoi,探討它們防蟲之功效與飼養、檢疫等工作; (2) 探討斑潛蠅發生生態,調查本土現有斑潛蠅之天敵種類及引進有效的寄生性天敵,作為生物防治之用; (3) 評估黑殭菌各菌株致病力與抗環境逆境;利用黑殭菌DNA多元性特定條帶作出DNA-probe,供田間生態及施用存活調查; (4) 探討大量飼育捕植蹣類天敵,建立捕植對卵孢子發芽、感染與傳播的影響;施用增產菌FG-1菌株與滅達樂,以期延緩病害發生與促進薑株生長; (6) 利用本地產蟲生線蟲(Steinernema abbasi),研發出適合台灣蔬菜害蟲之安全有效的生物防治技術; (7) 觀察飼育紅點唇瓢蟲之基本需求,評估其生物防治梨圓介殼蟲之潛力; (8) 利用生物分析法篩選具有抑制病原菌的作物殘渣與植體,並輔以HPLC或GC分析它們所含有的硫配糖體種類及分解產物,藉以瞭解各分解產物的殺菌與抑菌功效; (9) 針對本地種蟲生線蟲Steinernema abbasi對蔬菜主要害蟲如小菜蛾、白粉蝶、大菜螟及菜心螟蟲的致病力進行生物檢定與施用技術.Biological control of plant pests has received considerable attention throughout the world, drawing momentum from the growing public concern regarding the widespread use of hazardous chemicals in pest control. In order to develop and apply biocontrol strategies in agriecosystem, the objectives of this project including nine sub-projects are (1) to import a whitefly parasitoids, Encarsia pergandiella, E. hispida and E. mineoi from Hawaii and study their efficacy on controlling the silver leaf whitefly; (2) to study the distribution, occurrence, seasonal abundance, population dynamics and damage of leafminers in southern area and test the basic biology, parasitic rates of introduced parasitoids; (3) to screen Metarhizium anisopliae strains having high entomopathogenicity, more resistant against UV light and the fungicides; to analyze the genetic diversity and relationship of the tested green mascardine fungi by using electrophoretic fingerprinting; (4) to develop biocontrol technologies of the spider mites with their predaceous mites, which depends upon the availble mass rearing skills and their lowering costs determined by the design of artificial rearing arena and supplemental foods; (5) to study the ecology of ginger soft rotdisease including the transmission of the disease through seed ginger; the temperature effect on the oospore germination, infection and spreading. Also, to study the use of both metalaxyl and YIB (yield increasing bacteria) isolate Fg-1 to delay the disease development and increase the plant growth; (6) to investigate biological control of vegetable pests using the indigenous species, Steinernema abbasi, in safe and effective control measures; (7) to study the basic rearing requirement for Chilocorus kuwanae and to provide a preliminary assessment of its potential as a biological agent of the San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus; (8) to determine the effect of volatile compound released from leaf and seed of Brassica species on the natural isothiocynate fumigant for integrated control of crop soilborne diseases; (9) to develop a vermiculite, formulation of Steinernema abbasi to control four vegetable pests, such as diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, cabbage pyralid and cabbage webworm