Studies on the Improvement of Vegetation Materials for Red Soil and Mudstone Hillslopes

本計畫利用水土保持局在泥岩人工坡及自然坡建立之植生示範區，藉由添加各種不同促進植生植物生長之基材，包括保水劑（泥岩地區雨量不均，且保水能力極差，土壤缺水常導致植生失敗），本年度將著力於本土性保水劑之開發、繼續分離各種有效微生菌（固氮菌增加土壞的氮肥、溶磷菌可使不溶解性磷鹽轉換成可利用磷肥、螢光假單胞菌可提供植生植物有機物和保護根部減少受病菌為害）、由於最近發現植生草種患有很高比例之根部病害，因此本年度計畫將加強拮抗菌之分離，拮抗菌的使用可以減少隱藏性病害如絲核病菌的為害、土壤改良劑（酸性有機肥用來改良泥岩的鹼性），改良泥岩之物理和化學性質，使其更適合各種植生植物之生長，另由添加各種營養份（包括有機質含量及各種重要無機元素），先利用盆栽試驗，在溫室做研究，由結果分析篩選出最有效之植生基材，以供推廣應用

Studies on the Improvement of Vegetation Materials for Mudstone Hillslopes

本計畫利用水土保持局在泥岩人工坡及自然坡建立之植生示範區，藉由添加各種不同促進植生植物生長之基材，包括保水劑（泥岩地區雨量不均，且保水能力極差，土壤缺水常導致植生失敗），本年度將著力於本土性保水劑之開發、繼續分離各種有效微生菌（固氮菌增加土壞的氮肥、溶磷菌可使不溶解性磷鹽轉換成可利用磷肥、螢光假單胞菌可提供植生植物有機物和保護根部減少受病菌為害）、由於最近發現植生草種患有很高比例之根部病害，因此本年度計畫將加強拮抗菌之分離，拮抗菌的使用可以減少隱藏性病害如絲核病菌的為害、土壤改良劑（酸性有機肥用來改良泥岩的鹼性），改良泥岩之物理和化學性質，使其更適合各種植生植物之生長，另由添加各種營養份（包括有機質含量及各種重要無機元素），先利用盆栽試驗，在溫室做研究，由結果分析篩選出最有效之植生基材，以供推廣應用

Mass Production of Chlamydospores of Trichoderma spp. and Its Formulation

生物防治為近年來在植物保護策略上最大之改變, 由於過去農藥之過份使用所導致之環境衝擊, 使人類對非農藥之綜合防治特別是生物防治充滿期待, 由於農藥殘留的恐懼心, 使有機農法更是如日中天迅速發展, 因而微生物製劑之開發與利用成為農業上開發之重點.微生物製劑所用拮抗菌種類很多如木黴菌( Trichoderma spp. )、枯草桿菌( Bacillus subtilis )螢光假單胞菌( Fluorescent Pseudomonads )和放線菌( Streptomyces spp. )等, 目前全世界約有四十種防治植物病害之微生物製劑上市, 而木黴菌最高至少有12種( Bio-Fungus, Binab-T, RootShield, Supresivit, T-22G, T-22HB, Trichodex, Trichopel, Trichoseal, Trichoject, Trichodowels, Trichoderma 2000 )之多, 用於防治Botrytis, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Verticillium 和木材腐蝕菌所引起之病害.由於木黴菌目前尚無法突破厚膜胞子之量產, 因此這些上市的木黴菌都是以其分生孢子為主之產品, 只有少數厚膜胞子, 因此這些製劑內的拮抗菌對不良環境之衝擊如乾燥、紫外線、不良營養環境, 常無法抵抗或存活, 導致生物防治效果無法發揮到應有之水準.本研究室經多年研究, 目前已經可以以液體發酵生產厚膜胞子, 在振盪培養中其產量經常可以達到10？/ml, 而田間試驗結果厚膜胞子濃度只要10？/ml就可達到防治效果.本計劃選擇兩個木黴菌菌株YT3和AHS-06, 前者可防治立枯絲核菌( Rhizoctonia solani )引起之十字花科幼苗立枯病及腐黴菌( Pythium spp. )引起之猝倒病, 又可促進植株的生長, 後者可有效防治由鐮刀菌( Fusarium orysporum )引起之莖腐病, 過去這兩株菌都是用分生孢子所製造之劑型, 但在田間之發芽率以及產品的貯藏期( shelf-life )都不佳, 且田間試驗時使用製劑的次數要很頻繁才有效, 本計劃希望能以厚膜胞子為主所研發出之製劑, 能更有效的防治適當的病害.Biocontrol is a big change in plant protection strategy recently.The large impact to our environments caused by over used of chemical pesticides is realized.As consequence people are expecting non-chemical integrated pest control especially biocontrol.Due to the chemical residue in agricultural products, organic farming becomes very important to many consumers.Therefore development and use of microbial formulations become main issue in agricultural policy.There are many microorganisms used as antagonists, i.e., Trichoderma spp., Bacillus subtilis, fluorescent Pseudomonads, Streptomyces spp.etc.At present about 40-biocontrol formulation products are in market for disease control.Among them at least 12are belonging Trichoderma, i.e., Bio-Fungus, Binab-T, RootShield, Supresivit, T-22G, T-22HB, Trichodex, Trichopel, Trichoseal, Trichoject, Trichodowels, Trichoderma 2000used to control Botrytis, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Verticillium and wood rot fungi.In the fermentation of Trichoderma spp.it is still unable breakthrough mass production of chlamydospores in any solid or liquid media.So above mentioned products in market are using conidia as main ingredient.As known conidia are less resistant to various stresses, e.g., dryness, ultra violet light and poor nutrient conditions resulted in poor performance in the field.After several year investigations, now we are able to mass production of chlamydospores from any Trichoderma spp.In the shaking culture chlamydospore concentration is usually up to10？/ml.And field trials the concentration needed to perform good control are only 10？/ml.In this project two isolates of Trichoderma spp YT3and AHS-06are chosen.The former isolate is able to control vegetable seedling blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, damping off caused by Pythium spp.and promotion of vegetative growth of the host plant.The later isolate is capable to control stem rot of Taiwan Anoectochillus caused by Fusarium oxysporum.In the past these two isolates were mainly using conidia in the formulation.Although disease control efficacy is satisfactory, however application of biocontrol agent had to be very frequent once every 7-10days.Germination rate of the conidia and shelf-life both were low.Hopefully, in the formulation using chlamydospores as main ingredient will improve all above mentioned disadvantages

Establishment of Standard Procedures for Diagnosis of Diseases of Bird's Nest Fern and Pictorial Atlas

鳥巢蕨( bird's nest fern )又稱山蘇花, 在全世界為重要的盆栽及切葉資材, 早期臺灣也曾出口切葉到日本, 但大多為山採葉片且有病蟲害問題而日漸減少出口.近年山蘇花除作為切葉外也成為新興蔬菜作物, 主要的栽培種類為台灣山蘇花( Asplenium nidus L. )與南洋山蘇花( A.australasicum H. )兩種, 原栽培區以花東地區為主, 但近來有移往西部山區的驅勢, 目前全省栽培面積約350公頃.食用山蘇花在花東地區為許多原住民的重要栽培作物, 由於集約式的栽培方式, 使得病害問題逐漸浮現, 且嚴重影響產量與品質也影響原住民的生計, 依據本試驗室的初步病害調查, 山蘇花重要病害有: 葉斑病( Rhizoctonia solani )、白絹病( Sclerotium rolfsii )、菌核病( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum )及黑斑病( Aphelenchoide sp. ), 另外, 尚有其他細菌性及生理性的病徵有待近一步鑑定.目前本省有關山蘇花的病害資料闕如, 田間不明病害時有所聞, 但苦無相關文獻可茲參考, 因此建立重要病害快速偵測與鑑定的方法是必要的.本研究將針對山蘇花重要病害作一完整的病害偵測與鑑定並輔以病害相關圖鑑, 期對山蘇栽培區病害問題的通報與防治有所助益.Bird's nest fern is one of the important pot and cut leaf plants in the world.In the early days cut leaves of this plant were exported to Japan.However its source was only relied on native grown plants in the mountain.The quality of the cut leaves is not uniform and especially when it is infected with the disease.This resulted in reduction of export business and almost completely stopped at present.In the recent years, farmers started to grow this plant by extensive management way of cultivation.The tender young leaf tip is used as vegetable and considered to be healthy food.Cultivation of this crop increase rapidly and it is more than 350ha at present.Two species of bird's nest fern i.e., Asplenium nidus L.and A.australasicum H.are grown in Taiwan.Due to the extensive management cultivation some diseases are seriously attacking the plant which resulted in yield losses.Among these diseases leaf spot ( Rhizoctonia solani ), southern blight ( Sclerotium rolfsii ), sclerotial disease ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum )and black spot ( Aphelenchoide sp. )are frequently observed.There are no any research reports regarding to diseases of bird's nest fern in Taiwan.In the field some unknown diseases are usually bothering the farmers.We started to pay attention on this new crop three years ago.It is thought that a pictorial atlas of diseases of bird's nest fern is needed for farmers as reference to grow the better quality of the plant.Hopefully this paper would be greatly help to the farmers for decease of yield losses caused by the diseases