Comparison of Flower Morphology, Fruit Quality and Oxalic acid Content among Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) Lines.

楊桃近年來被報導對人體健康會造成負面的影響，攝食過量可能引發高草酸尿症與腎臟方面的疾病，降低消費者購買意願，使楊桃產業逐年萎縮。本研究進行楊桃低草酸品種的篩選與育種選拔，以減少楊桃果實中草酸的含量，降低消費者疑虞。針對台中林氏果園中的‘747’、‘金龍’、‘秤錘’及‘V8’等四個品種作為母本，進行實生後代花朵性狀調查、品質分析與低草酸品種篩選工作。楊桃花朵型態可分長花柱與短花柱；楊桃果實品質、可滴定酸及有機酸分析受到季節的影響，而有所差異，果實可滴定酸與草酸含量則呈現顯著正相關，顯示可滴定酸可作為果實草酸含量高低的指標之一。經過調查，有24個楊桃實生後代果實中草酸含量在0.20%以下，且果實品質表現佳，總可溶性固形物在8.3°Brix以上，可持續進行調查，具成為楊桃新品種之發展潛力。 分析酸楊桃及甜楊桃品系葉片中草酸含量的差異，以及草酸生合成的關鍵酵素─乙醇酸氧化酶之活性，與楊桃中草酸含量高低之相關性。研究發現，在甜楊桃果實中草酸含量隨著成熟度增加而有下降的趨勢，在酸楊桃亦有類似的結果，但酸楊桃果實不論成熟度，其草酸含量皆顯著高於甜楊桃果實；酸楊桃之乙醇酸氧化酶活性在葉片及果實中，皆高於甜楊桃品種。Recent media reports have warned that carambola is a fruit with a high oxalic acid content. People who consume large amounts of carambola may risk having hyperoxaluria and developing kidney stones. Consequently, the carambola production has shrunk over the last ten years. In this study, fruit of carambola varieties were analyzed in order to find which would be most suitable for breeding lower oxalic acid carambola and thereby reduce any consumer worries. ‘Jing Long’, ‘747’, ‘Cheng Chwei’ and ’V8’ seedlings were cultivated in Lin’s Orchard in Taichung, Taiwan. Flower morphology, fruit quality, titratable acidity and oxalic acid content were investigated. Carambola flower morphology were divided into long-style type and short-style type. The content of oxalic acid in carambola fruit had significant correlation with titratable acidity. Therefore, titratable acidity can be used as an index for oxalic acid levels in carambola. Fruit quality, titratable acidity and oxalic acid content may be effected by climate factors such as temperature. Analysis showed a total of 24 seedlings contained less than 0.20% oxalic acid content and more than 8.3 ° Brix total soluble solid. From this group, five seedlings had acceptable size and average TSS, but lower oxalic acid content; therefore, showing great potential for being developed into low oxalic acid new varieties of carambola. The leaves of tart and sweet carambola were assayed for oxalic acid content and glycolate oxidase activity. Results indicated that as the fruit of both kinds of carambola matured, the oxalic acid tended to decrease. However, regardless of maturity, the oxalic acid content in tart carambola was always higher than in sweet carambola. Glycolate oxidase activity in leaf and fruit of tart carambola was also higher than in sweet carambola.中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………i Summary………………………………………………………………………………ii 目錄…………………………………………………………………………………iv 圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………v 表目錄………………………………………………………………………………vi 壹、前言………………………………………………………………………………1 貳、前人研究…………………………………………………………………………2 一、楊桃之園藝特性與育種進展………………………………………………2 二、植物體中草酸的生合成與功能……………………………………………4 三、影響植物中草酸累積的因子………………………………………………9 参、材料與方法………………………………………………………………………13 一、楊桃實生後代花器型態調查………………………………………………13 二、果實品質及葉片草酸濃度調查……………………………………………13 三、酸楊桃與甜楊桃草酸合成之比較…………………………………………15 肆、結果………………………………………………………………………………17 一、楊桃實生後代花柱型態及花瓣顏色……………………………………17 二、楊桃實生後代果實品質調查………………………………………………18 三、實生後代葉片之草酸………………………………………………………26 四、酸楊桃與甜楊桃草酸合成之比較…………………………………………26 伍、討論………………………………………………………………………………60 一、楊桃實生後代調查…………………………………………………………60 (一) 楊桃實生後代花柱型態及花瓣顏色……………………………………60 (二)楊桃實生後代果實品質、可滴定酸、有機酸及葉片有機酸調查………60 二、酸楊桃與甜楊桃草酸合成之比較…………………………………………62 三、楊桃實生後代潛力品種篩選………………………………………………62 陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………6

傑出身心障礙者的就業歷程與就業影響因素-伴隨著「障礙」的就業路

[[abstract]]本研究目的在於透過傑出身心障礙者的就業?程，探討其就業影響因素。研究以?意取樣方式，訪談10位身心功能障礙之?鷹獎得獎者或其「重要他人」。蒐集的資?包括：得獎者就業?程的訪談逐字稿、相關出版品或影片、研究者訪視和觀察所作的備忘?、討?會紀?。研究從詮釋學觀點，運用NVivo8質性分析軟體分析資?。研究發現，受訪者就業?程的三大主要影響因素為：（一）個人因素，如個人特質、個人背景，以及個人信?等；（二）環境因素，如職場文化、工作內容、工作條件等；（三）與個人有關的?程因素，如發展、社會化、自我抉擇，及個人欲達到與環境一致的作為等；以及與環境有關的?程因素，如就業機會、?動市場及政策等的變化。