Stability Analysis Of Broccoli And Black Rot Survival Studies By PCR Detection

青花菜為我國重要蔬菜作物，性喜冷涼，受到高溫逆境會影響外觀、產量與品質。夏天因高溫影響而無法在國內生產。國內育種家近年育成許多耐熱品種，對於高溫環境有較佳的穩定性，可以在高溫下維持較好的作物性狀。本研究目的在於分析耐熱青花菜品種各性狀具備穩定性與否，透過收集六個耐熱品種與一個現行商業品種青花菜，在三個不同季節進行四次田間試驗，包含一次頂芽顯微觀察實驗。試驗田區採RCB設計，分為4個區集，每個區集種植12個樣本，行株距為60cm*60cm，調查項目為花蕾球各種經濟性狀，包含球重、花蕾球直徑、莖直徑、苞葉數目、夾葉數目、球形、平整度、移植到採收天數。夏季試驗中’優秀’在花蕾球生成時發生停滯無產量，其他品種發生遲緩結球、減產，品質下降等問題。產量上夏季以品種’清華三號’ 、’AV515’、 ‘AV530’顯著較為高產，並且季節效應與品種效應有一定影響，選擇當季品種可得高產。品質上’AV515’、‘AV530’抵抗品質下降能力不如’B35’、 ‘B45’與’清華三號’ 。品種的基因對球形與平整度帶來的影響力大過於季節與兩者之間交感作用。欲追求球形與平整度須選用具備優良基因品種。Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris引起的十字花科蔬菜黑腐病是屬於世界性病害，可殘存於種子，得到健康種子是主要防治及維持青花菜生產品質之主要策略，因此此病菌之檢測可確保維持種子健康。試驗中檢驗不同年度生產之青花菜種子，利用針對黑腐病專一性之引子進行PCR得到電泳圖檢驗帶菌率，並使用培養皿觀察菌落外型。結果顯示2011年度生產之種子帶菌且與菌落外型觀察吻合。而同年度黑腐病檢出率與浸種的水溫之間並無特定關係，因為PCR檢測的對象是核酸片段不論菌是否存活都會被偵測，但溫度可影響菌落之附著程度與殘存率。Broccoli, an important domestic vegetable crop adapts to cool climate. Heat stress will affect its appearance, yield and quality. Due to the summer high temperature broccoli can not be produced in domestic. In recent years, many breeders bred domestic heat tolerant varieties, which have good stability in high-temperature environment. Those varieties maintain crop traits better at high temperature. The purpose of this study is to analyze the stability of heat-tolerant broccoli varieties with traits or not, through the collection of six heat-resistant varieties with an existing commercial varieties of broccoli, field trials in three different seasons. Including a tip bud microscopic observation experiments . Trials were RCB designed, plots area is divided into four blocks, each block 12 samples, the line spacing is 60cm * 60cm. Head traits were recorded, including head weight, head diameter, stem diameter, bracteal leaf, projecting leaf, head shape, flatness, Days from transplant to harvest.In Summer trials ''excellent'' stagnanted, no head production, late curd initiation, decrease of yield and quality occurred in other varieties. In the yield of summer, ''Tsinghua III'', ''AV515'', ''AV530'' are significantly more. And the effects of seasonal and variety have a certain interaction, choosing seasonal varieties gets high yield. The resistant for decrease in quality of ''AV515'', ''AV530'' is not as good as ''B35'', ''B45'' and ''Tsinghua III''. Gene effect in head shape and flatness is much more than climate effect and their interaction. To pursue good head shape and flatness must choose varieties with good genes. Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris cause black rot of cruciferous vegetables is a worldwide disease. Bacteria survival in seeds. Produce healthy seed is the key strategies to prevent and control black rot, also to maintain the quality of broccoli production. So the detection of this pathogen can ensure the maintenance of healthy seed . Trials testing different annual production of broccoli seeds, obtained electrophoresis graph by PCR, using the specificity primer. And use the dish to observe the appearance of colonies. The results showed that the annual production of 2011 contaminated seed and consistent with the observation of the colony appearance. And there is no specific relationship between black rot with the annual detection rate and soaking temperature, because PCR detection of nucleic acid fragments, whether the object is whether the survival of bacteria will be detected, but the temperature can affect the degree of adhesion of the bacteria surviving rate

Biocontrol of stem rot of Taiwan Anoectochilus caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl.

由埔里地區金線連根圈栽培介質分離所得之拮抗性木黴菌 (Trichodermas spp.)菌株，經由菌株生長速度、產孢測試與鐮胞菌Fusarium oxysporum F66菌株在馬鈴薯蔗糖平板行對峙培養測試其拮抗能力，以及對金線連生長促進性評估，獲得五株木黴菌拮抗菌株，隨後在南投埔里地區進行金線連莖腐病系列田間防治試驗，TA菌株為五菌株中對植株產量提升與莖腐病防治效果表現最好。在溫室試驗中，TA菌株不同濃度分生孢子對金線連莖腐病防治效果評估，顯示菌株分生孢子製劑施用濃度越高對莖腐病防治效果越明顯。以每克栽培介質施用5.7Χ106-107 分生孢子之TA菌株處理，在處理後15週莖腐病發病率僅約10%，相對於未處理之對照組發病率則達93.3%。施用方式以分生孢子製劑行根部被覆處理或栽培介質混拌處理，明顯優於厚膜孢子製劑處理。於栽培場試驗，分生孢子混合羧甲基纖維素製劑行根部被覆處理者 (CoCMC)，在其種植後九週對莖腐病防治效果幾達100％，麩皮於CoCMC中之進一步添加處理，則有助於介質中木黴菌族群菌量維持在每克107 孢子左右，伴隨之則可見莖腐病之感染明顯受到抑制，試驗結果顯示TA菌株確在金線連莖腐病生物防治上極具應用價值。TA菌株生物特性研究顯示，菌絲生長最適與最高溫度分別為30℃與37℃，能產生厚膜孢子，與利用蜜三糖作為碳源，可產生異腈類 (isonitrile) 抗生物質及明顯的椰子氣味，分生孢子梗多為對稱分枝，其上著生之瓶狀枝呈瘦長瓶壺形，分生孢子圓形或近卵圓形，表面具有明顯不規則金字塔型疣狀突起，依上述形態、生理特性，及其rDNA ITS序列與NCBI資料庫既有木黴菌菌株序列資料比對其親緣關係，皆證實TA菌株歸屬於T. asperellum Samuels, Liechfeldt & Nirenberg。探討木黴菌TA菌株防治鐮胞菌引起之金線連莖腐病是否與誘導金線連產生抗病性反應有關，在無菌培養系統中，金線連根部經TA菌株孢子懸浮液 (8.3X105 conidia/ml) 處理後，金線連之根、莖、葉組織中的過氧化酵素、苯丙氨酸解氨酵素、幾丁質分解酵素與β-1,3-葡萄聚醣水解酵素活性與細胞中累積的酚化物以及木質素等，皆較未處理TA菌株之對照處理為高，以TA菌株培養在1% (w/v) 鐮胞菌胞壁或幾丁質培養基之濾液處理也得到相似的結果，而未處理TA菌株之對照組與未加1% (w/v) 鐮胞菌細胞壁或幾丁質培養基之濾液處理組則未見有相同的結果。金線連根部處理人工合成誘導後天系統性抗病物質2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid，在金線連之莖、葉組織皆可測得抗病物質之增加，證實金線連本身具有後天系統抗病性。TA菌株孢子懸浮液處理金線連根部，其根、莖、葉組織皆可測得較對照處理為高的抗病物質，證實T. asperellum TA菌株誘導金線連後天系統抗病性反應為TA菌株防治金線連莖腐病的重要因素。For the biological control of stem rot of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl., a total of 5 antagonistic Trichoderma strains were isolated from A. formosanus rhizospheres in Puli. The potential of the obtained strains as biocontrol agent were evaluated by dual culture assay against Fusarium oxysporum Schl. F66 strain on potato sucrose agar. The characteristics screened included inhibition of mycelial growth for the pathogen, the growth and sporulation of the antagonists, and the growth promoting effect on target plant. A followed field trial at Puli, Nantou, aimed for the control of Fusarium stem rot of A. formosanus indicated Trichoderma TA strain was the best among the five strains in regard to the yield and the disease control effectiveness. In a greenhouse trial, the effectiveness of stem rot control was shown dependent on the conidial concentration of the antagonist applied. The stem rot incidence of test plants grown in substrates treated by 5.7Χ106-107 cfu/gram conidial preparation 15 weeks after treatment was approximately 10%, whereas that of the compared non-treated control was about 93.3%. In a serial field trials, the effectiveness of disease control was consistently found better by root coating or preplanting substrate blending with the conidial suspension than that by the chlamydospore preparation of the antagonist. A conidial formulation with carboxymethyl cellulose (CoCMC) was most effective for the disease control in practical cultivation. By root coating during transplanting, the application of CoCMC resulted in nearly 100% protection of the test plants for 9 weeks, whereas the disease incidence of non-treated control at the same time reached about 82 %. The protective effect of CoCMC appeared to be further strengthened by the addition of wheat bran as a food base. The Trichoderma/ Fusarium population dynamics contained in the growth substrates indicated a well sustained Trichoderma population at approximately 107 cfu/g throughout the test period. And in accompany to that was the decrease of disease incidence. These results suggest T. asperellum TA strain have an excellent potential to be used as biocontrol agents for the control of stem rot disease of A. formosanus. Investisation of the biological characteristics of TA strain indicated that the fungus produced chlamydospores on culture and showed optimum and maximum mycelial growth temperature at 30 and 37℃, respectively. It may utilize melezitose as sole carbon source and produce antifungal isonitrinic acids and unique coconut smells. Also, upon conidiation, it produced conidiophores predominantly in paired branching, and among them bore slender-ampulliform phialides with characteristic viride-type morphology. The conidia were ovoid to subglobose structure covered with conspicuous irregular pyramidal warts. The morphological characteristics indicated TA strain a member of T. asperellum (Samuels, Liechfeldt & Nirenberg). By polymerase chain reaction, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the TA strains was amplified and sequenced. Results obtained from the pair-wise comparison of the sequence data of comparative strains available from NCBI and the phylogenetic analysis supported fully the above species identification based on the morphological characteristics. The involvement of induced resistance in the effectiveness of T. asperellum TA strain as a biological agent for controlling stem rot of A. formosanus caused by F. oxysporum Schl. was explored. For A. formosanus grown in a gnotobiotic culture system, inoculation of a TA strain germinating conidial suspension (8.3X105 conidia/ml) was shown leading to transcient but significant increases of activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucancase, and as well the accumulation in cell wall free soluble phenolics, and lignin among leaves, stem and root tissues of treated A. formosanus. Similar stimulatory effects were also observed on test plants treated with culture filtrate of TA strain grown in 1% (w/v) cell wall of F. oxysporum or chitin. Whereas that among control plants treated with non-cultured broth medium were not detected. In the case of changes of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activities, the stimulatory effect was also detected by treatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid- the chemical known to provoke systemic acquired resistance on various crop species. The stimulatory effects detected on stem and leaf tissues indicated the systemic effect of the treatment which was applied primarily on the roots. The accumulated data indicated the importance of systemic aquired resistance as a major factor contributing to the effectiveness of biological control of stem rot disease by T. asperellum TA strain.中文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 英文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------------------3 目次 第一章 總論-----------------------------------------------------------------6 前言------------------------------------------------------------------------7 前人研究 台灣金線連莖腐病-----------------------------------------------11 木黴菌--------------------------------------------------------------14 結論-----------------------------------------------------------------26 本研究之主旨----------------------------------------------------------27 後 記---------------------------------------------------------------------28 參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------------29 第二章 木黴菌TA菌株在台灣金線連莖腐病防治上之應用-------48 中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------49 前言----------------------------------------------------------------------50 材料與方法------------------------------------------------------------ 52 結果----------------------------------------------------------------------57 討論--------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 參考文獻--------------------------------------------------------------- 67 圖表--------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 英文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------82 第三章 金線連根圈分離木黴菌菌株之生物特性----------------------84 中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------85 前言----------------------------------------------------------------------85 材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------87 結果----------------------------------------------------------------------93 討論----------------------------------------------------------------------96 參考文獻---------------------------------------------------------------100 圖表---------------------------------------------------------------------106 英文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------116 第四章 木黴菌TA菌株誘導台灣金線連之抗病反應----------------117 中文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------118 前言---------------------------------------------------------------------118 材料與方法------------------------------------------------------------120 結果---------------------------------------------------------------------125 討論---------------------------------------------------------------------129 參考文獻---------------------------------------------------------------132 圖表---------------------------------------------------------------------138 英文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------15

Iris Recognition Using Gabor Filters and the Fractal Dimension

Iris recognition is an emerging noninvasive biometric technology. The iris is very suitable for the verification and the identification of humans due to its distinctive and stable spatial patterns. In this paper, we propose an effective iris recognition algorithm which adopts a bank of Gabor filters combined with the estimated fractal dimension. After the preprocessing procedure, the normalized effective iris region is decomposed according to different frequency regions by the multi-channel Gabor filters. The texture information of the filtered images is obtained via the differential box-counting method. A feature selection scheme is then adopted to remove the unimportant features to reduce the amount of data and improve the performance. The experimental results on the CASIA database show that the proposed method has a very high recognition rate

Development and Extension of Multiple Tea Products

茶為一良好的天然保健飲料，近代科學試驗已提出許多有力證明，為迎合時代潮流，各項食品加工技術已朝多元化發展，茶亦不例外，近幾年為提昇茶之經濟利用價值，增進現代人日常飲食保健和加強茶葉於飲料市場競爭能力，不僅日本積極開發研製茶多元化產品，中國大陸亦然，本省於民國七十年前後因應茶園改行機採，造成副茶大量增加，為提昇副茶經濟利用價值，開始研製茶多元化產品，隨後陸續於有限人力、經費下，承農委會、農林廳、中正基金、經濟部工業局支持積極研製各項茶多元化產品，至今已開發研製有十多項茶多元化產品，如休閒食品系列有茶軟（硬）糖、茶果凍、茶水羊羹、茶口香糖，初級加工飲料系列有各式添加茶、速溶茶、果茶、袋茶、保健草果茶、飲料茶系列等，餐點料理系列有各式茶葉菜、茶葉糕點等，另極具發展潛力又加工簡易之粉茶加工產品系列有茶葉麵、茶餅乾、茶西式麵包、茶冰品冷飲等，還有茶酒、茶雞尾酒等，這些產品自開發以來頗受好評，部份產品亦已商品化，為增進消費大眾及廠商對茶多元化產品之瞭解，茶改場亦積極舉辦研討品嚐會以增進產官學界之交流，同時配合各鄉鎮農會公所舉開茶多元化產品講習，目前茶改場已陸續將各項茶多元化產品之配方或研製方法編撰成冊，以供各界需求，為提昇台茶發展，茶多元化產品之研製與推廣，有賴產官學界合力推廣開發，本項工作將持續發展，以利我國加入關貿總協後台茶的發展。 As food technology’s development and consumers’ seeking for new changes in taste, every sort of food industry has been developed toward diversification because of the irresistable trend. Tea is without exception. At present, the Taiwan Tea Experiment Station (TTES) aims at the research and development on diversification in tea. The objective is not only for the promotion of tea and the enlargement of consuming styles but also for solving the increases of by-products of tea such as fanning, stalk and dust, which are caused by mechanical tea plucking. The research and development of tea multiple products has the following special meaning : Various drinks such as sports drink, carbonated drink, juice drink and fiber drink etc, have become a big hit in the beverage market in Taiwan. However, tea consumption is still confined to the traditional consumption form. Apparently, the old style of consumption is quite deficient in diversity and freshness, resulting in great loss of competition in the market. In order to overcome the current impact of new wave of beverages on tea consumption, R&D effort towards new multi-use development and finding new market segments is pretty necessary. As the consequences of the extension of machine plucking in Taiwanese tea gardens, there is an obvious increase of by-product of made tea. If such material can be reused to manufacture high-value products, it would undoubtedly increase farmers’ income. In view of modern lifestyles, busy and taut, manufacturing tea drink with simple, instant and convenient use either in indoor or outdoor would meet the demands from different profiles of consumers. So far to now, the TTES has R&D sorts of diversed tea products, such as instant tea, canned tea, tea jelly, caky tea, tea candy, tea powder, fruit tea, tea biscuit, flavoured tea, tea wine, tea cocktail and tea dishes

Breeding and Applicantion of Jiafuzhan——A New Breed of Early Indica Rice of High Quality

经过20多年的研究,采用自创的优质早籼稻新品种选育新途径,选育出大粒(千粒重30 g)优质、高产、稳产、抗病虫、适应性广的早籼稻新品种佳辐占.其品质基本上达到了部颁一级优质食用米标准,千粒重、长宽比、垩白度都是当前国内优质早籼稻品种中最好的品种之一.产量水平400~450 kg/667 m2,高产的超过500 kg/667 m2.广西、江西、广东等省、区已引种成功.2003~2004年在福建省推广11.4×104hm2,为农民增收2亿多元.该品种的育成,解决了水稻育种中长期存在的大粒不优质,早籼稻难优质,优质不高产,优质不抗病等难题.After 20 years' dedicated research under new technologies in breeding high-quality new-breed early indica Rice,Jiafuzhan has been successfully breeding.Its quality has almost reached A-level Editable Rice of Agriculture Department of China,and its average production reaches 400~450 kg/667m~2.with high yield production of 500 kg/667m~2.This new breed also has other characteristics such as enhanced resistance of blast and fallen,steady productivity and strong adaptability.Jiafuzhan has been put into production of over 11.4×10~4 hm~2 in Fujian Province and has been introduced and promoted in other provinces like Jiangxi,Guangdong and Guangxi.The successes of breeding Jiafuzhan is a solution to long existed problems in rice industry,such as low quality of big,grain rice and early indica rice,low productivity and poor blast resistance of high quality rice.农业部转化资金(02EFNZ16900762);; 福建省水稻育种攻关项目;; 福建省重大专项(2004NZ01-3);; 福建省三项费用(2000-Z-029);; 厦门市农业创新(3502Z20032007);; 国家后补助基金(2004年)资