CAI, XIN-XIONG

小雞不論在４日齡或１０日齡經飲水投予傳染性腔上囊病活毒疫苗，經３∼４週均無 法引發強有力的免疫反應。當移行抗體很低或消失後，活毒疫苗的接種不僅破壞腔上 囊，而且干擾新城瘟疫苗HI抗體的產生。然而，這種免疫抑制現象在２１日齡接種雞 隻並不顯著。 活毒疫苗中，雞胚胎馴化疫苗的免疫元性較組織培養疫苗佳，但其致病力亦較強。被 疫苗病毒破壞的腔上囊，其病變與野外強毒的感染，略有不同。以髓質部淋巴細胞的 壞死及消失為主徵，至於囊腫的形成及結締組織的增生則很輕微。有趣的是被病毒破 壞的腔上囊，經３∼４週後即發生再生現象。因此，小雞早期接種傳染性腔上囊病活 毒疫苗，會誘發短期間不同程度的免疫抑制。 連續三批種雞分別於４週齡及１８週齡接種傳染性腔上囊病活毒疫苗及油質死毒疫苗 ，其初生小雞的移行抗體力價並不高，個體間的差異亦很大。９０％以上初生雛的中 和抗體力價介於８倍至１２８倍之間，分佈高峰則介於１６倍與３２倍之間。可見在 傳染性腔上囊病病毒嚴重污染地區，種雞以活毒疫苗行基礎免疫及油質死毒疫苗作補 強注射（LW－OEV program）的效果並不理想。 由本試驗結果顯示種雞在４、８及１８週齡分別經兩次活毒疫苗及一次油質死毒疫苗 （LV－LV－OEV program ）或一次活毒疫苗及兩次油質死毒疫苗（LV－OEV －OEV p- rogram）預防接種，產生的中和抗體遠較LV－OEV program 高。兩者抗體力價達１０ ，０００倍以上，尤以LV－OEV －OEV program 的效果較好

火焰拉仲和路易數效應對稀薄噴霧火焰熄滅的影響

[[abstract]]一維流場中橫截面積(cross-sectional area)的改變會引發火焰拉伸(flame stretch)的作用，對預混火焰的燃燒特性其有重大的影響。但截至目前為止，相關的文獻探討僅侷限於單柑氣態火焰，欠缺對於橫截面檳逐漸變大或變小的一維兩柑噴霧火焰分析。本研究利用高活化能極限近似微擾理論來探討貝橫截面積改變的一縰流場中一層流勺億態、稀薄、均一分佈噴霧火焰的燃燒特性和熄滅現象，期望了解因橫截面積變化所引起之火焰拉伸(flame stretch)、噴霧液滴半徑大小、液態燃料量和Le數(Lewis number)這四項參數對噴霧火焰的重大影

Surveillance on Waterfowl Avian Influenza

本計劃依各縣市水禽飼養比率及不同季節採集統計上足量之水禽血清樣品，分別以ELISA、AGP及HI tests測定禽流感抗體抗體並做亞型鑑定，抗體陽性場追蹤採糞材行反轉錄鋂禽流感之病毒檢測及亞型鑑定。Sera samples will be collected seasonally from all over the country. Avian influenza antibody of ELISA, agar gel precipitation (AGP), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Fecal samples will be collected from the antibody positive flocks, and then subjected to RT-PCR for AIV detection and subserotype determination

水禽及火雞類禽流感監控

Sera samples will be collected seasonally from all over the country. Avian influenza antibody of ELISA, agar gel precipitation (AGP), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Fecal samples will be collected from the antibody positive flocks, and then subjected to RT-PCR for AIV detection and subserotype determination. Domestic turkeys will detects for serological antiboies to avian influenza virus in Taiwan, sampling 20 from each group or farm to testing with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antibody prevalence will be analyzing as a data for prevention of AI. The turkey farms showed positive reaction after serum detection will be test to viral isolation and sub-serotyping, this farm will going to sera monitoring.對水禽類動物鴨、鵝.雞及火雞共計265場，6000支肛門拭子或血清分別以應用反轉錄聚合

Surveillance on Turkey, Ostrich and Waterfowl Avian Influenza

對水禽類動物鴨、鵝.雞及火雞共計265場，6000支肛門拭子或血清分別以應用反轉錄聚合鋂鏈進行檢測病毒核酸，而血清則以免疫酵素分析法及AGP等方法進行禽流感抗體之監測，如為陽性反應之檢體病進行亞型之鑑定，陽性率過高之場別，擬進行現場採集檢體進行病毒分離及以應用反轉錄聚合鋂鏈進行檢測，以早期發現未曾在台灣發生者，或者在台灣已成為地方性疾病，但有爆發成流行之趨勢者。透過台灣區人工飼養鴕鳥協會及專業獸醫師，進行鴕鳥之死亡及飼養失敗病例之收集。並進行病理之解剖、病因之探討及病原分離與鑑定。並就環境、病理學、病原所得之資料進行分析，提出解決之建議方案。Sera samples will be collected seasonally from all over the country. Avian influenza antibody of ELISA, agar gel precipitation (AGP), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Fecal samples will be collected from the antibody positive flocks, and then subjected to RT-PCR for AIV detection and subserotype determination. Domestic turkeys will detects for serological antiboies to avian influenza virus in Taiwan, sampling 20 from each group or farm to testing with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antibody prevalence will be analyzing as a data for prevention of AI. The turkey farms showed positive reaction after serum detection will be test to viral isolation and sub-serotyping, this farm will going to sera monitoring. In this project, we will cooperate with Taiwan Domestic Ostrich Association and employ a professional veterinarian to propagate the important of monitoring disease. We will collect clinical case ofostrichs and analysis the aetiology to establish the disease database of ostrich in Taiwan

Integrated Pest Management for Important Plants

由於台灣地處亞熱帶，氣候高溫多濕，田間常發生病蟲害造成農民損失，因此如何整合一套有效病蟲害管理辦法是重要課題。本計畫的目的在於統合不同植物病蟲害領域專長之專家，參與台灣地區重要疫病蟲害之管理。計畫工作項目包括，田間重要作物病蟲害種類之調查、主要病原微生物與有害昆蟲之鑑定、有益微生物之篩選與應用、有益植物萃取液之篩選與應用、田間主要病原微生物與有害昆蟲之抗藥性監測及致病基因探討等。本計畫亦將定期對農民進行教育訓練，並透過政府與各地方之縣市政府舉辦重要疫病蟲害整合管理觀摩會。Taiwan locate in sub-tropical area, and climate is high temperature and humidity. Therefore, pests and diseases often cause farmers' ecomonic losses. Thus, developing an effective integrated pest management approach is an important issue. The objective of this project is integration of different expertise in the plant pathologist and entomologist to participate in an important disease management of pests and diseases in Taiwan. The works is including the survying of important crop pests and diseases in field, identification of main pathogenic microorganisms and harmful insects, screening and application of beneficial microorganismsf, screening and application of benificial plant extracts, monitor of resistant pathogens and insects in field, investigating the pathogenic genes. This project will also be regular seting up training program for farmers, and the observing will be integrated the management of plant diseases and insect pests by the goverment and the local governments

重要植物疫病蟲害整合性管理

Taiwan locate in sub-tropical area, and climate is high temperature and humidity. Therefore, pests and diseases often cause farmers' ecomonic losses. Thus, developing an effective integrated pest management approach is an important issue. The objective of this project is integration of different expertise in the plant pathologist and entomologist to participate in an important disease management of pests and diseases in Taiwan. The works is including the survying of important crop pests and diseases in field, identification of main pathogenic microorganisms and harmful insects, screening and application of beneficial microorganismsf, screening and application of benificial plant extracts, monitor of resistant pathogens and insects in field, investigating the pathogenic genes. This project will also be regular seting up training program for farmers, and the observing will be integrated the management of plant diseases and insect pests by the goverment and the local governments.由於台灣地處亞熱帶，氣候高溫多濕，田間常發生病蟲害造成農民損失，因此如何整合一套有效病蟲害管理辦法是重要課題。本計畫的目的在於統合不同植物病蟲害領域專長之專家，參與台灣地區重要疫病蟲害之管理。計畫工作項目包括，田間重要作物病蟲害種類之調查、主要病原微生物與有害昆蟲之鑑定、有益微生物之篩選與應用、有益植物萃取液之篩選與應用、田間主要病原微生物與有害昆蟲之抗藥性監測及致病基因探討等。本計畫亦將定期對農民進行教育訓練，並透過政府與各地方之縣市政府舉辦重要疫病蟲害整合管理觀摩會

動物疫病診斷鑑定技術之研發與應用

1. The foot and mouth disease (FMD) eradication program has been an important policy in Taiwan, and it leads to be recognized as a FMD free country. At present, commercialized antibody detection kits mainly use the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this project, we are planning to develop an antibody detection kit using immunodot method. The antigen used will be expressed protein of VP1, VP2, and 3AB genes of FMD virus. This newly developed antibody detection kit will be able to be used in the field without using expansive equipment. This development should be very helpful to the execution of the FMD eradication campaign in the future. 2. HPAI of the H5 subtype has imposed a great potential threat to both the poultry industry and humans in Taiwan. To effectively monitor and manage the disease, we have previously developed a rapid virus detection kit based on the monoclonal antibodies against the HA protein of avian influenza virus H5 subtype for the on-site operations of the front-line workers. To further test the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid detection kit with clinical samples, we will continue the collaboration with Animal Health Research Institute to perform the virus challenge assays with H5N2 (or H5N1) and H6 subtypes of AIV under Bio-Safety Level 3 environments. Scheduled works includes the clinical evaluation for the sensitivity, specificity of the rapid virus detection kits, as well as training and extension for the use of the kit. It is expected that the rapid virus detection kit for avian influenza virus H5 subtype will serve as a tool for the efficient, rapid and initial on-site screening of the diseases, and facilitate the effective control of the viruses to ensure the sustainable poultry industry in Taiwan. 3. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis, Clostridium perfringens etc., are major pathogens for porcine diarrhea cases. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus, some Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium bovis may cause mastitis for bovine. In comparison with conventional PCR, Real-time PCR has recently become a popular method. It does not require the step of gel electrophoresis, is time saving, more sensitive and causes non-cross reaction. In this study, by use of SYBR Green or TaqMan Probe, we shall design Real-time PCR method for the specific detection of Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis, ETEC and Clostridium perfringens. Meanwhile, Real-time PCR quantation for these pathogenic bacteria will be tried since pathogenicity of bacteria is highly correlated with its cell number. Finally, we shall also try the possibility to develop a multiplex Real-time PCR system for the simultaneous detection of these diarrheagenic bacteria. Through this project, we expect to establish a rapid Real-Time PCR method which allows us to trace the cause of diarrhea and infections for porcine and thus prevents the spreading of infection. Since S. Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis, ETEC, and C. perfringens are common pathogens for human and porcine, this method can be usd to trace the contamination sources for both human and porcine infections. Finally, we shall also try to develop a multiplex Real-Time PCR system and use it for the simultaneous detection of these pathogenic bacteria. Also, patent application and technique transfer to bioindustry will be attempted. 4. Hepatitis E is a non-A, non-B hepatitis and is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Contamination of drinking water has become the main reason to cause outbreaks of hepatitis E in several developing countries. It is an important disease with public health concern. The mortality rate of hepatitis E is generally low, about 1% only; however, it can be more serious in一、口蹄疫抗體快速檢測試劑之研發：口蹄疫的撲滅計畫已被列為我國的重大防疫政策，而目前實驗室中對於口蹄疫的診斷方法有螢光抗體檢測法、病毒分離、RT-PCR及免疫吸附法(ELISA)等方法，以上檢測方法所需時間長，且需要特殊儀器，無法於現場使用，因此需開發一方便快速的檢驗方法，以便在現場快速檢測並立即摘除帶原者。本實驗將針對口蹄疫病毒的VP1、VP2及3AB基因，來進行原核系統的表現與純化，以開發出一種較現有檢測方法更具有經濟效益及特異性、敏感性、簡便而快速的口蹄疫抗體檢測方法以提供臨床檢測之用。本計畫將與國內知名且具高度研發生產及行銷能力佳之生物技術公司進行產學合作，利用他們的免疫墨渍檢測法平台開發出快速現場檢測口蹄疫抗體的診斷試劑套組，並期待於未來予以商品化，未來將有助於協助監測口蹄疫疫苗注射狀況，及進行現場口蹄疫病毒感染豬隻檢測與清除。 二、流感病毒H5亞型快速檢測試劑套組之實測與應用：H5亞型之高病原性家禽流行性感冒(HPAI)對台灣養禽業具極大之潛在危險，並有人畜共通疾病之隱憂。為求有效地監控此病毒，本計劃上年度已初步完成禽流感病毒H5亞型病毒快速檢測試劑套組。本年度由中興大學與家畜衛生試驗所合作，繼續以H5N2 (或H5N1)與H6N1亞型禽流感病毒進行攻毒試驗。預期將可利用禽流感病毒時體樣本完成禽流感病毒快速檢測套組之實體樣本測試與評估，並進行人員訓練與推廣工作，未來可供第一線工作人員作為現場快速病毒篩檢之基本工具，防堵病毒入侵與擴散，確保我國養禽產業之永續經營。 三、開發多套式即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應快速檢測豬下痢病原菌及牛乳房炎病原菌之技術及其應用：豬下痢及腸炎之病原菌，包括腸毒型大腸桿菌(ETEC)、沙門氏菌(如S. Typhimurium、S. Choleraesuis)、腸道螺旋體、Clostridium perfringens…等，另一方面，造成牛乳房炎的病原菌，則包括葡萄球菌、鏈球菌、棒狀桿菌、大腸菌…等。與傳統PCR比較，Real-Time PCR 不需電泳操作且靈敏度提高，受檢測菌數不必增殖，故能大大減少縮短檢測時間，並避免偽陽性的發生。因此本研究擬利用Real-Time PCR配合SYBR Green染劑或TaqMan probe方法，設計沙門氏菌屬如S. Typhimurium、S. Choleraesuis及ETEC、產氣莢膜桿菌專一性引子組及專一性TaqMan探針，用以快速鑑定禽畜類重要之感染性病原菌，由於致病性與菌量亦有相關性；因此發展同時檢測多種病原菌並定量之快速方法於防治感染是必要的。本計畫擬分年開發多套式Real-Time PCR，針對上述細菌中S. Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis、ETEC（LT及ST）及Clostridium perfringens等設計專一性引子組及TaqMan探針，以Real-Time PCR檢測定量豬隻感染之重要病原菌。本研究預計可建立一套快速檢測豬隻下痢病原菌的即時PCR套組（Real Time PCR），了解豬隻下痢之病因，達到傳染性胃腸炎之快速防制、避免擴散等目的。S. Typhimurium、S. Choleraesuis、ETEC（含heat-liable toxin, LT, 及heat stable toxin, ST）及產氣莢膜桿菌為人畜共通病原菌，本方法亦可應用於人類、豬隻感染上述病原菌之病因，對相關傳染途徑予以控制。並可設計一套多重檢測之 Real-Time PCR套組，用於多種細菌之同時檢測。相關PCR套組可申請專利移轉生物技術產業使用。 四、人畜共通傳染病原: 豬E型肝炎病毒快速檢測技術之開發：E型肝炎是經口糞感染的非A及非B型肝炎，在開發中國家因水源遭受污染常有爆發性流行，為一重要的公共衛生疾病。E型肝炎感染者一般死亡率約在1%左右，但在孕婦，尤其第三期妊娠感染者，死亡率可達20%。E型肝炎病毒在豬隻身上亦被發現，在日本曾有因直接生食野鹿肉或野豬肝臟而導致發病死亡的病例；此病原在豬隻飼養、屠宰及獸醫師等相關人員有明顯高血清抗體陽性率。台灣豬E型肝炎病毒感染相關情形雖有部分報告，但相關的研究及疫情掌握仍有不足，為因應未來此一人畜共通傳染病及畜產品產製環境之人畜安全檢測需要，本計劃擬建立及開發豬E型肝炎病毒之快速診斷技術及試劑。 五、豬流感病毒單源抗體製備、特性分析與診斷套組開發：臺灣豬群中流行的A型流行性感冒病毒，則除了古典豬型H1N1亞型及似人型H3N2亞型之外，近期也偵測出H1N2亞型及H3N1亞型等二種新興病毒變異株。鑑於現有檢驗診斷技術方法已不足以有效偵測新型

Mixed-type paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma—A case report

AbstractRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue tumor of childhood; about 80% of cases occur before the age of 21 with the remaining 20% evenly spread throughout the remaining decades. A primary paratesticular site is considered to have a good prognosis in comparison with other RMS sites. Histologically, any subtype of RMS, including alveolar, pleomorphic, embryonal, and mixed type, may occur in the paratesticular region, but only a relatively small number of cases are mixed and this variant has a poor prognosis. We report a case of paratesticular RMS (mixed embryonal and alveolar type) in a 16-year-old boy