[[alternative]]Study on new pavement rehabilitation materials and techniques

碩士[[abstract]]我國公路與機場鋪面大多使用瀝青混凝土與水泥混凝土材料，因此對於國外鋪面新維修材料與工法的發展常忽略且較少探討。本研究主要目的除了介紹傳統鋪面的構造與特性，鋪面種類、損壞原因、維修方法外，並介紹新維修材料與工法。國內常見鋪面材料包括透水性鋪面、排水性鋪面、石膠泥瀝青混凝土、再生瀝青混凝土、廢輪胎橡膠瀝青混凝土、及再生水泥混凝土之材料特性、設計理念、構造特徵、與可能產生問題等。再參考國外施工經驗將半柔性鋪面、連鎖高壓磚鋪面及超薄混凝土加鋪等新維修材料與工法引進。希望透過對各項新材料之特性、標準施工步驟、應用限制、加鋪設計原理、維修方法與適用性等瞭解，可選擇較適宜的鋪面維修策略，以提升鋪面未來使用績效、減少維修頻率及延長使用壽命。以AASHTO、PCA、AI、FAA等鋪面設計法之加鋪設計程序為前提，進行相關設計觀念的闡述及維修方針。另外，以個案討論方式選擇不同之維修材料做成本分析與比較。新維修材料與工法未來將可根據國內鋪面使用現況，實際應用在鋪面維修與處理。本研究冀望能促進新維修材料與工法之技術轉移，確保未來在有限資源使用下能發揮最大的效益。[[abstract]]Since asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete have been successfully and widely adopted as our domestic highway and airport pavement materials, many most recent developments of pavement materials and techniques are often overlooked. The primary objective of this study is to not only investigate the material properties and structural characteristics of conventional pavement materials, but also introduce some of the new rehabilitation materials and technologies. The material properties, design principles, structural characteristics, and potential problems of conventional pavement materials such as permeable pavement, drainable pavement, stone mastic asphalt (SMA) pavement, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), rubber modified asphalt concrete (RMAC) pavement, and reclaimed concrete pavement materials are first investigated. Several new rehabilitation materials and technologies using semi-flexible pavement, interlocking concrete pavers (ICP), and ultra-thin whitetopping materials are also introduced. Through better understanding of their applicability, standard operating procedures, limitations and effectiveness, overlay design principles, and repair methods, this study attempts to assist in selecting more appropriate rehabilitation strategies to improve future pavement performance, reduce repair frequency, and prolong pavement’s service life. Several overlay design procedures including AASHTO, PCA, AI, and FAA are subsequently discussed. Some specific rehabilitation guidelines are also provided. A case study for the relevant cost analysis of various feasible rehabilitation options is conducted and compared. The applicability of the newly introduced rehabilitation materials and techniques shall be further validated through practical trial applications according to domestic conditions. The ultimate goal of this study is to promote technology transfer of new rehabilitation materials to assure the best use of our limited resources.[[tableofcontents]]目錄 圖目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅳ 表目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅵ 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………1 1-1 研究緣起 …………………………………………………………1 1-2 研究目的 …………………………………………………………2 1-3 研究範圍 …………………………………………………………2 1-4 研究流程圖 ………………………………………………………3 1-5 論文之組織架構 …………………………………………………5 第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………………………6 2-1 傳統鋪面構造與特性 ……………………………………………6 2-2 柔性鋪面 …………………………………………………………8 2-2-1 柔性鋪面之種類 ………………………………………………8 2-2-2 損壞原因 ………………………………………………………9 2-2-3 維修工法………………………………………………………11 2-3 剛性鋪面…………………………………………………………14 2-3-1 剛性鋪面之種類………………………………………………15 2-3-2 損壞原因………………………………………………………16 2-3-3 維修工法………………………………………………………17 2-4 傳統鋪面技術……………………………………………………20 2-5 加鋪技術發展……………………………………………………22 第三章 國內常見鋪面材料 …………………………………………26 3-1 透水性鋪面………………………………………………………26 3-1-1 材料特性………………………………………………………26 3-1-2 國內外應用情況………………………………………………28 3-2 排水性鋪面………………………………………………………29 3-2-1 材料特性………………………………………………………30 3-2-2 國內外應用情況………………………………………………31 3-3 石膠泥瀝青混凝土………………………………………………32 3-3-1 材料特性………………………………………………………33 3-3-2 國內外應用情況………………………………………………34 3-4 再生瀝青混凝土…………………………………………………35 3-5 廢輪胎橡膠瀝青混凝土…………………………………………37 3-6 再生水泥混凝土…………………………………………………39 3-7 綜合評析…………………………………………………………40 第四章 鋪面新維修材料與工法 ……………………………………43 4-1 半柔性鋪面材料…………………………………………………43 4-1-1 Densiphalt 鋪面………………………………………………46 4-1-2 多孔隙瀝青混凝土……………………………………………48 4-1-3 水泥砂漿………………………………………………………51 4-1-4 材料特性………………………………………………………54 4-1-5 施工方法與步驟………………………………………………55 4-2 連鎖高壓磚………………………………………………………60 4-2-1 使用材料………………………………………………………61 4-2-2 施工方法與步驟………………………………………………62 4-2-3 維修方法與步驟………………………………………………66 4-2-4 國內外應用情況………………………………………………67 4-3 超薄混凝土加鋪…………………………………………………69 4-3-1 使用材料………………………………………………………70 4-3-2 使用特性………………………………………………………70 4-3-3 施工方法與步驟………………………………………………71 4-3-4 維修方法與步驟………………………………………………73 4-3-5 國內外應用情況………………………………………………75 4-4 半剛性瀝青混凝土………………………………………………75 4-4-1 使用材料………………………………………………………76 4-4-2 國內發展情況…………………………………………………77 第五章 鋪面維修材料之比較 ………………………………………78 5-1 鋪面維修材料種類………………………………………………78 5-2 鋪面加鋪設計……………………………………………………80 5-2-1 鋪面加鋪種類…………………………………………………84 5-2-2 AI加鋪設計法 …………………………………………………87 5-2-3 AASHTO加鋪設計法 …………………………………………89 5-2-4 FAA加鋪設計法………………………………………………92 5-2-5 PCA加鋪設計法………………………………………………94 5-2-6 國內常見維修方法……………………………………………95 5-3 適用性分析………………………………………………………95 5-3-1 材料加鋪之設計………………………………………………95 5-3-2 材料加鋪成本分析……………………………………………97 第六章 結論與建議…………………………………………………101 6-1 結論………………………………………………………………101 6-2 建議………………………………………………………………105 參考文獻 ……………………………………………………………108 圖目錄 圖1-1 本研究之流程 …………………………………………………4 圖2-1 不同鋪面結構設計之比較 ……………………………………6 圖2-2 柔性鋪面示意圖 ………………………………………………8 圖2-3 傳統式柔性鋪面 ………………………………………………9 圖2-4 全厚度瀝青混凝土鋪面 ………………………………………9 圖2-5 剛性鋪面示意圖………………………………………………14 圖2-6 剛性鋪面的種類………………………………………………15 圖2-7 傳統混凝土加鋪鋪面結構圖…………………………………23 圖3-1 多孔隙水泥混凝土鋪面………………………………………27 圖3-2 非連續拼接鋪面設計…………………………………………28 圖3-3 不同鋪面型式之排水方式……………………………………30 圖3-4 國道SMA鋪面…………………………………………………35 圖3-5 再生瀝青混凝土鋪面機具施工………………………………37 圖3-6 廢輪胎橡膠瀝青混凝土鋪面…………………………………39 圖4-1 鋪築於機場之適用情形………………………………………44 圖4-2 鋪築於廠房之適用情形………………………………………45 圖4-3 鋪築於加油補給區域…………………………………………45 圖4-4 Densiphalt 鋪面………………………………………………46 圖4-5 半柔性鋪面材料拌合之流程…………………………………47 圖4-6 半柔性鋪面結構剖面圖………………………………………49 圖4-7 添加強塑劑前、後粒子表面之反應…………………………52 圖4-8 添加強塑劑前、後顆粒間之排列……………………………53 圖4-9 添加矽灰前、後之架構………………………………………53 圖4-10 材料特性之比較 ……………………………………………55 圖4-11 機具施工情形 ………………………………………………57 圖4-12 砂漿拌合之情形 ……………………………………………58 圖4-13 砂漿計時量測之情形 ………………………………………58 圖4-14 砂漿鋪抹 ……………………………………………………58 圖4-15 鋪築在水泥處理底層上 ……………………………………61 圖4-16 加鋪在瀝青或水泥混凝土鋪面上 …………………………61 圖4-17 連鎖高壓磚鋪設型式 ………………………………………63 圖4-18 連鎖高壓磚之隔磚條設計圖例 ……………………………64 圖4-19 連鎖高壓磚之連鎖機制 ……………………………………64 圖4-20 人工鋪築方式 ………………………………………………64 圖4-21 機械式鋪築方式 ……………………………………………65 圖4-22 地工織物之鋪設圖例 ………………………………………65 圖4-23 鋪磚提取器 …………………………………………………66 圖4-24 停機坪與滑行道之圖例 ……………………………………68 圖4-25 機場勤務道路之圖例 ………………………………………68 圖4-26 鋪築於車道、停車場、工業廠房鋪面 ……………………69 圖4-27 鋪築於國內七堵前APL貨櫃中心 …………………………69 圖4-28 超薄混凝土加鋪鋪面 ………………………………………70 圖4-29 UTW鋪面荷重傳遞情形……………………………………71 圖4-30 UTW鋪面施工程序…………………………………………72 圖4-31 黏結式混凝土加鋪之破壞型式 ……………………………73 圖4-32 UTW鋪面維修施工程序……………………………………74 圖5-1 服務能力、結構數與交通荷重次數關係圖…………………89 表目錄 表2-1 鋪面工程特性之比較 …………………………………………7 表4-1 半柔性鋪面在各區域適用之範圍……………………………46 表4-2 Densiphalt 鋪面基本性質之試驗規範彙整…………………48 表4-3 多孔隙瀝青混凝土粒料級配(累積過篩百分比) ……………49 表4-4 試驗項目規範值………………………………………………50 表4-5 孔隙率對後續施工結果影響…………………………………51 表4-6 砂漿基本性質之試驗規範彙整………………………………53 表4-7 材料組成基本性質比較………………………………………53 表4-8 不同溫度之養治時間(小時) …………………………………58 表5-1 各種加鋪材料種類之使用功能………………………………80 表5-2 加鋪瀝青混凝土成本範例表(元/平方公尺)…………………98 表5-3 加鋪水泥混凝土成本範例表(元/平方公尺)…………………98 表5-4 加鋪半柔性鋪面材料成本範例表(元/平方公尺)……………99 表5-5 加鋪連鎖高壓磚成本範例表(元/平方公尺) ………………100 表5-6 超薄混凝土加鋪成本範例表(元/平方公尺) ………………100[[note]]學號: 691310287, 學年度: 9

Renal and patient survival in lupus nephritis : the impact of conventional and novel immunosuppressive treatments

Lupus nephritis (LN)is an important clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)and contributes significantly to patient morbidity and mortality. In the era of effective immunosuppressive treatments, the clinical outcomes of LN patients have substantially improved, and the10-year patient and renal survival rates were98.2% and 98.0% respectively. With prolonged patient survival, infection (50.0%), cardiovascular disease (20.8%) and malignancy(12.5%)but not uncontrolled disease, have emerged as the leading causes of death in LN patients. The strongest predictor of mortalityin LN patients, however, was endstage renal disease (ESRD)as indicated by a high standardized mortality ratio of 26.1which doubled that of cardiovascular disease and history of malignancy. Despite the improved patient outcomes, conventional treatment such as cyclosphosphamide (CTX) was associated with significant toxicities and suboptimal long-term renal prognosis and hence alternative immunosuppressive agents with anti-fibrotic properties such as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and proliferation signal inhibitors (PSI)warrants further investigation. In Chinese patients with proliferative LN, corticosteroids and MMF as initial therapy conferred favorable long-term outcomes, with 10-year patient and renal survival of91% and 86% respectively. This regimen, when used as continuous induction-maintenance treatment, is Efficacious and well-tolerated, and the continuation of MMF treatment for at least 24 months was associated with significantly lower risk of relapse when compared to treatment for shorter duration. As the severity of tubulointerstitial fibrosis can be attenuated by growth factors with anti-fibrotic properties such as bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), studies were conducted in NZB/W F1 mice to investigate the impact of treatment on intra-renal expression of growth factors pertinent to fibrosis. Methylprednisolone (MP) combined with either MMF or CTX have resulted in increased BMP7 and reduced HGF and VEGF in the renal parenchyma, reduced fibrosis, and improved clinical parameters, compared with MP alone. The data also suggested that the increase in BMP7, a potentially anti-fibrotic cytokine, was observed earlier in the mice treated with MMF compared with those treated with CTX. Our preliminary clinical experience also suggested that PSI combined with corticosteroids may serve as an efficacious and well-tolerated immunosuppressive regimen in human LN, especially in patients with MMF intolerance or history of malignancy. These observations have important implications on the choice of therapy for the treatment of proliferative LN. As for membranous LN, our pilot results suggested that corticosteroids combined with either MMF or tacrolimus can be effective treatment options for patients with significant proteinuria, while each regimen exhibits distinct efficacy and tolerability profiles. In conclusion, the results from the studies included in this thesis show the magnitude of benefit conferred by novel immunosuppressive treatment regimens for LN on renal and patient survival, and on the associated intra-renal mechanisms pertaining to fibrosis.published_or_final_versionMedicineMasterDoctor of Medicin