全光OFDM信号的产生技术

文章简述了全光OFDM（正交频分复用）技术的发展背景及现状,并从全光连续OFDM技术和全光离散OFDM技术两大方面对全光OFDM信号的产生技术进行了综述。研究表明,全光连续OFDM技术的关键是产生平坦、稳定、正交和低相位噪声的梳状谱,全光离散OFDM技术的关键是采用光学器件和方法实现OIDFT（光离散傅里叶逆变换）和ODFT（光离散傅里叶变换）。全光离散OFDM技术与全光连续OFDM技术相比,可扩展性更强

Nanoparticle Ligand Exchange and Its Effects at the Nanoparticle-Cell Membrane Interface

The nanoparticle (nano)-cell membrane interface is one of the most important interactions determining the fate of nanoparticles (NPs So far, there remains a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms governing the nanoparticle-cell membrane interface, especially the impact of ligand exchange, in which molecules on the nanosurface become replaced with components of the cell membrane, resulting in unique interfacial phenomena. Herein, we describe a family of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of the same core size (similar to 13 nm core The ligands are categorized according to their molecular weight, charge, and bonding modes (physisorption or chemisorption). Importantly, we found that, depending on the adsorption affinity and size of ligand molecules, physisorbed ligands on the surface of NPs can be exchanged with lipid molecules. At a ligand exchange-dominated interface, the AuNPs typically aggregated into an ordered monolayer in the lipid bilayers, subsequently affecting cell membrane integrity, NP uptake efficiency, and the NP endocytosis pathways. These findings advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the biological effects of nanoparticles from a new point of view and will aid in the design of novel, safe, and effective nanomaterials for biomedicine

Nanoparticle Ligand Exchange and Its Effects at the Nanoparticle-Cell Membrane Interface

The nanoparticle (nano)-cell membrane interface is one of the most important interactions determining the fate of nanoparticles (NPs So far, there remains a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms governing the nanoparticle-cell membrane interface, especially the impact of ligand exchange, in which molecules on the nanosurface become replaced with components of the cell membrane, resulting in unique interfacial phenomena. Herein, we describe a family of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of the same core size (similar to 13 nm core The ligands are categorized according to their molecular weight, charge, and bonding modes (physisorption or chemisorption). Importantly, we found that, depending on the adsorption affinity and size of ligand molecules, physisorbed ligands on the surface of NPs can be exchanged with lipid molecules. At a ligand exchange-dominated interface, the AuNPs typically aggregated into an ordered monolayer in the lipid bilayers, subsequently affecting cell membrane integrity, NP uptake efficiency, and the NP endocytosis pathways. These findings advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the biological effects of nanoparticles from a new point of view and will aid in the design of novel, safe, and effective nanomaterials for biomedicine