22 research outputs found
Analysis on Influential Factors of the Preference for Old-age Support among Elder People in Urban and Rural Areas of Xiamen
目的研究城乡老年人养老意愿的影响因素,为优化配置养老资源和提高老年人生活质量提供依据。方法采用多阶段抽样方法对厦门市60岁以上常住老年人进行问卷; 调查,采用多分类logistic回归分析城乡老年人养老意愿影响因素。结果有效调查问卷城区652份、农村622份。城、乡老年人选择家庭养老、社区居; 家养老、机构养老和暂未考虑比例分别为67.5%、18.6%、12.7%、1.2%和71.1%、23.1%、4.7%、1.1%,差异有统计学意义(; P <0.05),且城乡老年人在文化程度、患慢性病、子女是否提供养老费、退休金以及距最近医疗单位的距离等方面分布差异也有统计学意义(P; <0.05)。以家庭养老为参照,城乡,年龄大于80岁者更倾向于机构养老(城、乡的OR(95% CI)分别为3.84(1.845; ~7.99)和3.64(1.07 ~12.47)),距最近医疗单位较远者倾向于社区居家养老(城、乡的OR(95% CI)分别为1.73(1.04; ~2.86)和2.12(1.31; ~3.42))。但城区老年人文化程度较高、退休金较多和子女有提供养老费者更愿意选择非家庭养老,而农村在婚老年人倾向于选择机构养老。结论城乡老年人; 养老意愿均以家庭养老为主,但农村老年人更倾向于社区居家养老,城区老年人更倾向于机构养老,城乡间的经济、文化差异是造成这种差异的主要原因。建议除强; 化家庭养老的功能外,应针对城乡差异合理配置城乡养老资源。Objective To study the influential factors about the preference for; old-age support among the urban and rural elder people,and provide; theoretical basis for optimum allocation of supporting resources along; with greater improvement of life quality for the aged. Methods Based on; the multi-stage sampling method,a survey was conducted among senior; residents older than 60 years old in Xiamen by means of questionnaire.; Chi-square test was used to compare the differences of basic information; between the elderly who lived in the urban and rural areas while; multinomial logistic regression played a role in analyzing the factors; which influenced the old people,s preference for old-age support.; Results 1274 valid questionnaires were obtained, including 652 from; urban and 622 from rural areas. The percentage of elderly people who; would like to live with family support, community-based support at; home,organization support or choice not-considered were 67. 5%,18.; 6%,12. 7% and 1. 2% in urban areas,and as for the countryside those were; 71. 1%,23. 1%,4. 7% and 1. 1%,which were statistically significant (P <; 0. 05). The differences between urban and rural old people were also; statistically significant on the aspects of their education levels,; condition of chronic diseases,pension costs from children,retirement; pension,distance from the nearest medical unit (P < 0. 05). To take; family support as reference,no matter in urban and rural areas,the; elderly older than 80 years old were more likely to choose organization; support;and people who lived far away from the nearest medical unit; would prefer community-based support at home. However,the urban old-aged; with higher education levels,more retirement pension and who got pension; from children were more likely to live without family support,while; rural old people who got married preferred organization support.; Conclusion Family support was the main choice for the elderly from both; urban and rural areas. However,the aging in countryside preferred; community-based support at home and urban old people tended to choose; organization support. The difference of local economy and culture; between urban and rural areas was the key reason. Therefore,apart from; strengthening the function of family support,pension resources should be; appropriately allocated aimed at those differences between urban and; rural areas.国家自然科学基金项目; 厦门大学大学生创新训练项
Research on On-Demand Partial Topology Routing Algorithm in Satellite Network
低轨卫星网络已应用于语音和窄带数据业务,与同步卫星网络的设计相比,低轨卫星网络更加复杂,但是低轨卫星网络让小型地面终端通过卫星通讯成为可能,并提供了更小的传输延时及频率复用。而未来的低轨卫星网络更可能提供基于分组交换的宽带数据服务,并通过卫星间链路通信来提供全球的连接。
低轨卫星网络作为一种特殊的移动网络,与大多数的移动节点类似,低轨卫星作为路由节点无论在存储能力、星载CPU的处理能力以及链路带宽等方面都无法与地面网络的路由设备相提并论。同时,由于低轨卫星网络的高度动态拓扑特性以及无线通信的不稳定性,使得现有的地面网络路由算法及协议不能直接应用于卫星网络,因此设计稳定高效的低轨卫星网络路由算法及协议将有助于促进低轨卫星网络的发展和应用。
本文首先总结了近十年来的卫星网络路由算法的研究成果,然后仿真分析了低轨卫星星座网络的运行特性以及现有路由协议在卫星网络环境下的缺陷,最后借鉴DARTING Algorithm、Datagram Routing Algorithm以及Ad hoc网络路由协议的思想,提出了一种按需局部拓扑路由算法(On-Demand Partial Topology Algorithm, OPTR)及相应协议。仿真结果表明,OPTR协议在生成的最小传输延时路由的同时,有效地避免了低轨卫星网络高度动态拓扑特性对路由协议收敛时间的限制,同时通过路由缓存有效地减少了协议带来的额外开销。
本文核心内容主要分为五个部分,具体内容如下:
1、低轨卫星网络运行特性分析
选择典型的低轨卫星星座(LEO极轨星座、LEO Walker星座)进行网络特性的分析,同时通过将已有的地面网络路由协议(RIP、OSPF协议)运行于卫星网络中,通过对仿真结果的分析明确在设计卫星网络路由协议时应着重考虑的因素。
2、按需局部拓扑路由算法及协议介绍
借鉴DARTING Algorithm、Datagram Routing Algorithm以及Ad hoc网络路由协议的思想,提出了一种的按需局部拓扑路由算法及协议。
3、按需局部拓扑路由协议仿真系统设计
简要介绍OPNET仿真平台;从网络模型、节点模型、进程模型三个层次分别对协议仿真系统的设计进行了介绍。
4、协议仿真结果分析及协议改进
根据仿真结果对协议的有效性以及性能进行分析,同时针对仿真中出现的问题对协议进行改进。
5、进一步研究介绍
简单介绍了多径路由以及Qos路由的相关研究。Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite network has already been used in voice and narrow-band data services. Compared with synchronization satellite network, LEO satellite network is much more complex, but LEO network make small ground terminals use satellite communication service possible and provides lower transfer delay and frequency reuse. LEO network can provide global connection through inter-satellite links based on packet-switching services.
As a special mobile network, LEO satellite network has constraints on many aspects, such as on-board storage, CPU speed and link bandwidth, compared with ground routing devices. Meanwhile, due to the highly mobility characteristic of LEO network and the unstable wireless communication, the existing routing algorithms are not suitable for directly use in LEO network. So it’s important to devise a stable and high efficiency routing algorithm.
First, the research on satellite network routing algorithms of the passed ten years were summarized and the exist routing protocols were analyzed, then using the concepts of Darting algorithm, Datagram Routing Algorithm, Ad hoc network routing for reference, a simple but efficient routing algorithm named On-Demand Partial Topology Routing Algorithm is devised and verified on OPNET platform.
This essay is mainly divided into five parts, including:
1. The Analysis of LEO Network Characteristics
Analyze the characteristics of LEO networks, using single-layer LEO polar orbit constellation and single-layer LEO Walker constellation. Applying the existing ground routing protocol such as RIP, OSPF on LEO networks to identify the key problems should be considered when designing a new protocols.
2. Introduction to On-Demand Partial Topology Routing Algorithm and Protocol
Base on the practical requirements, and use the concepts of Darting algorithm, Datagram routing algorithm and Ad hoc network routing protocol for references, The OPRT algorithm and its protocol are introduced in detail.
3. Introduction to Emulator of OPTR Protocol
Introduction to the OPNET simulation platform which is widely used in network simulation, then present the architecture of simulation program from the three layer views of network models, node models and process models.
4. Analysis of Simulation Result and Protocol Improvement
The Simulation result of the OPTR protocol is analyzed and further improvement, such as multi-path routing, is considered.
5. Further Research
Multi-path routing algorithm and Qos routing issue are discusse
冷戰後中共因應美日安保同盟之對策
冷戰時期中共對美日安保由敵對轉為合作的一項重要因素,即為美日中三方視蘇聯為共同的敵人;再者,抑制日本軍事大國化的「瓶蓋效用」論,也為中共認可美日安保存續提供了另一項認知基礎;歷經一連串政治運動鬥爭後,以經濟建設為優先、營造穩定外部環境的論調,則成為了中共對外關係的中心思想。在上述內外因素的交錯考量下,中共與美日安保同盟體制自1970年代至1980年代中期,出現了一段罕見的蜜月期。
美日安保同盟體制在冷戰告終後的1990年前半期出現了「漂流」現象,而「安保與經濟不可分」的論調,則又為重新檢討美日同盟體制的存續提供了一個新的契機。再定義後的美日同盟,除了因應北韓可能在東北亞爆發軍事衝突之外,台海問題亦為其關注焦點,也因此在戰略上與崛起的中共產生摩擦,將其視為假想敵並形成軟性圍堵。中共在美日同盟再定義的過程中,對「週邊事態」是否涵蓋台灣甚為關切。此外,日本透過一連串的國內立法,重新確認在衝突發生後與美軍的實質合作,此舉在中共眼中具有企圖突破其「專守防衛」及「和平憲法」架構之意,「瓶蓋效用」論之基礎因此受到撼動。此外,中共更是對美日共同研發TMD所引發的後續效應,以及此一系統是否納入台灣保持高度關切。美日安保同盟體制與中共之間的戰略衝突不言而諭。
為突破遭到軟圍堵的不利態勢,中共因而加強與週邊國家的睦鄰友好關係。除了重視雙邊關係外,中共也開始關注區域多邊安全組織的作用,並公開提出「新安全觀」以積極行動主導並影響其發展方向,除消弭「中國威脅論」的負面效應外,也對美國所主導的安全同盟體制做出因應,以排除在崛起過程中的種種不例因素,背後具有維護其國家利益的高度戰略意涵。九一一事件後,中共對美國在全球的戰略部署表示肯定,對美日安保則採取消極不反對的態度,「合作不搞對抗」將成為中共尋求和平崛起過程中的一個重要戰略出發點
從中山先生人性觀論馬克思異化說之謬誤
吾研習主義二年餘,益覺中山先生思想之廣博淵深,而每念其救國圖強嘉惠人群之良志美意,則至感動焉。尤以此次為文經歷實際資料之徵引與理論之發闡,故領會更為真切。在本文之撰述過程中,對先生膽識之超卓至為敬佩。其中感受特深者,厥有左列三大勝義:其一,闢妄義-民國八年後,馬列思想寖盛,國人多為其所迷惑。繄獨先生,明其得失,知其利害,而駁斥其妄謬。於今證之,亦莫不皆然,故此義至為透闢。其二;薪傳義-民初崇洋之風蔚為時尚,而反傳統文化之風橫行。其唯先生,深識其意義,肯定其價值,而揭櫫傳揚道統之大纛,期挽狂瀾於既倒,使中華文化未因之而中墜,故此義特見深宏。其三,時新義-先生更融鑄古今中外學術思想之精華,手創三民主義,懸之為建國救世之理想宏鵠。非但賡續民族文化,且使之日新又新生生不息而創進不已,故此義尤屬高遠。此三義至為切要,亦是反共復國之指標。唯起初國人並未能深識先生謀國為世之苦心,故雖言者諄諄,然聽者藐藐,甚或有河漢其為空言者,故民國建設遲滯不展,後復逢內憂外患文侵,致國故湮沉,赤氛杌隉,而十億生靈遂輾轉於極權暴政之統治下。此誠良可慨嘆者也。苟國人能識先生之深意,明辨共產學說之妄謬,或可免此一亙古未有之浩劫。故吾人撫今追昔,策勵來茲,尤當引以為殷鑑。本文承趙師洪慈之殷切指導;備極辛勞,特致最誠摯之謝意。而所長楊師樹藩之釋解疑難、廖立宇老師之照顧關懷以及曾中明學長、楊慧玲同學之提供資料與胡元輝同學之幫借書籍,惠助良多,亦至誠感謝。再則,上課期間受蕭師錚、周師世輔、吳師寄萍、唐師振楚、張師亞澐、陸師民仁、馬師起華、胡師良珍、蔣師永敬之教誨啟迪,獲益匪淺;以及蒙警官學校李校長興唐之書信鼓勵、張師廷榮、萬師筱泉與馬師傳鎮之時常垂詢學業生活、倍感溫馨,併此申謝。翁振耀 誌於政大研男舍 B402室民國七十二年一月十五
環保顧問公司執行高雄市營建空污費徵收品質滿意度之IPA分析-以U科技股份有限公司為例
[[abstract]]環保顧問業是屬於服務業的一種,且近來配合國人環保意識提升及環境「永續發展」觀念下,各國環保法規與國際間環保貿易有愈來愈嚴苛之趨勢。為因應國際環保潮流,產業型態應進行必要之調整,產品或服務必須考慮降低對環境負荷、資源有效利用。對公家機關而言,環境工程師的工作主要是以監督和稽巡查為主,在輔導與稽巡查過程,廠商對於法規認知的落差及對環保局人員的刻板印象,使許多廠商認為環保局人員就只會開單告發且不易溝通,導致對環保局委派之巡查人員產生不信任。
過往對於環保相關的研究多著重於環保工法及環境事物為論點,然而廠商滿意度則是缺乏探討的區塊,因此學生反思對於營建廠商漏繳空污費、申報不實之情形,是否收費人員對於廠商較著重於收費而少了提供諮詢服務,而巡查人員到現場查緝時較著重於獵漏空污費之多寡,而較少輔導廠商相關法規施行等等因素所造成。
因此本研究將針對常態性需要申報營建空污費業者(例如建設公司),或環保局委派之巡查人員巡查之營建廠商以問卷方式進行調查,以了解廠商對於收費及巡查服務品質期待值多寡,並在體驗輔導後滿意度情形,本研究共計發出80份問卷,將廠商服務品質項目分成四個象限進行分析,結果發現U科技股份有限公司在可靠性問項表現較差,乃是廠商認為亟需改進的部分,然而針對不同族群對服務品質的看法亦有差異;本研究希望透過此分析結果,能夠給予U科技股份有限公司在經營策略上的改善建議,藉此提升顧客滿意度
基于低轨卫星网络的按需局部拓扑路由算法
提出了一种简单有效的路由算法——按需局部拓扑路由算法。该算法在保证建立的路由具有最小延时的同时,具有很好的收敛时间,能够有效地适应低轨卫星网络的动态拓扑特性。并给出局部拓扑路由算法的仿真结果及分析;最后提出了下一步研究的重点——基于Qos的路由算法
A study of Chang Yin-huan
published_or_final_versionChinese Historical StudiesMasterMaster of Art
Studies on the plasmids from Aeromonas hydrophila and construction of the expression vector
嗜水性產氣單胞桿菌為革蘭氏陰性、兼性厭氧性菌,廣泛的存在於各類水域之中,一般被視為伺機性病原菌,對於人類及動物均有致病力。由於目前為止仍然缺乏適當的選殖系統可供研究其基因功能,所以本研究的目標是利用 Aeromonas 屬內生質體與大腸桿菌之載體融合,建構成複製區域選殖載體。爲得到 Aeromonas 屬內生質體,因此我們檢測 Aeromonas 菌株之臨床及環境分離株共70株之質體存在,發現有 4 株臨床株及 4 株環境株帶有質體。所有質體以限制酶進行切割,由其切割後之片段與標準品比較計算質體的大小,分別為:臨床株中 pAH 32為17 Kb、pAH 35為15kb;環境株中pAH 132、pAH 169、pAH191均為2.4kb。再選取其中限制酶切位較多之質體pAH 35為研究對象,將其切割成適當之片段與載體融合,製作成找尋複製區域之質體。我們將質體送入大腸桿菌複製放大數量後,再利用電穿孔法轉形入嗜水性產氣單胞桿菌,利用抗生素作為標記篩選出帶有嗜水性產氣單胞桿菌質體中複製區域的重組質體。利用網路核酸資料庫 NCBI 比對其序列,發現其與 Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain A449.質體 pAsa2有極高之相似性。該質體為ColE1-type plasmid ,因此本質體亦可能為 ColE1-type plasmid,我們針對此質體探討其複製起始點,並製作穿梭載體。本實驗中,質體pAH35的複製區域尚未得到證實。Aeromonas hydrophila is a gram negative, facultatively anaerobic freshwater bacterium, occurring widely in aquatic environment. It has been indicated as a factor causing diseases in humans and animals. As there was no suitable system to study the gene function in Aeromonas spp. The purpose of this work is to construct vectors which contain replication origin by fuse the vector of E.coli with indigenous plasmids of Aeromonas hydrophila. In order to get indigenous plasmids of Aeromonas, we examined the plasmid carriage rate of a total 70 clinical and environmental Aeromonas isolates. Four clinical Aeromonas species, AH25, AH32, AH35, AH69 and four environmental Aeromonas species carry plasmids. All plasmids were examined after digestion with restriction endonucleases. Restriction endonucleases fragments were sized by comparison with standard marker. Plasmids of clinical Aeromonas species, pAH 32、pAH 35, and environmental Aeromonas species, pAH 132、pAH 169、pAH191, could be digested by restriction endonucleases. The size of these plasmids are 17 Kb、15kb、2.4kb、2.4kb、2.4kb respectively. We had interest in Plasmid, pAH35, which had more restriction endonucleases digestive site than others. For this purpose, we fused vector of E.coli with fragment of indigenous plasmids in Aeromonas hydrophila to construct a replication origin-screening vector. We transformed these plasmids to E.coli to amplify them then transferred these vector into Aeromonas spp by electroporation.
Once the recombinant contains a replication origin from plasmid of Aeromonas hydrophila, antibitic trait is used as a selection marker as it is transformed into Aeromonas hydrophila. The plasmid which contains replication origin could be constructed an expressional vector. On the basis of similarity to other genes in the Gene Bank Database, NCBI, we found a fragment named pAH35-3 which similarity to a plasmid pAsa2 of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain A449. Plasmid pAsa2 is the type of ColE1-type. We suggest plasmid pAH35 is a ColE1-type plasmid, too. In this work, we investigate the replication origin of this plasmid and try to construct a shuttle vector for this genus. In this work, the replication origin of plasmid pAH35 has not been confirmed.壹、前言
一、 Aeromonas hydrophila 之特性 1
(一) Aeromonas屬之分類 1
(二) Aeromonas hydrophila 之生理性質 4
(三) 培養特性 4
(四) 生長環境 5
1.溫度 5
2.酸鹼度pH 5
3.鹽類 6
4.氧氣 6
(五) 自然界中之分佈 6
(六) 食品中之分佈 7
二、Aeromonas hydrophila 之致病性 8
(一) 傳染途徑 8
(二) 動物感染之疾病與病徵 8
(三) 人類感染之疾病與病徵 10
(四) 感染控制 12
1. 抗生素 12
2. 疫苗 12
三、Aeromonas hydrophila的致病機制 13
(一) 菌體的附著與侵入 13
1. Fimbriae (pili) 13
2. Surface adhesin / lectin 14
(二) 細胞表層構造 14
1. S-Layer 14
2. OMP (outer membrane protein) 16
3. LPS (lipopolysaccharide endotoxin) 16
(三) 外泌性因子 17
1. Haemolysin (aerolysin) 17
2. Protease 19
3. Lipase 20
4. Enterotoxin 21
5. Cytotoxin 22
(四) 溫度對於Aeromonas hydrophila的致病性之影響 22
四、Aeromonas hydrophila的基因選殖方法 23
(一) 利用plasmid vector 24
(二) 利用cosmid vector 24
(三) 利用PCR 合成 25
(四) 利用transposon 25
五、質體的介紹 26
(一)質體複製的調控 26
研究動機與目的 28
貳、材料 31
一、菌株 31
二、質體 31
三、培養基 34
(一) LB medium 34
(二) LA medium 34
(三) Skim milk palte 34
四、藥品 36
五、儀器 36
參、研究方法 38
一、細菌培養與測定 38
(一)生長曲線測定 38
(二) 菌株特性分析 38
(1) Lipase activity assay 38
(2) Skim milk plate assay 39
二、質體剔除實驗 39
(一)剔除劑濃度選擇 39
(二)質體剔除 40
三、DNA操作 40
(一) 染色體DNA的抽取 40
(二) 小規模的質體製備 41
(三) 限制酶作用 43
(四) DNA 片段的回收---酒精沉澱法 44
(五) DNA 片段的回收---Viogene DNA extraction kit 45
(六) 去除DNA鏈的5'端磷酸基 46
(七) 接合反應 47
(八) 細胞轉形CaCl2法與受容細胞(competent cell)的製備 47
(九) 電轉形法(electroporation)與受容細胞的製備 49
(十) 質體快速檢驗法 51
(十一)DNA 電泳 51
(十二) PCR 52
肆、結果與討論 54
ㄧ、Aeromonas hydrophila質體找尋 54
(一) 質體檢測 54
(二) 質體限制酶切位找尋 54
(三) 質體copy number測定 54
二、Aeromonas hydrophila質體剔除(plasmid curring) 58
(一)質體剔除(plasmid curring) 58
(1)質體剔除劑濃度選擇 59
(2)質體剔除 59
(a) Aeromonas hdrophila 163株之剔除實驗 59
(b) Aeromonas hdrophila 35株之剔除實驗 59
(二)質體剔除株確認 60
(a) TCBS(thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose)確認 60
(b) 抗生素確認 60
(三) 質體剔除株之特性分析 64
(1)質體剔除株在培養基上之外觀 64
(2)質體剔除株之分泌能力 64
(3)質體剔除株之溫度耐受性 66
(4)質體剔除株之抗生素耐受性 68
(5)質體剔除株之外泌性酵素活性 68
(a) Protease: 69
(b) Lipase : 69
(6)質體剔除株生長之比較 70
三、質體複製區域 75
(一)建構含Kanamycine基因的穿梭載體 75
(1) 建構穿梭載體 75
(2) 尋找複製區域之策略 76
(3) 進行重組質體序列分析 76
(4) 質體種類之比較 82
(5) 選殖推測之複製區域方法 82
四、利用Aeromonas hydrophila質體建構有km抗性之重組載體 86
(一)尋找複製源之策略 86
(1) 與pBluescriptⅡSK(-)重組 86
(2) Aeromonas hydrophila 質體pAH163之序列比對 87
(3) 重組質體複製區域之找尋 87
參考資料 9
Modeling of Bidirectional-Channel NoC
在網路晶片架構中,路由選擇演算法 (Routing Algorithm),流量控制(Flow Control)是兩個影響電路效能表現的因素。本文提出一個雙向網路晶片(BiNoC)的模型,根據這個模型,發展出雙向網路晶片中的雙向路由演算法以及一個應用時間分割多工的通道控制方法。雙向路由演算法使用雙向通道使得網路晶片中的封包可以選擇更多路由路徑;通道控制方法則可以根據晶片上封包的擁塞程度分配雙向通道的時間單位,這兩者均可以利用雙向網路晶片的特性來增進晶片中傳輸流量的平衡。本文利用一個精準時脈週期的測試環境進行模擬,對於在合成的交通型態傳輸情況下,提出的路由選擇演算法以及通道控制方法均可提升系統在雙向網路架構上的效能。Network on Chip (NoC) is an emerging design implemented in an SoC for the communication of IPs since the advence of deep sub-micron technology in recent years. This Thesis proposes a three-dimensional model for a Bi-directional NoC (BiNoC). This three-dimensional model inspires us with a new routing algorithm for BiNoC, called bidirectional routing (BI-Routing) and a flow control method for BiNoC, called time division multiplexing BiNoC (TDM-BiNoC). Bi-Routing is a fully adaptive routing algorithm using different layers in the proposed three-dimensional model to avoid deadlock without prohibiting any paths. TDM-BiNoC adopts the time division multiplexing concept in the three-dimensional model to release congestion and thus avoid deadlock. TDM-BiNoC dynamically allocates the time slots for the bidirectional channels. In summary, both our proposed Bi-Routing and TDM-BiNoC can increase the load balance of an NoC and reduce its latency. Experimental simulation results showed its better performance with admissible area, power, and timing overhead
An analysis of the provision of primary health care in Hong Kong
published_or_final_versionPublic AdministrationMasterMaster of Public Administratio