11 research outputs found

    入口参数变化条件下超声速燃烧室流动与燃烧特性数值研究

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    本文采用雷诺平均方法及SST k-ω湍流模型结合Westbrook等人提出的乙烯三步反应模型,数值研究了入口参数变化条件下超声速燃烧室的流动与燃烧特性。燃烧室入口马赫数在1s内从2.4线性变化到1.8,总温和总压分别保持1650K和1MPa,用来模拟飞行过程中飞行器攻角发生突变时燃烧室入口的来流变化条件。研究结果表明,在燃烧室中心区域,马赫数降低使得气流速度降低、燃料停留时间增加,燃烧更为充分。而对于接近侧壁面的区域,高马赫数时燃烧室底面/侧面的角区流动分离更为显著,形成较大的涡结构,燃料能够更好地与空气混合,并进行更充分的燃烧。由此可见,燃烧室中心区与角区的流动与燃烧机制完全不同,导致马赫数..

    Studies on Ignition and Flame Characteristics of Ethylene and Its Blended Fuels in Supersonic Combustor

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    超声速燃烧室作为吸气式高超声速飞行器动力系统的核心部件,其内部燃料的燃烧组织及释热分布是决定燃烧室及发动机性能的重要因素。对注入燃烧室超声速气流中的燃料进行有效可控的点火是燃烧组织的基础,火焰形态及其传播特性又直接影响了燃烧释热分布特征。因此,本文主要开展了乙烯及其混合燃料在超声速气流中点火及与火焰特性的研究工作。 吸气式高超声速飞行器在高马赫数下飞行时,发动机内壁面会形成很高的热载荷,使发动机热防护面临严峻挑战。以机载燃料(如航空煤油)作为冷却剂的主动冷却技术是解决发动机热防护问题的一种常用方法。燃料在喷入燃烧室前,流经发动机壁面的冷却通道,在进入燃烧室时已裂解为主要由各类小分子碳氢化合物(如甲烷、乙烯、乙烷等)及氢组成的气态混合物。另外,在发动机启动过程中,小分子碳氢燃料也常用来形成引导火焰,在大分子碳氢燃料喷注前预热发动机结构,改善大分子碳氢燃料的点火性能。因此,本文的另一个重点是对氢和甲烷、乙烯等小分子碳氢化合物的混合燃料开展实验研究。 目前在超燃冲压发动机研究中,氢和乙烯的燃烧特性已经有很多成果,但小分子多组分混合燃料(氢、甲烷、乙烯、乙烷、丙烯和丙烷等)的燃烧特性却很少被系统地研究。因此,本文选取了三组混合燃料作为研究对象,并将其点火及火焰特性的实验结果和乙烯进行对比分析。第一组为氢和乙烯组成的混合气体,第二组为氢、甲烷、乙烯组成的混合气体。第三组为氢、甲烷、乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、丙烷组成的混合气体,用来模拟航空煤油在不同温度下的裂解气态产物。 本文通过CH*自发光和高速摄影技术,研究了乙烯及其混合燃料点火过程中初始火焰的形成与火焰传播过程,获得了不同当量比和混合燃料组分比条件下的火焰形态与频谱特性。研究表明,随着当量比的增大,乙烯及其混合燃料的火焰形态由凹腔稳焰模式的条带状转变为射流稳焰模式的椭圆形,这与燃烧模态由超燃模态向过渡模态转变相关。同时,氢/乙烯混合燃料在高当量比时实现自点火,火焰在燃烧室下游形成并向上传播,最终稳定在射流尾迹和凹腔内,火焰传播速度在122~280m/s之间。通过分形几何方法,分析了火焰边界的自相似性,用火焰边界的分形维数来定量表征边界的蜷曲褶皱程度,定性表征湍流火焰传播速度。对燃烧室固定位置处CH*自发光强度和壁面压力进行了频谱分析,发现火焰存在300Hz以下的特征频率。 本文通过CH*自发光得到火焰的时均形态,将CH*自发光图像沿高度方向积分,得到了相对释热率沿燃烧室轴向的一维分布。通过吸收光谱技术测量燃烧室出口水蒸气浓度,与燃料总包反应生成物中水含量进行比较,获得了燃烧效率。因此,基于燃料热值及燃烧效率,确定了总释热量,从而将燃料的相对释热率进行了定量化分析。随着当量比的增加,释热峰值位置从凹腔后缘移动到凹腔中部,这与火焰形态从条带状过渡到椭圆形直接相关。乙烯释热峰值也从9.4MW/m增加到13.4MW/m。 同时,本文基于燃烧室固壁的非定常热传导和泛函变分原理,发展了共轭梯度反演算法。通过测量燃烧室外壁面温度变化,反演获得了对应位置处内壁面的热流。基于燃烧室内壁面热流的沿程分布,定量评估了燃烧室的壁面热损失。结合实验测量的静压分布,改进了燃烧室一维流动分析模型。通过一维分析模型得到的释热分布与CH*自发光方法得到的结果吻合较好。 最后,本文通过配比氢、甲烷、乙烯、乙烷、丙烯和丙烷的摩尔比例,模拟了国产3号航空煤油在不同温度下热裂解气态产物,实验研究了裂解产物替代物的点火与火焰特性。研究表明其点火时间约为相同当量比乙烯的十几倍,燃烧随当量比的增加而减弱,这与其点火延迟时间随当量比增加而增大相关。以上工作将有助于深入了解碳氢化合物及其混合物在超声速气流中的点火与火焰特性,并为超声速燃烧室的释热分布优化提供参考

    超声速流场显示

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    超声速气流中乙烯点火与火焰传播的大涡模拟研究

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    本文采用大涡模拟方法(LES)结合部分预混火焰面模型以及乙烯简化机理对超声速气流中乙烯壁面喷注的点火与火焰传播特性进行了研究。数值计算采用了乙烯25组分、131步简化机理,该反应机理是采用基于误差传递的直接关系图法(DRGEP)和敏感性分析(SA)对71组分、395步乙烯详细反应机理进行简化得到的。与详细机理结果相比,该简化机理具有较高的预测精度。结果表明,大涡模拟结合简化机理可以很好地模拟乙烯从点火到稳定燃烧的非定常过程。模拟给出的自由基演化过程与高速摄影获得的CH*发光图像基本一致,火焰稳定后燃烧室壁面压力分布曲线也与实验数据基本吻合,表明了采用该方法研究超声速气流中点火与火焰传播特性的准确性。同时,本文的计算结果还给出了火焰面与湍流脉动的相互作用关系

    超声速燃烧室乙烯点火及释热分布的实验研究

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    本文通过高速摄影对马赫数2.5气流下乙烯壁面射流燃烧过程中CH*发光进行了拍摄,捕捉到了乙烯的点火和火焰演变过程。乙烯在凹腔底部经火花塞点燃后,经过约1ms形成带状火焰区域,再经过约2ms火焰稳定在凹腔剪切层以及凹腔后缘,并且火焰形态及分布均与乙烯当量比密切相关。同时,本文将获得的稳态CH*发光图像的光强沿燃烧室轴向做一维处理,得到了释热相对量分布沿轴向的定性结果。进一步结合TDLAS技术,测量了燃烧室出口水蒸气含量,通过对比进出口组分,得到了乙烯燃烧的总释热量,从而对轴向的释热分布进行了量化。研究发现,随着乙烯当量比增大,主释热区和释热峰值均向上游移动

    基于分形几何的超声速燃烧火焰形态表征方法研究

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    分形几何是图像学发展的新兴学科。通过分形几何,可以研究不规则图形,揭示图形的自相似特性,并且给出图形自相似性的定量数据。本文将分形几何用于分析超声速气流中的火焰形态,定量分析了不同当量比与燃料组分摩尔比条件下火焰分形维数的变化规律,研究了湍流火焰传播速度和火焰边界分形维数之间的对应关系。通过高速摄影获得的火焰 CH* 自发光瞬态图像,记录了马赫数2.5超声速气流中不同燃料的火焰形态,验证了超声速火焰边界具有自相似性。实验结果表明,超声速燃烧湍流火焰锋面边界的分形维数随当量比的增大近似线性增大,随着燃料中氢含量的增加而增大。</p

    中国科学院力学研究所高温气体动力学重点实验室;

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    双模态超燃冲压发动机主要面临着宽马赫数范围高效燃烧问题,支板与凹腔组合结构在燃料混合与火焰稳定方面优势明显,研究凹腔-支板耦合结构在超燃冲压发动机中的性能很有意义。采用实验方法研究了支板参数——支板高度、支板与凹腔距离、支板厚度、燃料射流位置和当量比对燃烧的影响。实验在中国科学院力学研究所直连式超声速燃烧实验台上进行,燃料为乙烯,燃烧室入口马赫数为3.0,总温1 650K。结果表明,支板参数对燃烧影响复杂,各参数权重不同且不相互独立。因此,存在一个或多个最佳支板参数组合,使得燃烧室燃烧效率最高

    Experimental study of flame characteristics of ethylene and its mixture with methane and hydrogen in supersonic combustor

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    In this paper, flame characteristics of ethylene and its mixture with methane and hydrogen in process of ignition in a Mach 2.5 supersonic model combustor are studied. Development of flame structure is visualized with CH* chemiluminescence images recorded by high-speed camera. The dominant frequencies associated with flame oscillations are identified via fast-response pressure measurements. The present results show that there are two typical flame structures of triangle-shape and ellipse-shape found at relatively low and high fuel-to-air equivalence ratios respectively. The triangular flame at low equivalence ratios is mainly located in the shear layer of cavity flow and has small oscillations featured with low frequencies. At high fuel-to-air equivalence ratios, flame moves upstream and is anchored at the front edge of the cavity with elliptic shape and larger oscillations. The wall pressure distributions indicate that shock structures are formed in the isolator upstream of fuel injections at high equivalence ratios, leading to low speed flow in vicinity of fuel injections and causing flame move forward and change shape. Dominant frequencies from 49 Hz to 317 Hz are found for ethylene or mixture fuels. As fuel-to-air equivalence ratio increases, the dominant frequencies become smaller. For mixture fuel with hydrogen and methane, similar ignition process and flame structures are observed. However, the dominant frequencies related to flame oscillations for mixture fuels are not the same due to different combustion performance and thermal dissipation on turbulent flow. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.</p

    Application of conjugate gradient method for estimation of the wall heat flux of a supersonic combustor

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    In this paper, conjugate gradient method (CGM) considering variations in material properties with temperature is developed to solve transient inverse heat conduction problems. With CGM, the measured outer wall temperatures of supersonic combustor are used as input data to recover the heat flux and temperature on the inner wall. Numerical test has been done to study the effect of temperature measurement noises on accuracy of the inversion result. It indicates that the inversion results are very close to the exact heat flux with a maximum error of less than 5% when the measurement noise is less than +/- 3 K. At the same time, a series of experiments are conducted on a Mach 3 supersonic combustor test facility with varied fuel injection conditions. The heat fluxes on the inner wall are recovered by measured outer wall temperatures via CGM. The inversion results of heat flux agree satisfactorily with the values measured by heat flux sensors and a maximum difference of less than 5% is found. The present comparison results prove the validity and accuracy of the CGM developed in the paper for estimation of the wall heat flux of supersonic combustor. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p

    Experimental Study of Ignition and Flame Characteristics of Surrogate of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels in Supersonic Crossflow

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    The ignition and flame characteristics of ethylene and blend fuel (surrogate of thermal cracked kerosene) are studied experimentally on a direct-connect supersonic combustor facility. The blend fuel consists of H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6and C3H8with molar fractions according to the result of gaseous compositions of thermal cracked kerosene. CH* luminance in the combustion is filmed by a high-speed camera, and unsteady process of ignition as well as flame formation and proportion is captured. Meanwhile the image of CH* luminance is one-dimensional treated along the axis of combustor and the relative amount of heat release rate of combustion is obtained. The experimental results show that with equivalence ratio increasing the flame of ethylene is changed from the cavity stabilization mode to the jet-wake stabilization mode and the combustion efficiency increases. In contrast, the total heat release and combustion efficiency of the blended fuel decrease. 漏 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.</p
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