On Protection for Trade Dress According to Anti-Unfair Competition Law:also on perfection of anti-unfair competition law in China

商业外观一般是指产品的整体形象或综合外观，包括产品包装、装潢、外形等。现代社会中，商业外观标示功能日趋重要，在我国现有法律体系中，反不正当竞争法应当成为保护商业外观的主角。然而，该法关于商业外观的保护范围狭小，保护条件严格，既无法适应现实的需要，又落后于国际立法潮流。本文将在介绍美国商业外观法律保护状况的基础上，结合我国立法和司法案例，系统地论述如何理解和完善我国反不正当竞争法对商业外观的保护。本文分为引言、主文和结语三部分，主文部分又分为四章。第一章为“商业外观概述”。本章详细分析了商业外观这一概念，总结商业外观的词源、定义，提炼商业外观的法律特征、市场功能及其法律意义，并分析商业外观与商标...Trade dress generally refers to the total image and appearance of a product, including product packaging, decoration, design, etc. Nowadays the indicating function of trade dress is getting more and more significant. In the existing law systems of our country, Anti-Unfair Competition Law should play the leading role in protecting trade dress. However, the narrowness of its protective scope and the...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)学号：20040801

Effect of Decrystallization of Cellulose on Adsorbing Cellulase

为探讨解结晶处理提高酶水解效率的机理,对比研究了高结晶度的微晶纤维素(MCC)和低结晶度的解结晶微晶纤维素(D-MCC)对纤维素酶的吸附过程。结果发现:酶吸附平衡后,样品的XPS和FT-IR分析表明纤维素酶通过酶蛋白的氨基(—NH_2)与纤维素分子链上的羟基(—OH)之间以氢键(C—OH…NH)力吸附在MCC上;相同条件下得到的MCC和D-MCC吸附率曲线的差异表明,底物结构的改善比提高温度更能提高酶吸附率;比较纤维素酶对MCC和D-MCC在35℃下的吸附动力学可知,通过降低底物的结晶度可促进酶吸附,刚性结构的MCC更满足准一级动力学的假设,D-MCC表面结构相对松散,其吸附过程需进一步分析,以得到更适合的动力学方程。The cellulase adsorbed and formed enzyme-substrate( ES) compound is a key step in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. Through the comparison of cellulase adsorbed on two substrates: microcrystalline cellulose( MCC) with high degree of crystallinity and decrystallization microcrystalline cellulose( D-MCC) with low degree of crystallinity,it was found that,in the XPS wide scan patterns of adsorption equilibrium MCC,a new absorption peak of nitrogen element( 399. 06 e V) was observed. The fitting method is adopted to treat the strong peak of XPS-O1 s,and the binding energy of this new peak was only 530. 53 e V. In the infrared absorption range of 3050- 3550 cm~(- 1),the absorption intensity of OH group decreased with extending adsorption time on cellulose. The above results proved that new hydrogen bonds( C—OH…NH) between the protein amino( —NH_2) and cellulose molecule chain( —OH) were generated during the cellulose adsorption process. From the comparison of the adsorption rate curves between MCC and D-MCC,the decrystallization method to improve cellulase adsorption was more effective than enhancing the temperature. From the comparison of adsorption kinetics between MCC and D-MCC at 35℃,it was indicated that a reduction of cellulose crystallinity was positive for adsorption rate. MCC with rigid surface was fit for the first-order kinetic hypothesis. D-MCC with flexible surface was not suitable for the first-order kinetic. A more suitable kinetic hypothesis should be investigated in the future.国家自然科学基金-广东自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U0733001

Conversion of Biomass into Levulinate Esters as Novel Energy Chemicals

生物质是唯一可替代化石资源获取液态燃料和化学品的可再生资源,近年来由生物质转化合成乙酰丙酸酯引起了研究者们越来越广泛的关注。乙酰丙酸酯是一类重要的化学中间体和新能源化学品,具有高的反应特性和广泛的工业应用价值。目前开发的从生物质资源出发转化合成乙酰丙酸酯的潜在合成途径可概括为4种:直接酸催化醇解法、经乙酰丙酸酯化、经5-氯甲基糠醛醇解和经糠醇醇解。本文分别介绍了这4种转化合成途径的化学反应过程及最新研究进展,从反应合成工艺、催化体系、经济可行性等方面评述了各自的特点与发展趋势,并分析了目前工业规模转化生物质合成乙酰丙酸酯仍面临的一些科学难点。最后,对今后该领域的研究前景进行了展望。Biomass is the only renewable resources on the earth that can derive liquid fuel and fine chemicals to replace the petroleum-based chemicals.In recent years,the development of bioenergy concerning the synthesis of levulinate esters from biomass via chemical/catalytic process has attracted more and more concerns,and extensive research is being carried out worldwide.Levulinate esters,like methyl levulinate,ethyl levulinate,and butyl levulinate,are a kind of important intermediates and energy chemicals having high reactivity and widespread application in many fields.Up to now,there are four developed potential pathways for the synthesis of levulinate esters from biomass conversion,including the direct acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of biomass,the esterification of levulinic acid that from hydrolysis of biomass,the alcoholysis of 5-(chloromethyl)furfural derived from biomass,and the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol that from hydrogenation of furfural.In this review,the chemical reaction process and recent research progress for the above four pathways are introduced.The characteristic and development tendency of these pathways are reviewed from the production process,catalytic system and economic feasibility.Based on the present research situation,the technology and engineering barriers for the conversion of biomass to levulinate esters in commercial scales are analyzed and discussed,and the future research trend in the field is prospected.国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目(No.2010CB732201);国家自然科学基金项目(No.50776035);中央高校基本业务费专项资金项目(No.2010121077)资

Ionic Liquids-Mediated Formation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMf)被认为是一种非常重要的平台化合物。利用离子液体介导制备5-HMf的研究已经引起了人们越来越广泛的重视,并取得了较为理想的研究成果。本文对离子液体介导制备5-HMf的研究成果进行了系统的归纳和总结,着重介绍了离子液体作为反应溶剂和催化剂在5-HMf制备过程中的应用以及离子液体介导制备5-HMf的形成机理和影响因素,并对离子液体介导制备5-HMf的研究前景进行了展望,以期为5-HMf的进一步研究提供思路和参考。5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) is considered as a very important biomass-based platform compound that can be used to synthesize a broad range of liquid fuels and chemicals,which are mainly derived from fossil resources so far.The study of the production of 5-HMF in the presence of ionic liquids has increasingly attracted more attention.In this review,the recent achievements of ionic liquids-mediated formation of 5-HMF are systematically summarized,including applications of ionic liquids as reaction solvents and catalysts in the production of 5-HMF,influence factors and formation mechanisms in the ionic liquids-mediated formation of 5-HMF.The future research trends of ionic liquids-mediated formation of 5-HMF are suggested.国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目(No.2010CB732201);国家自然科学基金项目(No.21106121);中央高校基本业务费专项资金项目(No.2010121077)资

Advances in production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose

5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMf)是一种重要的平台化合物,具有非常广泛的应用价值和市场前景。葡萄糖的选择性脱水是制备5-HMf的主要方法之一,也是碳水化合物降解研究中的重点和难点,现在已经受到了人们越来越广泛的重视。本文综述了近年来葡萄糖制备5-HMf的研究成果,着重介绍了5-HMf的形成机理以及制备5-HMf的催化体系与溶剂体系,并对葡萄糖制备5-HMf的研究前景进行了展望,以期为5-HMf的进一步研究提供思路和参考。5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF)is a kind of important platform chemical compound and possesses wide application value and market prospect.Selective dehydration of glucose is one of main synthesis methods for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and has attracted increasingly more attention.In this paper,the recent research achievements in the dehydration of glucose for preparation of 5-HMF are summarized,including formation mechanisms,catalyst systems and solvent systems,and the future research trends of 5-HMF from dehydration of glucose are prospected.国家973计划(2010CB732201);国家自然科学基金(50776035);中央高校基本业务费专项资金(2010121077)项

Conversion of Glucose into Butyl Levulinate over Solid Acid SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2 Catalyst

以沉淀-浸渍法合成的SO24-/SnO2固体酸为催化剂,于丁醇体系中催化葡萄糖转化合成乙酰丙酸丁酯。考察了不同反应条件以及催化剂的重复利用性对产物得率的影响,并利用Xrd和nH3-TPd对使用前后的催化剂的结构和酸性进行了表征。实验结果表明:当催化剂于500℃焙烧3 H,用量2.5%,反应温度200℃的条件下反应2 H时,乙酰丙酸丁酯的得率最高达33.1%(摩尔得率,下同);回收利用的催化剂经过焙烧后使用催化性能有所下降,由最初的33.1%下降至回用5次后的12.8%。Xrd和nH3-TPd分析结果表明,使用后催化剂的晶型结构仍保留,但酸强度和总酸量随重复使用次数增加却逐渐降低。Solid acid catalysts SO42-/SnO2 were prepared by precipitation and impregnation method for conversion of glucose to butyl levulinate in butanol.The effects of different reaction conditions and catalyst reuse on yields of butyl levulinate were also investigated.The surface structure and acidity of the fresh and reused catalysts were characterized by XRD and NH3-TPD.The results indicated that butyl levulinate yield of 33.1% could be obtained under the conditions of the catalyst calcined at 500 ℃ for 3 h,catalyst dosage 2.5 %,reaction temperature 200 ℃ and reaction time 2 h.And the catalytic performance for the reused catalysts after calcinations decreased from 33.1% to 12.8% after the fifth reuse.XRD and NH3-TPD results showed that crystallization structure of catalyst was preserved well after reuse,but the acid strength and total amounts of acid were decreased slightly with the increase of the number of reuse.国家973计划资助(2010CB732201); 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U0733001;50776035

Study on Synthesis of Levulinic Acid with Solid Acid SO_4--(2-)/TiO_2-ZrO_2 as Catalyst

以蔗糖为原料,固体SO42-/TIO2-zrO2为催化剂,以水为溶剂制备乙酰丙酸。研究了浸渍用硫酸浓度和催化剂焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,并探讨了不同反应条件及催化剂重复使用次数对乙酰丙酸得率的影响。用Xrd和nH3-TPd对使用前后的催化剂的结构和酸性进行了表征。实验结果表明,1.0 MOl/l硫酸浓度浸渍,550℃焙烧3 H的催化剂活性较强。在催化剂投加量为1.0 g,反应温度为190℃的条件下反应1 H,乙酰丙酸摩尔得率高达50.0%。回收的SO42-/TIO2-zrO2催化剂焙烧后在多次重复使用过程中仍然表现出较好的催化活性。Levulinic acid was prepared by solid SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst from sucrose in water.The influence of impregnation concentration of sulfuric acid and calcinations temperature on catalyst activity was studied.The effect of different reaction conditions and catalyst reuse cycle on levulinic acid yield was investigated.The surfaces structure and acidity changes of the fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XRD and NH3-TPD.Experimental results indicated that the optimal catalyst could be obtained under the following conditions: 1mol/L impregnation concentration of sulfuric acid,550 ℃ of calcination temperature and 3 h of calcinations time.And the yield of levulinic acid was about 50.0%(molar percent) under the optimum conditions: amount of catalyst 1g,reaction temperature 190℃ and reaction time 1h.The recovered SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst after calcination was found to remain high catalytic activity after being reused for several times.973科技计划项目(2010CB732201);国家自然科学基金项目(U0733001、50776035

Decomposition Kinetics of 5-Hydromethylfurfural Catalyzed by Solid Acids

利用小型高压反应釜测定了温度在423.15~463.15 k范围内无催化、固体酸SO42-/zrO2-TIO2和SO42-/zrO2催化下5-羟甲基糠醛的分解反应动力学数据。结果表明,反应时间、反应温度和固体酸催化剂显著影响了5-羟甲基糠醛的转化和乙酰丙酸的产率。用一级反应动力学方程拟合实验数据,得到本实验中无催化、固体酸SO24-/zrO2-TIO2和SO42-/zrO2催化下5-羟甲基糠醛分解反应的表观活化能分别为106.4、73.42和77.04 kJ/MOl。固体酸的加入可以大大提高了5-羟甲基糠醛的转化率,同时提高乙酰丙酸的产率。The data about the decomposition kinetics of 5-hydromethylfurfural(5-HMF) without any catalyst and catalyzed by solid acid SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2 and SO2-4/ZrO2 at temperatures from 423.15 K to 463.15 K was obtained by conducting decomposition reaction in a small high-pressure batch reactor respectively.The results showed that the effects of reaction time,reaction temperature and solid acids on the 5-HMF conversion and the levulinic acid(LA) yield were significant.After fitting experimental data with the first-order kinetics equation,the evaluated apparent activation energy of 5-HMF decomposition was 106.4 kJ/mol without any catalyst,73.42 kJ/mol catalyzed with solid acid SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2 and 77.04 kJ/mol with solid acid SO2-4/ZrO2,respectively.On the other hand,the solid acid catalysts are easy to be recycled and reusable.国家973计划资助项目(2010CB732201); 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U0733001;50776035

葡萄糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)作为一种重要且多用途的生物质基平台化合物,可被转化为多种高附加值化学品,如乙酰丙酸、2,5-二甲基呋喃、2,5-呋喃二甲酸、2,5-呋喃二甲醇、γ-戊内酯、5-氨基乙酰丙酸等,而这些化学品可进一步作为化石燃料替代品、燃料添加剂或作为聚合物单体或医药产品等进行应用。葡萄糖是由纤维素水解大量得到的六碳单糖,由葡萄糖制备HMF是生物质资源最大化利用的有效途径之一。本文通过对近几年HMF制备方法的概述,分别由催化剂、反应体系两方面进行分类总结葡萄糖基碳水化合物制备HMF的研究进展,并对其各个反应过程的催化活性、反应体系稳定性和应用前景进行了总结归纳。随后论述了用于HMF制备的多种溶剂体系(诸如单相体系、双相体系、离子液体和低共熔溶剂体系)。最后,结合目前葡萄糖制备HMF过程中存在的问题,对未来工作的研究重点进行了展望,以期为相关研究者提供参考。国家自然科学基金项目(No.21506177,21676223);;福建省发改委重大产业化投资项目(No.2015489);;厦门大学校长基金(No.20720160077,20720160087,20720170062);;福建省自然科学基金项目(No.2016J01077,2015J05034);;福建省高校青年自然基金重点项目(No.JZ160398)资助~

抵抗血管の生体内昇圧物質に対する反応性に関する研究

In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracellular sodium concentration (Na) o, osmolality and prostaglandin Ei(PGEi) on basal vascular tone and the response to the pressor agents, noradrenaline (NA) or angiotensin II (AT-II) using the pref used central artery of the isolated rabbit ear. The following results were obtained. 1) Both the basal vascular tone and the vasoconstrictor response of resistance vessels to NA were enhanced with a decreased extracellular osmolality induced by alteration in both sucrose concentration and(Na)o. 2) While the response to NA was not affected by (Na)o under constant osmolality, the response to AT-II was augmented significantly when (Na) o was increased from 102 mM to 132 mM. 3) The inhibitory action of PGE1 on the response to NA was influenced by alteration of the extracellular calcium concentration (Ca)o, and was greater when (Ca)o was less than 2.0 mM. 4) When 0.1μg and 1.0μg of NA were applied repeatedly and alternately, the responses were gradually enhanced. However, their enhancement was reduced under perfusion of PGE1(10ng/ml), the responses finally being inhibited. From the results described above, it was concluded that the response of the resistance vessels to NA was affected by alteration not in external Na concentration, but in external osmolality and calcium concentration. Further, it may be considered that the inhibitory effect of PGE1 on the response to NA is probably due to each antagonistic action on calcium ion mobility through the cell membrane or within smooth muscle cells at contraction due to NA