ショキ ノ バドミントン ノ ローカルルール ニ カンスル ケンキュウ 1983ネン ノ バドミントン キョウカイ セツリツ イゼン ニ コウアン サレタ ルール ノ ケンキュウ

The Badminton Association was established in London in 1893. One of the main reasons for the establishment of the Badminton Association at that time was to unify the many kinds of local laws for badminton. From this point, it is obvious that there were many kinds of local laws for badminton in those days, but there are few reports about old badminton laws. The reason for this is that The British Library which contained old badminton books-including the rliest copies of the laws- was destroyed by bombing during the World War 2. But this time, authors found eleven kinds of local laws introduced before 1893. Some copies have not been reported yet. The purpose of our study was to investigate the old 11 copies of local laws introduced before 1893 in detail and compare them with the present laws.Also, by using some magazines printed around 1900,we investigated the oldest laws which are called Selby rules drawn in the middle of 1870s. The results were as follows. The magazihe of "Lawn Tennis and Badminton, Dec., 6,1899,pp 439" showed that the Selby rules were drawn up by Colonel H. 0. Selby and published by Poona Gymkhana in 1873 -74. In 1876 Selby rules were revised and republished. Authors thought this issue would be the most believable one. Many copies of the laws state that the size of the court is according to the space at command, and the strength and activity of the players. There were a variety of types of court shape, height of net, and how to play the game.Some copies of laws had modern forms, but many had primitive forms. This means that the badminton game was played not only as a simple amusement but also as a modern game in England during the 1870s or 1880s.From our investigation it is suggested that the laws for badminton were formed by English people who used trial and error to make the laws during the 1870s-80s and, gradually, the game of lawn tennis, fives, cricket and others effected the laws for badminton

Electronic Spectra of Hydrogen-Bonded Indazole in a Supersonic Free Jet

Fluorescence properties of indazole complexes with various protic molecules in supersonic jets are investigated. Indazole forms hydrogen-bonded complexes with acetic acid, formic acid, water and ethanol in jets and the 0-0 bands are shifted by 256, 243, 274 and 201 cm\u27 to the red of the 0-0 band of free indazole, respectively. The dispersed fluorescence spectra of these complexes are all similar indicating similar complex structures. Different from the cases of indazole-acid complexes in solution, no spectroscopic evidence was obtained in jets for excited state tautomerization or protonation. On the basis of the analysis of the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, it is suggested that indazole-acid complexes in jets are bonded by a single hydrogen bond

シンリンヨク ト ケンコウ ニ カンスル セイシン シンケイ メンエキガクテキ ケンキュウ

Effects of "shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing and walking)" on psychological, physiological, and immunological aspects were examined. Twenty (10 male and 10female) undergraduates stayed in a forest environment and in a non forest environment for about 8 hours and they performed two types of acute stress tasks (Stroop task as a mental stressor and cold pressor as a physical stressor) in each environment. The subjects rated their affective states and their blood and urine were drown at the beginning and at the end of each experimental session. Immunological indexes (NK cell activity, immunoglobulin M, G, and A) and endocrine indexes (cortisol, cathecolamines) were assessed from their blood and urine samples. Subjects\u27 humoral immune levels (salivary immunoglobulin A), an endocrine measure (salivary cortisol), and psychological states (state anxiety and subjective stress) were evaluated before and after exposure to the stress tasks. Also, EEG, BOG, and ECG were measured during the Stroop task. The results of immunological indexes demonstrated that exposure to the forest environment effectively increased cellular and humoral immune activity. This finding implicated that shinrin-yoku has some positive effects for health promotion