Application on the Improvements Quality and Cultivative Technology of Fruiter and Deal with Fruit after Picked by NIR Spectroscopy

茂谷柑在台灣屬高產值作物，但在果實成長期因裂果而落果的問題一直無法有效解決，影響果農收入甚劇；而香蕉是台灣外銷水果的主力之一，在運輸過程中如何有效抑制香蕉轉色在外銷過程中，亦是極為重要的一環。本計畫將利用近紅外線光譜技術監測茂谷柑果實成熟期的含水率和甜度變化，並依記錄結果針對果樹做水分吸收之控制，以及根據土壤肥力分析結果調整施肥，希望能減少裂果量1~2成，提升茂谷柑甜度1~2度，提升茂谷柑產量和品質，增加果農的收益；並利用近紅外線光譜技術運用在抑制香蕉在外銷過程中提前轉色，使香蕉在抵達目的地之前仍可維持在青綠色，以避免香蕉提前變黃或過熟所造成的損失。The murcott is high economical price tillage in Taiwan,however,it has been a serious problem that the murcott becomes to drop-page during it's mellow duration , and it leads to the farmer's income getting less. Banana is one of the most exported fruit, it is also important to keep its color green to the destination.This plan will use ‘'near infrared spectroscopy ‘'to watch over the mutcorr's aquiferous and variation of sugar content ,therefor,we can control the fruit tree's rade of water assimilation by the result of record,and modulate it's manure according to the analysis of soil fertility.We hope that we can not only decrease about 10~20% of cracked murcott but also promote it's sugar content about 1~2 degrees,furniturly, promoting the crop and quarity of murcott , hence , the farmer's income will increase. At the same time we will try to use NIR to control bananas' color and keep them green until they arrive to the destination

The Research of Nirs (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) Applying to the Improvement of Fruit Tree Cultivative Technology and Fruit Quality

本計畫主要目的是利用「可攜式水果內部品質檢測設備(K-BA 100SP」，配合具外銷潛力之重要水果及國產水果，建立栽種期﹝自開花到採收﹞糖度標準，以提供農民在栽種期改善果品品質的依據，並利用此設備配合施肥方式應用於防治果樹在栽種期間果實發生裂果的可行性，藉此提高採收前水果內部品質，以提高採收後的經濟價值，增進市場競爭力，推廣本栽種方法給國內本土水果產業的農民或產銷班利用。The primary purpose of the project is to use ”portable testing equipment of inner- fruit quality(K-BA 100SP)”, combine important and local fruit with export potentiality, and set up brix standard of fruit development(from bloom to pick-up) in order to provide farmers the qualitative principles of fruit-improving. By combining this equipment with fertilization applied in preventing feasibility of fruit crack during fruit development, we can increase inner qualities of fruit before picking-up and economic value with competitive price after it. We may generalize the method of fruit development to our local fruit-industry farmers or Production and Marketing Group'

還原電位和總體密度對水稻根系分佈與產量的影響

本試驗目的在研究還原電位和總體密度對水稻根系分佈的影響，並利用統計模型聯合 根系限制因子和肥力因子說明對產量的影響，指出提高水稻產量應循之土壤管理途徑 。 中興大學農場六十九年二期作，水稻根系觀察指出，晒田前的Eh，谷殼區 (－190mv) 較對照區 (－154mv)低36mv，而總體密度分別為1.07g／cm ，1.12g／cm ，因此Eh應 為主要限制因子。晒田後Eh提升，總體密度因嚴重增加而成為限制因子，谷穀區、對 照區晒田後的總體寄度分別為1.24g／cm ，1.46g／cm ，收穫時的根系觀察指出，谷 殼區在表土(0－15cm) 內分佈較對照區廣且密。 中興大學農場和農家試驗結果均指出晒田前的Eh維持在－100mv 左右，對後期產量最 有幫助中興大學農場六十九年一期作總體密度由1.4g／cm 降低至1.2g／cm ，可增 產 700Kg／ha。二期作總體密度由1.44g／cm 降低至1.24g／cm 可增產 622Kg／ha。 還原電位和總體密度的變化會伴隨養分有效性的改變，也曾影響根對土壤養分的利用 ，六十九年一期作中興大學農場試驗結果指出晒田後如將Eh提高至正值時，增加土壤 磷含量，對於水稻增產更有利，有效性磷含量為20ppm 時，Eh在正值提高30mv可增產 492Kg／ha ，若有效性磷增加至25ppm 時，Eh提高30mv，可增產 615Kg／ha。 由上可知，提高水稻產量，可先由改善土壤管理，健全水稻根系發育著手，即以晒田 提高過低的還原電位和降低因晒田而增加的總體密度，再配以肥料的管理，應當是水 稻增產的有利方向

增進台灣農地旱作生產力－土壤内部排水、壓實、強酸性的問題診斷和改良系統的建立

自八O年代起，臺灣的農業進入轉型期，政府陸續推動稻田轉作，農地釋出，積極加入WTO等政策，而且農產品的消費趨向高品質。從農地利用因應這階段的農業轉型，必須提出策略以增進土壤旱作生產力，提昇農業競爭力。健康的土壤根系環境可有效增進土壤旱作生產力。土壤內部排水不良、土壤壓實、強酸性土壤等問題在臺灣耕地土壤普遍發生，是限制土壤旱作生產力的重要因子。質地剖面是臺灣耕地土壤區分土系的依據，各種不同的質地層理組合更是耕地土壤的特性之一，也是造成土壤內部排水不良的主要原因，根據灰斑開始出現的深度而制定的排水分級，明確而容易辨識，而且依此排水分級進行田間校核的耕地面積約73萬公頃，結果顯示約80％存在排水問題。更有約30％屬排水極差。另外種植水稻是臺灣最主要的農地利用，最多種植面積曾達80萬公頃，因此土壤剖面普遍存在犁底層；在轉種旱作後，犁底層成為限制根系伸展的重要因子；深層壓實則普遍和排水不良同時發生。而土壤發育和超量施用化學肥料是土壤成強酸性的主因，臺灣耕地表土pH<5.5的面積約有20萬公頃。這三個因子嚴重影響作物生長和限制根系發育。 深層翻土的土壤改良工程技術，可有效解決土壤內部排水不良和壓實問題。配合施用石灰資材則可改良剖面深層的強酸性，增進土壤生產力。以深層翻土的方法改良作物的根系環境，種植香蕉，生長加速，提早抽穗，產量增加；種植彩色海芋花梗較長，品質提高；種植甘藍，可減少30％的黑腐病和軟腐病發病率；種植豇豆，根系深入60cm，降低萎凋病的發病率。改良後並做效益分析和建議篩選改良後種植的作物以提升農業競爭力。深層翻土配合施用足量石灰(每公頃25公噸)改良紅土強酸性剖面60 cm改良深度範圍的pH約80％提升至5.5以上。而且成功栽培夏季蕃茄，每分地收益可達10萬元以上；種植生薑則有根莖碩大，提高品質的效果。深層翻土後第6年，調查種植檸檬的生長，翻土280 公分的處理每株產量156公斤，翻土150公分的處理每株產量142公斤，對照區的每株產量僅120公斤左右。顯見翻土後第6年仍有改良的效果。深層翻土亦可增加土壤入滲速率達10 mm/hr～15 mm/hr，在降雨季節有助地下水補注，減少農作物水害損害，洪水災害，及減輕農田排水系統的負擔。 土壤問題診斷和改良可強化農地生產條件，種植高產值作物，增加農作物生產效益，提高農民收入。建立的旱作生產力增進系統，希望可作為提昇農業競爭力和農地規劃利用的決策參考。Since 1990s, agriculture in Taiwan has entered a transition period. A series of agricultural policies, such as farmland-transplanting, farmland release, and joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), were implemented to meet consumers' demands for agricultural products of high quality. The objectives of the research were intended to establish upland productivity improvement system as a reference for decision makers to enhance the competency of farming industry and farmland planning in the time of agricultural transformation. Soil diagnosis can help to ameliorate the problems of farmlands derived from poor soil physical and chemical properties. In Taiwan, poor soil productivity of farmlands was commonly associated with three factors: poor soil internal drainage, compacted soil layers, and strong acidity. Poor soil internal drainage was mainly due to the stratification of different soil textures. A field survey of 730,000 ha. farmlands based on the guideline of the Drainage Grading System found that 80% of the surveyed areas had drainage problem, among them, 30% were graded as &quot;the worst&quot;. Compacted soil layers, e.g. plowpan in the soil profile of rice-growing fields, constrained the extension of plant roots, and deeply compacted soils were often found to have drainage problem. The third factor was soil acidity (pH < 5.5) caused by soil development and overuse of chemical fertilizers. Those three factors list above severely limited plant growth and root development. To simultaneously solve the problems of poor internal drainage, compacted soil layers, and soil acidity, a deep plowing technique with liming actions was formulated in this study. As a result, the soil productivity was greatly improved. The application of the deep plowing technique increased the productivity of banana and the quality of calla lily, reduced the incidence of black rot and soft rot diseases of cabbage by 30%, and reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt disease of adzuki bean when the roots grew to reach 60 cm in depth. Applying limes (25 tones/ha.) along with the deep plowing technique could increase the pH of 80% treated soils (within 60 cm of soil profiles) to reach above pH 5.5. The gross profits of summer tomato grown in the remediated farmlands were 1,000,000 NT dollars per hectare; meanwhile, the size and quality of gingers were greatly enhanced in the remediated farmlands. The deep plowing technique also had long-term benefits. 6 years after its application in a lemon orchard, 156 kg and 142 kg of lemons were produced from each plant with the plowing depths of 280 cm and 150 cm, respectively, in comparison to the productivity of 120 kg lemons per plant grown in un-plowed lands, suggesting that the application of deep plowing technique could sustain soil productivity for at least 6 years. In addition to the advantages of agricultural productivity, deep soil plowing may increase the water infiltration rate up to 10 to 15 mm/hr, which could be useful for refilling groundwater in rainy seasons, decreasing crop damage by flooding, and reducing the load of drainage systems in the fields. Taken together, the approach used in this study efficiently increased crop productivities, created sustainable agricultural activities, and consequently increased farmers' incomes.目次 謝誌 I 摘要 III Abstract V 目次 VII 表次 XII 圖次 XIII 壹、 前言 1 貳、 前人研究 4 一、土壤內部排水不良對作物生長的影響 5 二、土壤壓實對作物生長的影響 11 三、強酸性土壤對作物生長的影響 13 參、 材料與方法 16 一、 土壤圖使用法 16 二、 土鑽使用法 18 三、 手摸法判別土壤質地 20 四、 判斷排水不良的斑 20 五、 測定穿刺阻力 21 六、 強酸性土壤診斷和改良試驗 25 七、 深層翻土改良土壤 26 八、 田間根系觀察 27 九、 測定土壤水分入滲速率 28 肆、 結果與討論 30 一、 臺灣的氣候背景 30 (一)、臺灣的氣溫特性 30 (二)、臺灣的降雨特性 31 1、年雨量大變異大 31 2、雨量集中在5－9月 33 3、5－9月的月雨量變異大 34 二、 蔬菜產地價格變化的特性 37 (一)、年平均價格變異大 37 (二)、月平均價格在雨季逐月攀升 38 (三)、雨季期間的月平均價格變異大 39 三、臺灣耕地土壤的特性 43 (一)、質地剖面不均勻 43 (二)、土壤剖面存在緊密土層 45 (三)、土壤剖面為強酸性 46 四、臺灣耕地土壤特性和影響旱作生產力的土壤問題 48 (一)、土壤內部排水不良的剖面 48 1、質地剖面不均勻導致土壤內部排水不良 48 2、土壤內部排水不良的診斷 53 3、土壤內部排水不良很普遍 54 4、土壤內部排水不良和作物根系 57 5、土壤內部排水不良和香蕉黃葉病發病率 58 (二)、土壤壓實問題的剖面 59 1、土壤壓實問題的診斷 60 2、土壤壓實問題和作物根系 61 (三)、強酸性土壤問題 62 五、土壤內部排水不良、土壤壓實、強酸性土壤問題的改良 63 (一)、土壤內部排水不良的改良 63 (二)、土壤壓實的改良 65 (三)、強酸性土壤的改良 66 六、建立“土壤剖面問題改良工程”的作業流程與規範 67 七、改良實作 68 (一)、屏東縣九如試區 69 (二)、強酸性土壤改良試驗－南投縣魚池和名間試區 71 1、施用石灰改良土壤pH的效果 72 2、紅土剖面改良強酸性後栽培作物的效果 74 (三)、農田排水改善工程－臺中縣潭子試區和彰化縣溪州試區 75 1、臺中縣潭子試區 75 2、彰化縣溪州試區 81 (四)、淺層石礫地改良－台東縣關山試區 85 (五)、作物安全生長體系試驗－彰化縣埤頭試區 90 八、深層翻土改良土壤問題的殘效 95 (一)、第5年殘效 95 (二)、第6年殘效 95 九、深層翻土和地下水補注 96 十、深層翻土的改良效益 98 (一)、解決土壤內部排水不良、壓實、強酸性問題，強 化土壤生產條件 98 (二)、減少農作物水害損失，減輕農田排水系統的負 擔率 99 (三)、增進農作物生產效益 100 十一、臺灣農地旱作生產力增進系統芻議 103 伍、結論 106 參考文獻 109 附錄、改良實作地點代表性剖面描述和理化性質分析 11

The Establishment of Sustainable Soil Moisture Management System

本計畫擬測定台灣農田土壤各代表性土系之壓實度、總體密度與土壤導水度等重要土壤物理性質以建立資料庫, 針對「永續土壤水分管理系統」的管理策略或技術方案之土壤物理性生產限因子進行檢討與分析, 配合電磁感測器之應用, 以修正原有之「土壤管理組」規劃, 並提出永續土壤水分管理系統之方案.目前已初步進行具質地剖面不均勻之耕地土壤水分入滲試驗, 發現壓實性較緊密之土層所位居之深度, 極巨影響水分入滲與排水境況, 並找出一數學函數關係, 然目前仍亟待實際田間試驗之映證, 並提出一經濟有效之措施, 以克服導致耕地排水不良之物理限制因子, 重新設計其土壤內部排水管理策略, 結合理論與實際, 期能更清楚了解影響田間土壤水分傳輸之關鍵因子, 並建立符合效益之永續土壤水分管理系統.Soil compaction, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity of representative soil series in Taiwan were determined to construct the database for soil moisture management.Cooperated with the application of electromagnetic induction sensor technique, original soil management group was revised.It has been found that the infiltration rate and drainage condition markedly affected by the depth of compact horizon, and an exponential relationship was obtained in laboratory.However, this exponential relationship has not been well proved in field yet.In addition, to overcome the physical limiting factor that leads to drainage poorly, an economic measure was addressed.Combined with theoretical and practical methods, the key factor that influenced water transport in Taiwan farmland soils was attempt to be clarified, and a sustainable soil moisture management system was established

Study of pachira macrocarpa picking tool with labour-saving

本年度將延續100年度之計畫成果，除持續運用手工具機作為動力源持續進行馬拉巴栗挖掘專用刀頭設計外，將同步進行研發振動挖掘鏟以保持農民採收習慣及作業方式，利用圓鍬之本身外型將其內部掏空運用振動學理論裝設小型重塊及彈簧系統，利用此一系統產生往復振動衝擊力轉換為圓鍬下挖力，輔助使用者進行挖掘作業，若設計成功將可發展成為一無需動力源且簡易攜帶之省力挖掘裝置將可應用於多種農用挖掘作業使用。若可藉由省力挖掘工具之開發以機械化方式輔助業者與工作者進行採收作業將可提升編辮馬拉巴栗之產量，降低農民負擔，促進馬拉巴栗產業升級，以開拓內外銷之市場。This year, will continue to use hand tools machine as a power source continued design Malabar chestnut mining harvest tools. Research and development shaking shovel maintain farmers digging harvesting habits and practices, the use of shovels of their appearance will be emptied of its internal vibration theory using small weights and springs installed system, use this system to produce reciprocating vibration impact shovels head into digging force, supporting the user to carry out excavation work, if the design can be successfully developed into a power source and easy to carry without the effort and digging will be applied to a variety of agricultural harvest job. It uses mechanization assist of traditionally artificial work. Improves the market competitiveness of Taiwan floriculture exports

應用專一性引子對結合免疫磁珠分離技術檢測與鑑別瓜類果斑病菌

Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac), the seedborne pathogen, causes bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits (BFB) on watermelon, melon or bitter gourd in Taiwan. Strains of Aac which isolated from cucurbits can be divided into two differentiated groups based on genetic or pathogenicity analyses. Group I includes strains isolated from non-watermelon cucurbits causes mild symptoms on watermelon, while group II is the typical watermelon BFB-causing strains. In this project, we enrich and detect the Aac strains by using the differential medium, and design specific primers by the difference of gene sequence and organization of the pathogenicity-related genes, hrcT to GALA region between group I and II. This primers combined the immunomagnetic separation-PCR (IMS-PCR) assay could establish the technological processes of detecting the Aac contaminated seeds. This approach would appear rapidly and sufficiently for exportation of cucurbit seeds.瓜類果斑病菌為種苗傳播之病原菌，於台灣果斑病菌可以感染西瓜、洋香瓜及苦瓜等，分離自不同瓜類之果斑病菌具有遺傳差異性，根據前人研究可將果斑病菌區分為I及II兩群，而分離自西瓜之菌株則屬於第II群，其對西瓜的毒性較強，而第I群菌株 (例如分離自洋香瓜、南瓜或苦瓜)，對於瓜類毒性較為溫和，因此在本計劃中擬使用鑑別培養基初步有效增量果斑病菌，及利用Aac的致病相關基因hrcT至GALA區間之差異點所設計之引子對進行果斑病菌之增幅，配合專一性之抗體，期望以PCR及結合免疫磁珠分離技術 (immunomagnetic separation-PCR, IMS-PCR)，能夠快速準確偵測瓜類種子汙染果斑病菌之情形，以利開發瓜類細菌性果斑病菌檢測技術，建立種傳病原檢定技術平台，利於該作物產業之種子出口

Establish the Integrated Cultivation Practices for Safe Quality of Snap Bean

為生產安全、無農藥殘留的優質四季豆，本計畫利用台中區農業改良場郭孚耀先生提供之菜豆品系，經本計畫研究人員進行抗萎凋病之篩選後進一步進行田間試驗，期望以抗病品種配合適當的推薦藥劑及非農藥資材，達成有效防治各主要病蟲害、且避免農友過量施用化學農藥的情形。另外，根據植前土壤肥力分析結果，給予適當的肥培建議，達成合理化施肥的目的。未來完成一可供農友參考、具合理化施肥與正確病蟲害防治觀念的四季豆安全生產策略。This program aims on effectively controlling diseases and pests on snap bean and decreasing the applying of chemicals by using both the snap bean cultivars of anti-Fusarium wilt and non-chemical agent. In the other hand, the goal of decreasing chemical fertilizers will be achieved by soil analysis before snap bean planted and suitable advise on fertilizer applying. A strategy of safe snap bean cultivation will be completed with correct concept on controlling the diseases and pests and fertilizer applying

Establish the Cultivation Practices for Safe Quality of Asparagus Been Production

種苗導入拮抗菌防治萎凋病，土壤性狀改良，建立減農藥減肥料之病蟲害及肥培管理模式。增加長豇豆產值20%以上，並減少使用農藥量50%，無農藥殘留超過容許量。The seedlings were inoculated with non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum for controlling Fusarium wilt disease. Establish a series of suitable cultivation practices with soil properties improvement, pests suitable pest management with reducing chemical use. Increase more than 20% yield of Asparagus bean, and reduce 50% of amount of chemical use, and make sue there are not residues of pesticides that exceed standard level