Study on Cleavage Analysis and Quality Assurance for Penstock and Stiffening Plate of Y-Branch

水力為不具環境污染性的發電方式，而發電水路必須承受鉅大的內水壓力，為經濟因素考量通常以高張力之鋼材為材料，稱為壓力鋼管。基於設計及經濟考量，在沿水路上設置為數及型狀不一的分歧管，以發揮其經濟效益。因材料或施工不良等因素造成裂縫，將嚴重影響安全及使用年限，因此本文將針對壓力鋼管及分歧管含裂縫時，所發生的力學與挫屈問題進行探討；另為確保材料與工程品質的可靠性，亦將針對材料之選購、施工效率與績效分析，建立一套具學術基礎的分析模式。 經數值驗證證實本文所提出之無限小元素分析法，適用於含裂圓管、焊道及加勁板之挫屈分析。尤其可輕易分析扭曲裂縫的奇異性問題且此裂縫型式之裂縫增長速率高於其他型式。焊道裂縫垂直且終止於焊接交界面與垂直於長軸方向之奇異性階數分別收斂於0.499及0.545，而應力強度因子KI皆收斂於0.996。另所提出之綜合分析法，分析局部挫屈時，顯示極佳的分析效果，可輕易且細膩地，指出裂板之局部挫屈發生的次序。加勁板則因焊道裂縫，導致加勁效果降低，尤其焊道裂縫長度與加勁材長比為0.45時，加勁效果明顯降低。 為達高品質之工程水準，選擇優良鋼材與建立品質評估模式可確保工程品質，因此本文利用統計方法，分別建立簡便、有效且值得信賴的評估方法與程序；其中提出精確度指標、準確度指標與鋼材抗拉強度品質指標，評估鋼材之品質；另再提出多重製程能力分析圖，分析各種不同鋼材品質的優劣，以判斷整體鋼材品質；為達優異的工程品質，以焊接效率的單邊品質特性，推導及發展一客觀的評估工具，以評估焊接效率品質；為正確評估焊接技術人員及焊接機器的績效，以學理為基礎，推導出焊接績效指標的最佳估計式，其效益為可以提供營建工程單位正確且客觀地評估焊接技術人員與焊接機的焊接技術與績效。Hydroelectric engineering never causes pollution of environment. Waterway of hydroelectricity generally is under significant pressure of internal water. The high tensile strength of steel plate is used as constructional material of waterway, called as penstock, for the economical consideration. In order to bring exploitative benefit into full play, the various quantity and types of bifurcation are set up on the basis of design and economical consideration. The cracks, induced by the defects of material or bad construction, affects the safety and endurance of hydroelectric power plant. Thus, this paper is probing into mechanics and buckling problems resulted from the mechanics phenomena of penstock and bifurcation with crack. Furthermore, in order to ensure the reliability of material and construction quality of penstock and bifurcation, a set of analytical methods are set up for evaluating the quality of material, constructional efficiency and performance. The numerical verification of infinitely small element analysis method, proposed in this paper, confirm that these methods are suitable for analyzing the stress intensity factor of penstock and weld line with crack. The proposed method combined with finite difference method is really useful for analyzing the buckling sequence of stiffened plate with crack. Especially, this method can easily analyze the problem of kinked crack that the crack growth rate is higher than the other crack types. The singular orders of crack vertical on weld line and along long axis are 0.499 and 0.545 respectively. The stress intensity factors KI are converged to 0.996. This synthetic method provides a convenient technique for solving cracked plate problems and can definitely locate the local buckling zones. Especially, the sequence of local buckling zones can be pointed out easily. In accordance with the crack on weld line of stiffening plate, the stiffening efficiency will be dropped obviously. To achieve the high engineering quality, the quality evaluation model is established to ensure the superior steel material and engineering quality. A whole set of easy ways and procedures for construction industries to evaluate the quality of hydroelectric power plant based on principles of statistics is proposed in this paper. Where the indices of precision, accuracy degree and tensile strength of steel are used to evaluate the quality of steel. Separately, the multi-process capability analysis chart is proposed to analyze the quality of various types of steel material for judging the quality capability of ironwork. In order to attain the excellent engineering quality, the unilateral quality property of weld efficiency is used to derive and develop an objective evaluation tool. A systematic and practical evaluation method for welding performance is contributive to control and manage quality and performance of weld. Therefore, a set of evaluation method is proposed in this paper to judge the performance of welding operator and welding technician. The characteristic of this research proposes a new skeleton of index of welding performance to adopt explicit quantity expression to calculate this index. A set of hypothesis inspection procedure is proposed to examine the welding performance of welding operator and welding technician that is the basis of substantial theory.中文摘要 英文摘要 目錄 表目錄 圖目錄 符號說明 第一章 緒論 1.1 研究源起 1.2 研究動機 1.3 研究方法 第二章 文獻探討 2.1 壓力鋼管之設計 2.2 破裂力學之奇異性理論與數值分析 2.3 材料與工程品質規範 2.4 製造能力研究之發展 2.4.1製程能力指標 第三章 發電機中壓力鋼管簡介 3.1 受力行為 3.1.1 壓力鋼管之水頭損失 3.1.2 湧浪與水鎚壓力 3.1.3 運轉狀態 3.1.3.1一般水輪機 3.1.3.2 可逆式抽水水輪機 3.1.4 壓浪分析 3.2 規範比較 3.2.1 經濟直徑 3.2.1.1日本水工閘門及壓力鋼管協會規範 3.2.1.2 美國墾物局規範 3.2.2 壓力鋼管設計規範比較 3.2.2.1日本水工閘門及壓力鋼管協會之規定 3.2.2.2美國墾物局之規定 3.2.2.3美國太平洋瓦斯電氣公司之規定 3.3問題陳述及研究範疇 第四章 數值分析之數學模式建立與分析 4.1含裂縫壓力鋼管之無限小元素數值分析法 4.1.1管裂縫之無限小元素分析法推導 4.1.1.1圓薄板之分析模式推導 4.1.1.2薄殼元素之勁度矩陣 4.1.1.3超級元素之勁度矩陣 4.1.2數值驗證 4.1.3運轉狀態對含裂縫壓力鋼管的影響 4.2裂縫存在於焊接處的影響 4.2.1分析模式 4.2.2數值驗證 4.2.3焊接處含裂縫之分析 4.3含裂縫加勁板受拉力後之挫屈行為分析 4.3.1分析模式 4.3.1.1破裂元素的推導 4.3.1.2受撓薄板之保守方程式 4.1.3.3 有限差分法應用 4.3.2 數值驗證與分析結果 4.3.3裂縫存在於加勁內腹板與外梁的影響 4.3.4加勁板焊接處含裂縫之影響 4.5討論 第五章 工程品質之評估模式建立 5.1壓力鋼管材料品質之評估 5.1.1鋼材品質指標之建立 5.1.2鋼材品質指標的訂定 5.1.3品質指標的主要性質 5.1.4鋼材抗拉強度品質指標的最佳估計式 5.1.4.1最佳估計式 5.1.4.2最佳估計式之機率密度函數 5.1.5鋼材抗拉強度品質評估準則 5.1.5.1鋼材品質的統計檢定 5.1.5.2評估程序與準則的建立 5.1.6實例應用分析 5.2多種鋼材品質之評估 5.2.1鋼材抗拉強度品質指標與良率 5.2.2鋼材之多重製程能力分析圖 5.2.3鋼材之多重製程能力分析法 5.2.4實例探討 5.3焊接效率之品質檢驗 5.3.1焊接效率指標之建立 5.3.2焊接效率要求 5.3.3焊接接頭之焊接效率評估準則 5.3.3.1焊接效率之評估假設 5.3.3.2評估程序與準則的建立 5.3.4實例應用 5.4焊接績效之建立 5.4.1焊接績效指標與衡量 5.4.2焊接績效指標的估計 5.4.3焊接績效指標之檢定 5.4.3.1評估程序與準則的建立 5.4.4案例探討 5.4.4.1應用推廣分析 5.5討論 第六章 結論與建議 6.1結論 6.1.1數值分析 6.1.2工程品質評估 6.2建議 6.2.1未來研究之建議 參考文

Cleavage Evaluation for the Concrete Structure Using Digital Image Correlation(II)

混凝土構造物之設計常以非張力設計（no-tension design）來考量。資料顯示，由於混凝土構造物之施工瑕疵，溫度收縮龜裂或其他非預期外力的引入，非張力設計，並不能完全避開張應力的發生，以確保混凝土構造物之安全。為防止混凝土構造物的崩潰，混凝土必須要有足夠的韌性強度（toughness）以阻止裂紋的擴張。而裂紋擴張的影響因子有二，材料強度與應力分佈的變化率（stress rate），而應力變化率理論上可以以奇異階數（singular order）來表示。於異質性材料（heterogeneous material），如混凝土之類，其奇異性階數與裂紋尖端材料異質性之相對變化程度相關，因此為確保混凝土構造物的安全，了解混凝土構造物異質程度成為破裂評估的必要條件。也因此，發展方便且有效之混凝土構造物異質程度的計測技術，以進行破裂評估，成為本計劃之主要目的。新發展的數位影像量測位移場的技術，以其方便與簡易， 應能提供混凝土構造物應力變化檢測的新方式，於混凝土構造物的異質程度的計測與安全評估，深具意義。由於數位影像技術量測資料的採用，必須控制在可信的範圍，因此品質指標與容忍度的設定，以及計量模式必須建立。針對此，研究計劃分二個面向，數位影像於混凝土開裂預測之應用技術以及數位影像技術與品質指標及容忍度的設定。Concrete is a compound of aggregate in cement matrix. The fracture process ofconcrete takes place in two stages; an initial flow is present or a micro cracks initiated;second, the stable growth of the micro-cracking zone reaches a critical size and triggers anunstable running crack. To the concrete material, stress intensity due to tension is the majorfactor for the cleavage. Thus the no-tension design is the most considered in theconstruction of concrete structure. Nevertheless, the development of cracks during formingprocess is inevitable. Therefore, the induction of tension force into the concrete structure isexpected. To prevent the collapse of a concrete structure, the concrete with a sufficienttoughness to resist the extension of cracks is necessary. The fracture is influenced by twofactors, the strength of material and the stress rate induced by loading. The stress rate maybe presented using singular order. For a heterogeneous material such as concrete, itssingular order is dependent on the degree of heterogeneous variation at crack tip. Therefore,to ensure the integrity of concrete structure, checking the heterogeneous distribution of it inadvance is necessary for failure analysis. On this purpose, the development of a techniquefor detecting the heterogeneous variation in concrete for the evaluation of concretecleavage in handy way is proposed. This research proposal is emphasized on the linkage ofdigital-image-correlation (DIC) technique and the crack detection in concrete. The processcapability at the use of digital-image-correlation technique is also to be included to make aconclusion for practical use.PD

建築裝修材料耐燃性能之品質研究

The good and the bad for incombustibility of interior finish material of building depend on the smoking modulus CA, is concerned with the structural safely of fire control system. Presently, although there is the regulations for examining the incombustibility of interior finish material of building but it lacks the effective evaluation method to judge whether the quality control capability of incombustibility of interior finish material of building attain the requirement or not. Thus, the principle of statistics is used to infer a convenient, effective and reliable evaluation tool to be evaluation standard for quality control of incombustibility of interior finish material of building. This new evaluation procedure is not only useful for the customers to examine and compare the purchase decision but also the best way to improve the production and quality control capability of incombustibility of interior finish material manufacturers.建築裝修材料之耐燃性，攸關整體建築物之消防安全。目前雖有建築裝修材料耐性之規定，但卻鮮有品質管制之有效評估工具。因此本文利用統計推理的方法，發展一套簡便、有效且值得信賴的評估工具，以作為建築防火裝修材料品質管制之評估標準，此法除可有效評估建築防火裝修材料品質外，並可作為研判建築裝修材料製造商之製程與品管能力的指標，進而可作為建商採購建築防火裝修材料之決策及建築裝修材料製造商改進建築防火修材料製造程序與品質納制之依據

低降伏強度鋼材之性能驗證

The capability of seismic resistance is the most important factor of structures in Taiwan. To improve the function of shock-resistant, the energy dissipators, isolated-resistant and specific structural forms for earthquake resistance are very much in vogue research. In this paper, the experimental methods are used to investigate the property of low yield steel. The component of Carbon for LYS is lower than the other steels; the ultimate stress is three times as large as the yield stress. The ratio of the ultimate elongation is about 62% and the ductility is 2~3 times of the A36 steel. Rhombic steel plate of energy dissipator test using LYS, indicates that the LYS is stable to dissipate or absorb the input energy of the earthquake. It is very useful to apply this device to the plastic hinge, plastic shear link bar and the other energy absorption and dissipators.對位於地震帶的臺灣而言，結構體之耐震能力，顯得十分重要；為增進結構物對 地震之防災功能，因此制震、減震、隔震等控制，一直是熱門的研究課題之一。本文將以 實驗方法探討低降伏強度鋼板之特性，發現其含碳量低於其他鋼材，機械性質具良好應變 硬化特性，極限應力可達降伏應力之三倍，而極限伸長率約為62﹪，其延展性更為結構用 鋼材（A36）之2~3倍；實際應用於新研發之菱形鋼板，進行消能試驗，發現其確實能發 揮金屬制震器應具有之穩定消能的效果，有利於塑性鉸、塑性剪力連桿或其他消能機制之 控制

裂縫長度對混凝土補強界面之奇異性與補強效果影響評估

本研究以無限小元素分析法，分析及探討裂縫長度對混凝土與碳纖維結合邊界裂縫尖端點之奇異性應力及補強效果的影響；發現奇異性階數λ值為0.5，因此裂縫長度對奇異性階數沒有影響；裂縫長度與梁長比（a╱L）小於0.125時，對補強效果影響不大，但a╱L介於0.125~0.35時，補強效果急劇下降，a╱L大於0.45時，補強構材則失去應提供之強度與韌性，應再加以維修。In this research, the analysis concept of infinitely small element is applied to derive the stiffness matrix of two dimensional plane elements and combine the equilibrium equations to simplify the unknown parameters. These derived equations are used to analyze and investigate the singularity and reparable efficiency in which affected by silt length on the interface of concrete and Carbon Fiber. The analysis results show that the λ of singular order is 0.5. The values of singular order are not affected by silt length. However, the reparable efficiency is influenced by silt length. At the rate of silt length and length of beam less than 0.125, the efficiency of mend has taken less effect. However, at the rate from 0.125 to 0.35, the efficiency decreases urgently. When the rate is greater than 0.45, Carbon Fiber lost the strength and ductility. Thus, structure should be repaired again