肝内胆管结石合并肝胆管癌的诊断——附16例报告

目的　探讨肝内胆管结石合并肝胆管癌的诊断方法。　方法　回顾性分析1997 ~2003年经病理证实的16例肝胆管结石合并肝内胆管癌的临床资料,并对其诊断进行总结。　结果　术前诊断正确率为37. 5% (6 /16),术中和术后病理发现10例(62. 5% )。其中左肝内胆管癌10例(62. 5% ),右肝内胆管癌5例(31. 3% )。病理诊断为胆管周围侵润型12例(75% ),肿块形成型4例。　结论　对年龄较大、长期反复胆管炎发作的慢性肝内胆管结石患者,出现用常规方法难以控制的发热、持续性上腹部疼痛时,

Characterization of reflected shock tunnel freestream in carbon dioxide

In this study, the JFX reflected shock tunnel freestream is characterized using pitot probes, laser absorption spectroscopy, and high-speed schlieren for shock stand-off distances over a sphere. The experiment employed two driver gases: a mixture of H2 and CO2, and pure He. Three lasers, operating at wavelengths around 2.0 mu m\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\upmu \mathrm{m}\end{document} and 1.4 mu m\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\upmu \mathrm{m}\end{document} with a scanning frequency of 50 kHz, were utilized to measure the properties of CO2 and H2O. Computational fluid dynamics simulations showed near thermo-equilibrium conditions, supporting the use of an equilibrium model to determine the temperature and partial pressure of the two species. Isentropic calculations indicate that there is no significant thermodynamic nonequilibrium in the freestream. During the effective test time, the measured and simulated results were in good agreement for both the shock stand-off distance and CO2 partial pressure. However, the detection of H2O indicated contamination from the driver gas, with early onset leading to an increase in the shock stand-off distance. The uncontaminated time is around 700-800 mu s\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\upmu \mathrm{s}\end{document} for both conditions, and the contamination onset time falls between the predicted values using different nozzle conditions, which also indicates a certain degree of contamination