Species diversity and substrate utilization patterns of thermophilic bacterial communities in hot aerobic poultry and cattle manure composts

This study investigated the species diversity and substrate utilization patterns of culturable thermophilic bacterial communities in hot aerobic poultry and cattle manure composts by coupling 16S rDNA analysis with Biolog data. Based on the phylogenetic relationships of 16S rDNA sequences, 34 thermophilic (grown at 60 degrees C bacteria isolated during aerobic composting of poultry manure and cattle manure were classified as Bacillus licheniformis, B. atrophaeus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, G. thermodenitrificans, Brevibacillus thermoruber, Ureibacillus terrenus, U. thermosphaericus, and Paenibacillus cookii. In this study, B. atrophaeus, Br. thermoruber, and P. cookii were recorded for the first time in hot compost. Physiological profiles of these bacteria, obtained from the Biolog Gram-positive (GP) microplate system, were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). All isolates were categorized into eight different PCA groups based on their substrate utilization patterns. The bacterial community from poultry manure compost comprised more divergent species (21 isolates, seven species) and utilized more diverse substrates (eight PCA groups) than that from cattle manure compost (13 isolates, five species, and four PCA groups). Many thermophilic bacteria isolated in this study could use a variety of carboxylic acids. Isolate B110 (from poultry manure compost), which is 97.6% similar to U. terrenus in its 16S rDNA sequence, possesses particularly high activity in utilizing a broad spectrum of substrates. This isolate may have potential applications in industry

Escalated regeneration in sciatic nerve crush injury by the combined therapy of human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells and fermented soybean extracts, Natto

Attenuation of inflammatory cell deposits and associated cytokines prevented the apoptosis of transplanted stem cells in a sciatic nerve crush injury model. Suppression of inflammatory cytokines by fermented soybean extracts (Natto) was also beneficial to nerve regeneration. In this study, the effect of Natto on transplanted human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AFS) was evaluated. Peripheral nerve injury was induced in SD rats by crushing a sciatic nerve using a vessel clamp. Animals were categorized into four groups: Group I: no treatment; Group II: fed with Natto (16 mg/day for 7 consecutive days); Group III: AFS embedded in fibrin glue; Group IV: Combination of group II and III therapy. Transplanted AFS and Schwann cell apoptosis, inflammatory cell deposits and associated cytokines, motor function, and nerve regeneration were evaluated 7 or 28 days after injury. The deterioration of neurological function was attenuated by AFS, Natto, or the combined therapy. The combined therapy caused the most significantly beneficial effects. Administration of Natto suppressed the inflammatory responses and correlated with decreased AFS and Schwann cell apoptosis. The decreased AFS apoptosis was in line with neurological improvement such as expression of early regeneration marker of neurofilament and late markers of S-100 and decreased vacuole formation. Administration of either AFS, or Natto, or combined therapy augmented the nerve regeneration. In conclusion, administration of Natto may rescue the AFS and Schwann cells from apoptosis by suppressing the macrophage deposits, associated inflammatory cytokines, and fibrin deposits

Study on the Analysis of Animal Drugs in Animal Waste

家畜禽的糞尿處理後，可利用為有機肥料增進作物的生長，且減少家畜禽對環境的污染，然而其中可能殘存動物用藥品，因此，有必要建立適當的檢測模式分析排泄物中殘留藥物。 動物用藥中磺胺劑類為一廣效性抗菌劑且價格便宜，常添加於飼料使用，可能經由糞尿排出，所以，本研究擬利用ethyl acetate將磺胺劑由糞材中萃取，經固相萃取管柱淨化、濃縮後，分別利用酵素連結免疫吸附法、薄層色層分析法、高效液相層析法以及氣相層析法來檢測。 計畫執行時，首先利用上述方法進行標準檢量線試驗及測試不同濃度之回收率，然後分別測試已知及未知樣品藥物含量，並探討及評估上述藥物檢驗方法效益，加以改進，使其適用於分析禽畜排泄物所含殘留藥物

Simultaneous Analysis of Monensin, Lasalocid and Salinomycin in Feeds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

本研究擬開發簡單、準確之高效液相層析法同時檢測飼料中孟寧素(monensin)、沙利黴素(salinomycin)及拉薩羅(lasalocid)。實驗中，萃取方法擬以acetonitril溶劑，將藥物從飼料中萃取出，然後於酸性環境中和dinitrophenylhydrazine進行加成反應，再以自動注射器將衍生化樣品注入HPLC-PDA層析儀系統中，利用碳18管柱(C18, 5 μm; 3.9 x 150 mm I.D.)為分離管柱，移動相為methanol-1.5% acetic acid，以PDA檢測器測定衍生物的含量。應用本研究結果可有效地監控飼料中藥物的濃度，確保使用藥物的安全性，提高雞農的經濟效益。A analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of monensin, lasalocid,and salinomycin in feeds will be studied. Those drug additives will be spiked and extracted from feed samples using acetonitril. The sample extracts are derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in an acidic medium. The derivatization mixture will be seperated and qauntitated with HPLC-PDA analysis system euiped with the reverse column C18 and with methanol-1.5% aqueous acetic acid as mobile phase

Studies on the Toxicity and Efficacy of Anticoccidial Drugs in Rabbits

球蟲是兔子常見的疾病,曾有調查指出目前 台灣養殖的兔子其球蟲陽性率達50%以上,然而 至今有效且安全的兔子球蟲用藥規範仍然缺乏 .一般農民常自行以雞用球蟲藥的劑量治療兔 子之球蟲症但常發生兔子中毒死亡,因此有必 要探究何種球蟲藥在適當的劑量下可有效安全 的對抗兔子球蟲症.本研究欲測試的Sabinomycin為 一常用雞球蟲藥,一般使用劑量為60□0ppm,在此 範圍內抗球蟲的效用佳且不會在雞造成中毒. 此藥屬於攜帶離子抗生素(Ionphous antibiotics),其 可與單價的金屬陽離子結合而影響此陽離子通 過生物膜的運輸作用,破壞球蟲的細胞膜機能, 導致細胞內外離子不平衡代謝受阻,最後細胞 死亡.首先進行Salinomycin對兔子的毒性測試,將 購得的動物,進行糞便檢查,分為數組,投予不同 劑量的Salinomycin,然後以統計方法得出之藥物對 兔子的毒性大小.然後進行Salinomycin對抗球蟲的 效用測定,將致死劑量的球蟲,以胃管方式接種於兔隻,次日即將Salinomycin混合於飼料中令其食 用.實驗過程中觀察並記錄兔隻之精神、固定 時間稱重、測定兔隻排出卵數、試驗動物的死 亡率及腸病變檢查並以統計方法算出抗球蟲的 指數

Pharmacokinetic and depletion studies of sarafloxacin after oral administration to eel (Anguilla anguilla)

The pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin applied by oral gavage at a dose of 15 mg/kg b.w. was studied in eel (Anguilla anguilla) at water temperature of 24 degrees C. Sarafloxacin levels were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with a quantitation limit of 0.07 mu g/ml or gram. The time to peak plasma concentration, T-max, was 12 hr and peak concentration, C-max, was 2.64 mu g/ml. The absorption rate constant (k(a)) was 0.23 hr(-1) (r=0.996). The drug disposition curve after T-max was fitted to a two-compartment open model. The distribution rate constant (alpha) was 0.085 hr(-1) (r=0.972), and the half-life (t(1/2 alpha)) was 8.15 hr. The elimination rate constant (beta) was 0.023 hr(-1) (r=0.909), and the half-life (t(1/2 beta), was 30.13 hr. The estimated area under the curve, AUG, was 56.7 mu g.hr/ml. The peak concentrations of drug in liver, kidney, muscle, and skin were 13.39 (12 hr), 5.53 (12 hr), 1.82 (24 hr), and 0.78 mu g/g (40 hr), respectively. The time for sarafloxacin mean levels to fall below detectable limits in the plasma, muscle, and skin were 7 days but for the liver and kidney were 14 days