52 research outputs found

    The multifaceted erdostein: facts on the desk. A review

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    Erdostein is a mucoactive agent belonging to the group of thiol drugs with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity against a number of major respiratory pathogens. After transformation in the liver, erdostein is metabolized to a compound with an open ring M1 (MET-1) having unique properties. In the RESTORE study (2022), it was confirmed that erdostein significantly reduces the risks of severe exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reduces their duration, and reduces the number of hospitalizations with acute respiratory failure (ARF). The unique preventive properties of erdostein do not depend on the administration of inhaled (ICS) or systemic (SCS) corticosteroids to COPD patients, as well as on the level of eosinophilia in the blood. The results obtained contrast with the available therapy strategy, where thiol mucolytics are indicated in patients who do not use ICS-therapy and/or SCS-therapy. Moreover, this confirms the assumption about the use of erdostein in COPD patients as a drug for the phased withdrawal of ICS-therapy

    Prognostic Value of Radiological and Laboratory Biomarkers for Assessing Risk of Adverse Outcome in Patients with COVID-19

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    Objective: to study associations between laboratory and radiological biomarkers of COVID-19, to develop prognostic model of deterioration and lethal outcome in a patient with COVID-19.Material and methods. The study included 162 patients with COVID-19 stratified according to the presence or absence of deterioration during hospitalization. We evaluated chest computed tomography (CT) data, assessed empirically and using a semi-quantitative scale, blood cell counts and parameters of biochemical blood test. The predictive model was built using gradient boosting and artificial neural network with sigmoid activation function.Results. Both CT signs (crazy-paving pattern, bronchial dilatation inside a lesion, peripheral distribution of symptoms, absence of a predominant distribution pattern, lesion grade and extent), and most of laboratory markers were associated with deterioration and its criteria. The CT severity index correlated positively with the levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, glucose, C-reactive protein, and negatively with the concentrations of albumin, calcium and the number of lymphocytes. Based on the results of the selection and training of classifying models, the optimal method for stratifying patients with COVID-19 on the basis of deterioration during hospitalization, the need for transfer to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and adverse outcome was gradient boosting.Conclusion. The prognostic model obtained in our study, based on a combination of radiological and laboratory parameters, makes it possible to predict the nature of COVID-19 course with high reliability

    Π‘ΠžΠ‘Π’ΠΠ’ Π‘ΠžΠžΠ‘Π©Π•Π‘Π’Π’Π ΠœΠ˜ΠšΠ ΠžΠžΠ Π“ΠΠΠ˜Π—ΠœΠžΠ’ Π’ Π”Π«Π₯АВЕЛЬНЫΠ₯ ПУВЯΠ₯ Π£ Π—Π”ΠžΠ ΠžΠ’Π«Π₯ Π›Π˜Π¦ И Π‘ΠžΠ›Π¬ΠΠ«Π₯ Π‘Π ΠžΠΠ₯Π˜ΠΠ›Π¬ΠΠžΠ™ ΠΠ‘Π’ΠœΠžΠ™

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    This review summarizes the results of studies on the composition of microbial communities in the airways of healthy individuals and patients with asthma. Modern molecular genetic technology of the microbial identification, which are based on a sequence determination of encoding proteins genes conserved regions. These regions form the 16s-subunit ribosomal RNA in microorganisms of different species. These genes are detected by sequencing markers characteristic of individual microorganisms and their phylogenetic groups, and allow to perform a deep analysis of the microbiota in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic bronchoobstructive diseases. So, apparently healthy human bronchial tree is characterized by low bacterial contamination (most typical representatives here are the genera Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria and Veilonella, much less potentially pathogenic Haemophilus and Neisseria are represented). In bronchial asthma patients the lower respiratory tract microbiota undergoes a qualitative transformation: as compared to healthy individuals the number of Proteobacteria increases and the number of Bacteroidetes decreases. Severe asthma in children is associated with significant respiratory tract Staphylococcus spp. insemination. Association between the asthma developing higher risk in young children and organisms such as Haemophilus, Moraxella and Neisseria spp. It is of considerable interest to determine the role of the microbiome in the development of human diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, and to understand the impact of the microbes communities as a course of disease and the important factor for the development of resistance to therapy.Π’ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдований ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ состава сообщСства ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… путях Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π»ΠΈΡ† ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ астмой. Π‘ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ молСкулярно-гСнСтичСской ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² основаны Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ консСрвативных участков Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ 16s-ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислоты ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ выявляСмыС сСквСнированиСм ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹, Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ для ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… филогСнСтичСских Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρƒ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π΅Π², Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… хроничСскими бронхообструктивными заболСваниями. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Ρƒ практичСски Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎ характСризуСтся Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ (Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ прСдставитСли Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria ΠΈ Veilonella, Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ прСдставлСны ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Haemophilus ΠΈ Neisseria). Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½-Ρ…ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ астмой ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π° Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ… Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ подвСргаСтся качСствСнной трансформации: ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ со Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ количСство Proteobacteria увСличиваСтся, Π° Bacteroidetes β€” ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ. ВяТСлая Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ астма Ρƒ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ ассоциирована со Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Staphylococcus spp. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ассоциация Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокого риска развития аст-ΠΌΡ‹ Ρƒ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ возраста ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Haemophilus, Moraxella ΠΈ Neisseria spp. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ интСрСс ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ для опрСдСлСния Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ° Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмы Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ для понимания влияния микробиотичСских сообщСств Π½Π° особСнности тСчСния Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ рСзистСнтности ΠΊ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ.

    БЛУЧАЙ Π“Π˜Π‘Π’Π˜ΠžΠ¦Π˜Π’ΠžΠ—Π Π£ ΠŸΠΠ¦Π˜Π•ΠΠ’Π Π‘ ΠŸΠžΠ”ΠžΠ—Π Π•ΠΠ˜Π•Πœ НА Π’Π£Π‘Π•Π ΠšΠ£Π›Π•Π— Π›Π•Π“ΠšΠ˜Π₯

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    The article describes the clinical case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with lesions in lungs and flat bones in a 40-year-old smoker. During 4 years, all stages of the disease were followed. The diagnosis was made basing on the results of thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Treatment with a cytostatic drug and smoking cessation resulted in positiveΒ X-ray changes.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ случай заболСвания лангСргансоклСточным гистиоцитозом с ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ плоских костСй Ρƒ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ 40 Π»Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΊΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ всС Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ заболСвания Π½Π° протяТСнии 4 Π»Π΅Ρ‚. Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ· поставлСн ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ торакоскопичСской биопсии Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ…. Π›Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ цитостатиком Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ‚ курСния Π΄Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-рСнтгСнологичСский эффСкт

    Microbiological oropharyngeal patterns in patients with different phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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    peer reviewedPersistent bronchial inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered the cause of ventilation disorders and related contamination with conditionally pathogenic microorganisms; the latter can proceed and transform into a full infection, which can aggravate and exacerbate COPD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relations between the oropharyngeal microbiota in patients with COPD and the clinical, functional, and prognostic parameters of the disease. Materials and Methods. 64 patients with COPD were included in the study; the participants were scheduled to visit our clinic on two occasions. In the first visit, their medical history was studied in detail and the major examination procedures were conducted. Those included an assessment of the respiratory function, the 6-minute walk test, the degree of dyspnea by the Medical Research Council scale, body plethysmography, the diffusion capacity of the lungs, and a chest CT scan. The second visit took place 12 months after the first one to assess the changes in the course of the disease. The result was considered negative if, in the second examination, the patientβ€˜s condition was found more severe. Oropharyngeal samples of all patients were sequenced to identify the V3–V4 variable sites of the 16S rRNA gene. Results. It is found that the microbiological oropharyngeal patterns in COPD patients depend on the source of micro-aspiration. In addition, the changes in the oropharyngeal microbiota correlate with the severity and prognosis of the disease, as well as the patient phenotype. Based on the data obtained by sequencing parts of the 16S rRNA gene, the role of oropharyngeal microbiota in determining the course and prognosis of COPD has been elucidated. Conclusion. The presented clinical and functional characteristics associated with oropharyngeal microbiota indicate that microaspirations from other body compartments not only affect the composition of oropharyngeal microbiota in patients with COPD but also have an important prognostic significance. Β© 2018, Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy. All rights reserved

    Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ уплотнСния Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ-томографичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ клинициста: ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·, Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·

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    Chest computed tomography (CT) helps better understanding clinical and pathological features of respiratory diseases. However, interpretation of CT images is difficult without information on clinical course of the disease in the given patient. Therefore, the definite diagnosis could be reached through cooperation of a clinician and a radiologist. This publication presents a lecture aimed at improving a physician's knowledge on interpretation of lung computed tomography (CT) patterns including imaging, structure and extension of abnormal signs. This information is believed to help the clinician to diagnose and differentiate pulmonary diseases based both on CT syndromes and clinical signs. A particular attention is paid on lung tissue attenuation pattern as the most common chest CT abnormality that includes five key entities, such as ground glass opacity, mosaic attenuation, consolidation, atelectasis, and soft-tissue mass.Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ (КВ) ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ особСнности ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-патологичСского тСчСния Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмы. Однако КВ-ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² часто Π±Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ слоТно провСсти Π±Π΅Π· знания клиничСских особСнностСй тСчСния заболСвания, поэтому ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ постановку Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ совмСстная Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Π° Π»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ диагностики ΠΈ клинициста. ЦСль настоящСй Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ – Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒ Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ КВ-ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ заболСвания – внСшнСго Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°, структуры ΠΈ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° распространСния патологичСского процСсса, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ клинициста ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ КВ-синдромы для постановки ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ суТСния Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-диагностичСского ряда, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ диагностики, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° основании клиничСской ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ заболСвания. Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… настоящСй Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ проводится Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ характСристик ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ формирования КВ-синдрома пониТСния прозрачности Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ часто Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ рСнтгСнологичСского синдрома, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ 5 основных Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²: синдром Β«ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ стСкла»; синдром ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ стСкла»; синдром уплотнСния Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ (консолидации); Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°Π· ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ патологичСскими тканями (ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ процСсс). Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Β«ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ стСкла» Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ посвящСна ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ лСкция, Π² настоящСй ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ 3 синдрома ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…

    Π’ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ кисты ΠΈ кистоподобныС измСнСния Π² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ

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    Computed tomography (CT) of chest organs is one of the most accurate diagnostic methods allowing the physician to assess the condition of lung parenchyma. Correct interpretation of CT results requires the clinician to recognize normal appearance of lung parenchyma on X-ray and know changes visualized in various bronchopulmonary diseases. It is important that the physician knows and understands underlying cause of a particular radiological pattern in order to discuss with the radiologist lung tissue changes that have been identified considering clinical symptoms. Descriptions of radiological patterns and discussion of corresponding typical clinical observations are presented in the article devoted to air cyst syndrome and cystoid changes in the lung tissue.ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ томография (КВ) ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ являСтся ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² диагностики, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ состояниС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ…. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ КВ трСбуСтся ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ клиницистом Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ… выглядит Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ измСнСния Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… заболСваниях. Для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ выявлСнныС Π² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ измСнСния с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ клиничСских симптомов, Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡ Π·Π½Π°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ появлСния Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ рСнтгСнологичСской ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅, посвящСнной синдрому Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… кист ΠΈ кистоподобных ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, прСдставлСны описания рСнтгСнологичСских ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… клиничСских наблюдСний

    ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² прогрСссировании хроничСской обструктивной Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ фСнотипичСских особСнностСй заболСвания

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    Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive limitation of airflow rate, hyperergic inflammatory response of the respiratory tract, and systemic manifestations. Prognosis of the disease depends on the severity of these pathogenetic components. FEV1 which characterizes the speed limit airflow do not allow predicting the rate of COPD progression. Aims: comparison of the prognostic significance of such clinical parameters as frequency of exacerbations and the development of comorbid diseases to assess the nature of COPD progression by using different classification approaches. Materials and methods: The prospective comparative study included 98 patients with COPD. In the framework of the study protocol, 2 visits were required when a practitioner recruited patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria, obtained the signed informed consent, collected the anamnestic data, and performed basic procedures of the study: spirometry, 6-minute stepper test, assessment of dyspnea on questionnaire mMRC, body plethysmography, lung diffusion capacity study, dopplerechocardiography, tomography of the chest. Visit 2 was conducted in 12 months after the first one to assess the dynamics of the disease. The dynamics of the disease was considered negative if, upon repeated examination, the patient was referred to the group with more severe COPD. Results: Our study demonstrates that comprehensive assessment of such factors as the frequency of COPD exacerbations in the preceding 12 months and the presence of comorbid diseases in a patient is reasonable for assessment of disease severity and determination of disease prognosis. At the same time the frequency of COPD exacerbations as one of the evaluated factors is most strongly associated with disease progression. Conclusions: Thus, a practitioner is recommended to use the proposed additional clinical criteria to assess the severity and degree of progression of COPD.ОбоснованиС. Π₯роничСская обструктивная болСзнь Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… (Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›) β€” хроничСскоС Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ скорости Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°, гипСрСргичСским Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ систСмными проявлСниями. ΠžΡ‚ стСпСни выраТСнности этих патогСнСтичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² зависит ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· тСчСния заболСвания. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ характСристика ограничСния скорости Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ° (объСм форсированного Π²Ρ‹Π΄ΠΎΡ…Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΡƒΡŽ сСкунду) Π½Π΅ позволяСт с высокой Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ прогрСссирования Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›.ЦСль исслСдования: сравнСниС прогностичСской значимости Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… клиничСских ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ частота обострСний ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° прогрСссирования Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… классификационных ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. На основании Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° Π² проспСктивноС ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ 98 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›. Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° прСдусмотрСно 2 Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ соотвСтствия ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° критСриям Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ/ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, подписаниС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ согласия, сбор анамнСстичСских Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ основных ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€ исслСдования (ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ внСшнСго дыхания, 6-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡˆΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ тСст, ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ опроснику mMRC, бодиплСтизмография, исслСдованиС Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ способности Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ…, допплСрэхокардиография, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ томография ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ). Π’Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ проводился Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· 12 мСс послС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ заболСвания, которая ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Ссли ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° наблюдСния ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› с Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ тяТСлым Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ заболСваниями ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ сниТСниС индСкса массы Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 21, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ остСопороза, Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, сСрдСчно-сосудистых Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, язвСнной Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡƒΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, сахарного Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π° 2-Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ исслСдованиС ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎ цСлСсообразности комплСксной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ частота обострСний Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ 12 мСс ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρƒ больного ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ тяТСсти тСчСния заболСвания ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом частота обострСний Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› срСди ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ сильно связана с прогрСссированиСм заболСвания.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, практичСскому Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ клиничСскиС ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ для комплСксной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ тяТСсти ΠΈ стСпСни прогрСссирования Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›

    DIFFICULTY OF COPD PREDICTING AS A CHALLENGE TO MODERN CLINICAL PULMONOLOGY

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    In recent years, medical community has come to the conclusion that the currently used prognostic criteria of the course of COPD, do not allow to predict the further development of the disease, its complications and outcomes with high accuracy. The most popular predictor in clinical practice remains the determination of the level of FEV1. However, the need to expand the list of criteria for determination of a more precise prognosis and clinical outcome of the disease is obvious. The main task of modern pulmonology is the search for prognostic markers of several complex parameters, capable of ensuring the timely prognosis and choice of adequate therapy. The presence of comorbid diseases and high frequency of exacerbations in COPD patients should be treated as such markers
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