The influence of air-conditioning operation schedule on energy consumption for cooling

U radu je data analiza uticaja ražima rada klimatizacionog postrojenja na potrošnju energije za hlađenje. Sprovedena analiza je izvršena uz pomoć kompjuterskog programa za dinamičku simulaciju termičkog ponašanja klimatizovane prostorije. Program je razvijen na Katedri za termotehniku Mašinskog fakulteta u Beogradu. Ispitivana su tri različita režima rada sistema za klimatizaciju, dnevni tok toplotnog opterećenja i dnevna potrošnja energije za hlađenje, pri letnjim projektnim uslovima za Beograd. Dobijeni razultati simulacije su upoređeni i dati su podaci o dnevnoj uštedi energije za hlađenje.In this paper, presented is the influence of air-conditioning operating schedule on the daily cooling energy consumption. Analysis has been made on the basis of a computer program for dynamic simulation of an air-conditioned room thermal behavior. The program has been developed at the Department for Thermal Engineering at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade. Analysed are three different air-conditioning operating schedule cooling loads and daily energy consumption, at summer design conditions for Belgrade. The obtained results have been compared, and here upon given a review of the daily energy savings

The influence of air-conditioning operation schedule on energy consumption for cooling

U radu je data analiza uticaja ražima rada klimatizacionog postrojenja na potrošnju energije za hlađenje. Sprovedena analiza je izvršena uz pomoć kompjuterskog programa za dinamičku simulaciju termičkog ponašanja klimatizovane prostorije. Program je razvijen na Katedri za termotehniku Mašinskog fakulteta u Beogradu. Ispitivana su tri različita režima rada sistema za klimatizaciju, dnevni tok toplotnog opterećenja i dnevna potrošnja energije za hlađenje, pri letnjim projektnim uslovima za Beograd. Dobijeni razultati simulacije su upoređeni i dati su podaci o dnevnoj uštedi energije za hlađenje.In this paper, presented is the influence of air-conditioning operating schedule on the daily cooling energy consumption. Analysis has been made on the basis of a computer program for dynamic simulation of an air-conditioned room thermal behavior. The program has been developed at the Department for Thermal Engineering at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade. Analysed are three different air-conditioning operating schedule cooling loads and daily energy consumption, at summer design conditions for Belgrade. The obtained results have been compared, and here upon given a review of the daily energy savings

The influence of air-conditioning operating schedule and ventilation needs on energy consumption

U radu je prikazan uticaj režima rada klimatizacionog postrojenja i potreba za ventilacijom na dnevnu potrošnju energije klimatizovane prostorije. Analiza je sprovedena na osnovu kompjuterskog programa za dinamičku simulaciju termičkog ponašanja klimatizovane prostorije. Program je razvijen na Katedri za termotehniku Mašinskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Beogradu. Analizirana su tri različita režima rada i tri različite količine svežeg vazduha u sistemu za klimatizaciju. Prikazani su tokovi toplotnih opterećenja, energije potrebne za pripremu svežeg vazduha i energije za pogon ventilatora, kao i ukupna potrošnja energije sistema za letnje projektne uslove za Beograd. Dobijeni rezultati simulacije su upoređeni i dati su predlozi za dnevnu uštedu energije koju troši sistem za klimatizaciju.This paper analyses the influence of air-conditioning operating schedule and ventilation needs on the daily energy consumption. Analysis has been made on the basis of a computer program for dynamic simulation of air-conditioned rooms thermal behavior. The program has been developed at the Department for Thermal Engineering at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade. Analyzed are three different air-conditioning operating schedules and three different flow rates of fresh air in the system. Given are cooling loads, energy needed for outdoor air treatment, fan energy consumption and overall daily energy consumption for summer design conditions for Belgrade. The obtained results have been compared, and hereupon given a review of the daily energy savings

The influence of air-conditioning operating schedule and ventilation needs on energy consumption

U radu je prikazan uticaj režima rada klimatizacionog postrojenja i potreba za ventilacijom na dnevnu potrošnju energije klimatizovane prostorije. Analiza je sprovedena na osnovu kompjuterskog programa za dinamičku simulaciju termičkog ponašanja klimatizovane prostorije. Program je razvijen na Katedri za termotehniku Mašinskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Beogradu. Analizirana su tri različita režima rada i tri različite količine svežeg vazduha u sistemu za klimatizaciju. Prikazani su tokovi toplotnih opterećenja, energije potrebne za pripremu svežeg vazduha i energije za pogon ventilatora, kao i ukupna potrošnja energije sistema za letnje projektne uslove za Beograd. Dobijeni rezultati simulacije su upoređeni i dati su predlozi za dnevnu uštedu energije koju troši sistem za klimatizaciju.This paper analyses the influence of air-conditioning operating schedule and ventilation needs on the daily energy consumption. Analysis has been made on the basis of a computer program for dynamic simulation of air-conditioned rooms thermal behavior. The program has been developed at the Department for Thermal Engineering at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade. Analyzed are three different air-conditioning operating schedules and three different flow rates of fresh air in the system. Given are cooling loads, energy needed for outdoor air treatment, fan energy consumption and overall daily energy consumption for summer design conditions for Belgrade. The obtained results have been compared, and hereupon given a review of the daily energy savings

Overview of the Most Important Antipsychotics and their Mechanisms of Action

Antipsihotici svoj primarni mehanizam djelovanja ostvaruju blokadom dopaminskih D2-receptora, ali djeluju i na druge neurotransmitorske sustave poput serotoninskog, histaminskog, adrenergickog i kolinergičkog sustava. Osim toga, imaju posredni učinak na GABA-u i glutamatni sustav, a u konačnici i na ekspresiju brojnih gena. Ovakvim mehanizmom djelovanja, koji je izrazito kompleksan, pokazali su se učinkovitima u liječenju pozitivnih simptoma shizofrenije. Međutim, u liječenju negativnih, afektivnih i kognitivnih simptoma još se nije postigao očekivani terapijski učinak. Zbog toga su nužna daljnja istraživanja i razvoj novih lijekova, bilo kao augmentacija postojećim antipsihoticima ili kao potpuno nove molekule koje ce djelovati na širi spektar i psihopatološke domene shizofrenije radi poboljšanja liječenja. U tom kontekstu u ovom će se članku prikazati mehanizam djelovanja antipsihotika odgovoran za terapijski učinak i razvoj nuspojava te farmakološka svojstva pojedinih antipsihotika.Although antipsychotics primarilly act by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, they also influence other neurotransmitter systems such as the serotonergic, the histaminergic, the adrenergic and the cholinergic system. Additionally, they have an indirect effect on the GABA and the glutaminergic system and ultimately on gene expression. Such a complex mechanism of action has been shown to be effective in the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, in the treatment of negative, affective and cognitive symptoms, the expected therapeutic effect has not yet been achieved. Therefore, further research and development of new drugs, either as an augmentation to existing antipsychotics, or completely new molecules with a wider spectrum and activity on psychopathological domain of shizophrenia, are necessary to improve the treatment. Within that context, this paper will discuss the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics responsible for the therapeutic effects and development of adverse effects, as well as pharmacologic properties of individual antipsychotics

Antioxidative and antiinflamatory effects of walnut supplementation (Juglans regia L.)on heart with fructose-rich diet-induced metabolic syndrome

Povećana konzumacija fruktoze kroz industrijsku hranu doprinosi razvoju metaboličkog sindroma (MetS) koji prati hronična inflamacija niskog intenziteta, oksidativni stres i aktivacija renin-angiotenzin sistema (RAS). Orasi su bogat izvor antioksidanasa i polinezasićenih n-3 masnih kiselina sa antiinflamatornim efektima. Na životinjskom modelu MetS-a je pokazano da suplementacija orasima ima zaštitni efekat na srce kroz smanjenje odnosa n-6/n-3 masnih kiselina i povećanje nivoa angiotenzin konvertujućeg enzima 2 (ACE2), kardioprotektivne komponente RAS-a. Orasi u srcu deluju protektivno i na antioksidativnu osu SIRT1- FoxO3a-MnSOD/katalaza, koja je kompromitovana ishranom bogatom fruktozom. Ulogu negativnih regulatora ove ose, Nox4 i ChREBP, u srcu treba dodatno ispitati kako bi se utvrdio njihov potencijal u nutritivnoj terapiji. Dosadašnja istraživanja su potvrdila korisne efekte konzumacije oraha na kardiometaboličko zdravlje i predložila molekularne mehanizme u srcu koji leže u osnovi njihovih antiinflamatornih i antioksidativnih efekata koji mogu poništiti štetne efekte ishrane bogate fruktozom. Translacioni potencijal istraživanja ukazuje na mogućnost razvoja novih, nefarmakoloških pristupa u terapiji kardiometaboličkih bolesti.Increased fructose intake via industrial food is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is characterized by chronic low-intensity inflammation, oxidative stress and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Walnuts are a rich source of antioxidants and polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids that exert antiinflammatory effects. Walnut supplementation in an animal model of MetS has been shown to have a protective effect on the heart through a reduction of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and an increase of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) level, a cardioprotective component of the RAS. Walnut consumption also showed a protective effect on the antioxidative axis SIRT1-FoxO3a-MnSOD/catalase in the heart, which was compromised by fructose-rich diet. The role of the negative regulators of this axis, Nox4 and ChREBP, in the heart should be further investigated to determine their nutritional therapy potential. Previous studies confirmed the beneficial effects of walnut consumption on cardiometabolic health and proposed the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in the heart, which could reverse the harmful effects of fructose-rich diet. The translational potential of the research indicates the possibility for development of novel, nutritional, non-pharmacological approaches in cardiometabolic disease therapy

Overview of the Most Important Antipsychotics and their Mechanisms of Action

Antipsihotici svoj primarni mehanizam djelovanja ostvaruju blokadom dopaminskih D2-receptora, ali djeluju i na druge neurotransmitorske sustave poput serotoninskog, histaminskog, adrenergickog i kolinergičkog sustava. Osim toga, imaju posredni učinak na GABA-u i glutamatni sustav, a u konačnici i na ekspresiju brojnih gena. Ovakvim mehanizmom djelovanja, koji je izrazito kompleksan, pokazali su se učinkovitima u liječenju pozitivnih simptoma shizofrenije. Međutim, u liječenju negativnih, afektivnih i kognitivnih simptoma još se nije postigao očekivani terapijski učinak. Zbog toga su nužna daljnja istraživanja i razvoj novih lijekova, bilo kao augmentacija postojećim antipsihoticima ili kao potpuno nove molekule koje ce djelovati na širi spektar i psihopatološke domene shizofrenije radi poboljšanja liječenja. U tom kontekstu u ovom će se članku prikazati mehanizam djelovanja antipsihotika odgovoran za terapijski učinak i razvoj nuspojava te farmakološka svojstva pojedinih antipsihotika.Although antipsychotics primarilly act by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, they also influence other neurotransmitter systems such as the serotonergic, the histaminergic, the adrenergic and the cholinergic system. Additionally, they have an indirect effect on the GABA and the glutaminergic system and ultimately on gene expression. Such a complex mechanism of action has been shown to be effective in the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, in the treatment of negative, affective and cognitive symptoms, the expected therapeutic effect has not yet been achieved. Therefore, further research and development of new drugs, either as an augmentation to existing antipsychotics, or completely new molecules with a wider spectrum and activity on psychopathological domain of shizophrenia, are necessary to improve the treatment. Within that context, this paper will discuss the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics responsible for the therapeutic effects and development of adverse effects, as well as pharmacologic properties of individual antipsychotics

Energy savings for residential heating in two pairs of buildings achieved by implementation of actually consumed energy measuring

The paper presents results of heating energy consumption measurements in two pairs of buildings in community New Belgrade for two heating seasons. Influence of these measurements on energy savings is also presented. The measurements were carried out during heating seasons 2002/03 and 2003/04 in buildings in Block 34 and 63, connected to the district heating system "Beogradske elektrane". The buildings in each pair have similar architectural and thermal characteristics. One of the buildings in a pair was "test" building and the other "control" one. In the "test" building the energy consumption for heating of each apartment was measured, as well as total energy consumption for the whole building in the substation. Occupants were able to regulate the heating system. In the "control" building the energy consumption was measured only for the whole building, and occupants had almost no impact on heating energy consumption. The comparison of energy consumption for heating in the "test" and "control" buildings is given in the paper, as well as analysis of the influence of energy consumption measurements on the achieved energy savings

Energy savings for residential heating in two pairs of buildings achieved by implementation of actually consumed energy measuring

The paper presents results of heating energy consumption measurements in two pairs of buildings in community New Belgrade for two heating seasons. Influence of these measurements on energy savings is also presented. The measurements were carried out during heating seasons 2002/03 and 2003/04 in buildings in Block 34 and 63, connected to the district heating system "Beogradske elektrane". The buildings in each pair have similar architectural and thermal characteristics. One of the buildings in a pair was "test" building and the other "control" one. In the "test" building the energy consumption for heating of each apartment was measured, as well as total energy consumption for the whole building in the substation. Occupants were able to regulate the heating system. In the "control" building the energy consumption was measured only for the whole building, and occupants had almost no impact on heating energy consumption. The comparison of energy consumption for heating in the "test" and "control" buildings is given in the paper, as well as analysis of the influence of energy consumption measurements on the achieved energy savings